/*
 * Copyright (c) 1994, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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 * questions.
 */
package java.lang;

import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.File;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.AccessControlContext;
import java.security.CodeSource;
import java.security.Policy;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.security.PrivilegedActionException;
import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction;
import java.security.ProtectionDomain;
import java.security.cert.Certificate;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Stack;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Vector;
import sun.misc.ClassFileTransformer;
import sun.misc.CompoundEnumeration;
import sun.misc.Resource;
import sun.misc.URLClassPath;
import sun.misc.VM;
import sun.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import sun.reflect.Reflection;
import sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil;
import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants;

A class loader is an object that is responsible for loading classes. The
class ClassLoader is an abstract class.  Given the binary name of a class, a class loader should attempt to
locate or generate data that constitutes a definition for the class.  A
typical strategy is to transform the name into a file name and then read a
"class file" of that name from a file system.
 Every Class object contains a reference to the ClassLoader that defined
it.
 Class objects for array classes are not created by class loaders, but are created automatically as required by the Java runtime. The class loader for an array class, as returned by Class.getClassLoader() is the same as the class loader for its element type; if the element type is a primitive type, then the array class has no class loader. 
 Applications implement subclasses of ClassLoader in order to
extend the manner in which the Java virtual machine dynamically loads
classes.
 Class loaders may typically be used by security managers to indicate
security domains.
 The ClassLoader class uses a delegation model to search for
classes and resources.  Each instance of ClassLoader has an
associated parent class loader.  When requested to find a class or
resource, a ClassLoader instance will delegate the search for the
class or resource to its parent class loader before attempting to find the
class or resource itself.  The virtual machine's built-in class loader,
called the "bootstrap class loader", does not itself have a parent but may
serve as the parent of a ClassLoader instance.
 Normally, the Java virtual machine loads classes from the local file
system in a platform-dependent manner.  For example, on UNIX systems, the
virtual machine loads classes from the directory defined by the
CLASSPATH environment variable.
 However, some classes may not originate from a file; they may originate from other sources, such as the network, or they could be constructed by an application. The method defineClass converts an array of bytes into an instance of class Class. Instances of this newly defined class can be created using Class.newInstance. 
 The methods and constructors of objects created by a class loader may reference other classes. To determine the class(es) referred to, the Java virtual machine invokes the loadClass method of the class loader that originally created the class. 
 For example, an application could create a network class loader to
download class files from a server.  Sample code might look like:
  ClassLoader loader = new NetworkClassLoader(host, port);
  Object main = loader.loadClass("Main", true).newInstance();
       . . .

 The network class loader subclass must define the methods findClass and loadClassData to load a class from the network. Once it has downloaded the bytes that make up the class, it should use the method defineClass to create a class instance. A sample implementation is: 
    class NetworkClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
        String host;
        int port;
        public Class findClass(String name) {
            byte[] b = loadClassData(name);
            return defineClass(name, b, 0, b.length);
        }
        private byte[] loadClassData(String name) {
            // load the class data from the connection
             . . .
        }
    }

 Binary names 
 Any class name provided as a String parameter to methods in ClassLoader must be a binary name as defined by the Java Language Specification.
 Examples of valid class names include:
  "java.lang.String"
  "javax.swing.JSpinner$DefaultEditor"
  "java.security.KeyStore$Builder$FileBuilder$1"
  "java.net.URLClassLoader$3$1"

See Also:
resolveClass(Class<?>)
Since:
1.0/**
 * A class loader is an object that is responsible for loading classes. The
 * class <tt>ClassLoader</tt> is an abstract class.  Given the <a
 * href="#name">binary name</a> of a class, a class loader should attempt to
 * locate or generate data that constitutes a definition for the class.  A
 * typical strategy is to transform the name into a file name and then read a
 * "class file" of that name from a file system.
 *
 * <p> Every {@link Class <tt>Class</tt>} object contains a {@link
 * Class#getClassLoader() reference} to the <tt>ClassLoader</tt> that defined
 * it.
 *
 * <p> <tt>Class</tt> objects for array classes are not created by class
 * loaders, but are created automatically as required by the Java runtime.
 * The class loader for an array class, as returned by {@link
 * Class#getClassLoader()} is the same as the class loader for its element
 * type; if the element type is a primitive type, then the array class has no
 * class loader.
 *
 * <p> Applications implement subclasses of <tt>ClassLoader</tt> in order to
 * extend the manner in which the Java virtual machine dynamically loads
 * classes.
 *
 * <p> Class loaders may typically be used by security managers to indicate
 * security domains.
 *
 * <p> The <tt>ClassLoader</tt> class uses a delegation model to search for
 * classes and resources.  Each instance of <tt>ClassLoader</tt> has an
 * associated parent class loader.  When requested to find a class or
 * resource, a <tt>ClassLoader</tt> instance will delegate the search for the
 * class or resource to its parent class loader before attempting to find the
 * class or resource itself.  The virtual machine's built-in class loader,
 * called the "bootstrap class loader", does not itself have a parent but may
 * serve as the parent of a <tt>ClassLoader</tt> instance.
 *
 * <p> Normally, the Java virtual machine loads classes from the local file
 * system in a platform-dependent manner.  For example, on UNIX systems, the
 * virtual machine loads classes from the directory defined by the
 * <tt>CLASSPATH</tt> environment variable.
 *
 * <p> However, some classes may not originate from a file; they may originate
 * from other sources, such as the network, or they could be constructed by an
 * application.  The method {@link #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)
 * <tt>defineClass</tt>} converts an array of bytes into an instance of class
 * <tt>Class</tt>. Instances of this newly defined class can be created using
 * {@link Class#newInstance <tt>Class.newInstance</tt>}.
 *
 * <p> The methods and constructors of objects created by a class loader may
 * reference other classes.  To determine the class(es) referred to, the Java
 * virtual machine invokes the {@link #loadClass <tt>loadClass</tt>} method of
 * the class loader that originally created the class.
 *
 * <p> For example, an application could create a network class loader to
 * download class files from a server.  Sample code might look like:
 *
 * <blockquote><pre>
 *   ClassLoader loader&nbsp;= new NetworkClassLoader(host,&nbsp;port);
 *   Object main&nbsp;= loader.loadClass("Main", true).newInstance();
 *       &nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
 * </pre></blockquote>
 *
 * <p> The network class loader subclass must define the methods {@link
 * #findClass <tt>findClass</tt>} and <tt>loadClassData</tt> to load a class
 * from the network.  Once it has downloaded the bytes that make up the class,
 * it should use the method {@link #defineClass <tt>defineClass</tt>} to
 * create a class instance.  A sample implementation is:
 *
 * <blockquote><pre>
 *     class NetworkClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
 *         String host;
 *         int port;
 *
 *         public Class findClass(String name) {
 *             byte[] b = loadClassData(name);
 *             return defineClass(name, b, 0, b.length);
 *         }
 *
 *         private byte[] loadClassData(String name) {
 *             // load the class data from the connection
 *             &nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
 *         }
 *     }
 * </pre></blockquote>
 *
 * <h4> <a name="name">Binary names</a> </h4>
 *
 * <p> Any class name provided as a {@link String} parameter to methods in
 * <tt>ClassLoader</tt> must be a binary name as defined by the <a
 * href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/">Java Language Specification</a>.
 *
 * <p> Examples of valid class names include:
 * <blockquote><pre>
 *   "java.lang.String"
 *   "javax.swing.JSpinner$DefaultEditor"
 *   "java.security.KeyStore$Builder$FileBuilder$1"
 *   "java.net.URLClassLoader$3$1"
 * </pre></blockquote>
 *
 * @see      #resolveClass(Class)
 * @since 1.0
 */
public abstract class ClassLoader {

    private static native void registerNatives();
    static {
        registerNatives();
    }

    // The parent class loader for delegation
    private ClassLoader parent;

    // Hashtable that maps packages to certs
    private Hashtable<String, Certificate[]> package2certs
        = new Hashtable<String, Certificate[]>(11);

    // Shared among all packages with unsigned classes
    Certificate[] nocerts;

    // The classes loaded by this class loader.  The only purpose of this table
    // is to keep the classes from being GC'ed until the loader is GC'ed.
    private Vector<Class<?>> classes = new Vector<Class<?>>();

    // The initiating protection domains for all classes loaded by this loader
    private Set<ProtectionDomain> domains = new HashSet<ProtectionDomain>();

    // Invoked by the VM to record every loaded class with this loader.
    void addClass(Class c) {
        classes.addElement(c);
    }

    // The packages defined in this class loader.  Each package name is mapped
    // to its corresponding Package object.
    private HashMap<String, Package> packages = new HashMap<String, Package>();

    private static Void checkCreateClassLoader() {
	SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
	if (security != null) {
            security.checkCreateClassLoader();
	}
        return null;
    }

    private ClassLoader(Void unused, ClassLoader parent) {
        this.parent = parent;
    }


    
Creates a new class loader using the specified parent class loader for
delegation.
 If there is a security manager, its checkCreateClassLoader method is invoked. This may result in a security exception. 
Params:
parent – 
        The parent class loader
Throws:
SecurityException – 
         If a security manager exists and its
         checkCreateClassLoader method doesn't allow creation
         of a new class loader.
Since:
 1.2/**
     * Creates a new class loader using the specified parent class loader for
     * delegation.
     *
     * <p> If there is a security manager, its {@link
     * SecurityManager#checkCreateClassLoader()
     * <tt>checkCreateClassLoader</tt>} method is invoked.  This may result in
     * a security exception.  </p>
     *
     * @param  parent
     *         The parent class loader
     *
     * @throws  SecurityException
     *          If a security manager exists and its
     *          <tt>checkCreateClassLoader</tt> method doesn't allow creation
     *          of a new class loader.
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    protected ClassLoader(ClassLoader parent) {
	this(checkCreateClassLoader(), parent);
    }

    
Creates a new class loader using the ClassLoader returned by the method getSystemClassLoader() as the parent class loader. 
 If there is a security manager, its checkCreateClassLoader method is invoked. This may result in a security exception. 
Throws:
SecurityException – 
         If a security manager exists and its
         checkCreateClassLoader method doesn't allow creation
         of a new class loader./**
     * Creates a new class loader using the <tt>ClassLoader</tt> returned by
     * the method {@link #getSystemClassLoader()
     * <tt>getSystemClassLoader()</tt>} as the parent class loader.
     *
     * <p> If there is a security manager, its {@link
     * SecurityManager#checkCreateClassLoader()
     * <tt>checkCreateClassLoader</tt>} method is invoked.  This may result in
     * a security exception.  </p>
     *
     * @throws  SecurityException
     *          If a security manager exists and its
     *          <tt>checkCreateClassLoader</tt> method doesn't allow creation
     *          of a new class loader.
     */
    protected ClassLoader() {
	this(checkCreateClassLoader(), getSystemClassLoader());
    }


    // -- Class --

    
Loads the class with the specified binary name. This method searches for classes in the same manner as the loadClass(String, boolean) method. It is invoked by the Java virtual machine to resolve class references. Invoking this method is equivalent to invoking loadClass(name,
false). 

Params:
name – 
        The binary name of the class
Throws:
ClassNotFoundException – 
         If the class was not found
Returns:
 The resulting Class object/**
     * Loads the class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>.
     * This method searches for classes in the same manner as the {@link
     * #loadClass(String, boolean)} method.  It is invoked by the Java virtual
     * machine to resolve class references.  Invoking this method is equivalent
     * to invoking {@link #loadClass(String, boolean) <tt>loadClass(name,
     * false)</tt>}.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
     *
     * @return  The resulting <tt>Class</tt> object
     *
     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
     *          If the class was not found
     */
    public Class<?> loadClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        return loadClass(name, false);
    }

    
Loads the class with the specified binary name.  The
default implementation of this method searches for classes in the
following order:

  
 Invoke findLoadedClass(String) to check if the class has already been loaded. 
  
 Invoke the loadClass method on the parent class loader. If the parent is null the class
  loader built-in to the virtual machine is used, instead.  
  
 Invoke the findClass(String) method to find the class. 

 If the class was found using the above steps, and the
resolve flag is true, this method will then invoke the resolveClass(Class<?>) method on the resulting Class object.
 Subclasses of ClassLoader are encouraged to override findClass(String), rather than this method. 
Params:
name – 
        The binary name of the class
resolve – 
        If true then resolve the class
Throws:
ClassNotFoundException – 
         If the class could not be found
Returns:
 The resulting Class object/**
     * Loads the class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>.  The
     * default implementation of this method searches for classes in the
     * following order:
     *
     * <p><ol>
     *
     *   <li><p> Invoke {@link #findLoadedClass(String)} to check if the class
     *   has already been loaded.  </p></li>
     *
     *   <li><p> Invoke the {@link #loadClass(String) <tt>loadClass</tt>} method
     *   on the parent class loader.  If the parent is <tt>null</tt> the class
     *   loader built-in to the virtual machine is used, instead.  </p></li>
     *
     *   <li><p> Invoke the {@link #findClass(String)} method to find the
     *   class.  </p></li>
     *
     * </ol>
     *
     * <p> If the class was found using the above steps, and the
     * <tt>resolve</tt> flag is true, this method will then invoke the {@link
     * #resolveClass(Class)} method on the resulting <tt>Class</tt> object.
     *
     * <p> Subclasses of <tt>ClassLoader</tt> are encouraged to override {@link
     * #findClass(String)}, rather than this method.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
     *
     * @param  resolve
     *         If <tt>true</tt> then resolve the class
     *
     * @return  The resulting <tt>Class</tt> object
     *
     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
     *          If the class could not be found
     */
    protected synchronized Class<?> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)
        throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        // First, check if the class has already been loaded
        Class c = findLoadedClass(name);
        if (c == null) {
            try {
                if (parent != null) {
                    c = parent.loadClass(name, false);
                } else {
                    c = findBootstrapClass0(name);
                }
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                // If still not found, then invoke findClass in order
                // to find the class.
                c = findClass(name);
            }
        }
        if (resolve) {
            resolveClass(c);
        }
        return c;
    }

    // This method is invoked by the virtual machine to load a class.
    private synchronized Class loadClassInternal(String name)
        throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        return loadClass(name);
    }

    private void checkPackageAccess(Class cls, ProtectionDomain pd) {
        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm != null) {
            if (ReflectUtil.isNonPublicProxyClass(cls)) {
                for (Class intf: cls.getInterfaces()) {
                    checkPackageAccess(intf, pd);
                }
                return;
            }

            final String name = cls.getName();
            final int i = name.lastIndexOf('.');
            if (i != -1) {
                AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
                    public Void run() {
                        sm.checkPackageAccess(name.substring(0, i));
                        return null;
                    }
                }, new AccessControlContext(new ProtectionDomain[] {pd}));
            }
        }
        domains.add(pd);
    }

    
Finds the class with the specified binary name. This method should be overridden by class loader implementations that follow the delegation model for loading classes, and will be invoked by the loadClass method after checking the parent class loader for the requested class. The default implementation throws a ClassNotFoundException.  

Params:
name – 
        The binary name of the class
Throws:
ClassNotFoundException – 
         If the class could not be found
Returns:
 The resulting Class object
Since:
 1.2/**
     * Finds the class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>.
     * This method should be overridden by class loader implementations that
     * follow the delegation model for loading classes, and will be invoked by
     * the {@link #loadClass <tt>loadClass</tt>} method after checking the
     * parent class loader for the requested class.  The default implementation
     * throws a <tt>ClassNotFoundException</tt>.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
     *
     * @return  The resulting <tt>Class</tt> object
     *
     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
     *          If the class could not be found
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
    }

    
Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class Class.
Before the Class can be used it must be resolved.  This method
is deprecated in favor of the version that takes a binary name as its first argument, and is more secure.
Params:
b – 
        The bytes that make up the class data.  The bytes in positions
        off through off+len-1 should have the format
        of a valid class file as defined by the Java Virtual
        Machine Specification.
off – 
        The start offset in b of the class data
len – 
        The length of the class data
Throws:
ClassFormatError – 
         If the data did not contain a valid class
IndexOutOfBoundsException – 
         If either off or len is negative, or if
         off+len is greater than b.length.
See Also:
loadClass(String, boolean)
resolveClass(Class<?>)
Returns:
 The Class object that was created from the specified
         class data
Deprecated:
 Replaced by 
defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)/**
     * Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class <tt>Class</tt>.
     * Before the <tt>Class</tt> can be used it must be resolved.  This method
     * is deprecated in favor of the version that takes a <a
     * href="#name">binary name</a> as its first argument, and is more secure.
     *
     * @param  b
     *         The bytes that make up the class data.  The bytes in positions
     *         <tt>off</tt> through <tt>off+len-1</tt> should have the format
     *         of a valid class file as defined by the <a
     *         href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/">Java Virtual
     *         Machine Specification</a>.
     *
     * @param  off
     *         The start offset in <tt>b</tt> of the class data
     *
     * @param  len
     *         The length of the class data
     *
     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object that was created from the specified
     *          class data
     *
     * @throws  ClassFormatError
     *          If the data did not contain a valid class
     *
     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
     *          If either <tt>off</tt> or <tt>len</tt> is negative, or if
     *          <tt>off+len</tt> is greater than <tt>b.length</tt>.
     *
     * @see  #loadClass(String, boolean)
     * @see  #resolveClass(Class)
     *
     * @deprecated  Replaced by {@link #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)
     * defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)}
     */
    @Deprecated
    protected final Class<?> defineClass(byte[] b, int off, int len)
        throws ClassFormatError
    {
        return defineClass(null, b, off, len, null);
    }

    
Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class Class.
Before the Class can be used it must be resolved.
 This method assigns a default ProtectionDomain to the newly defined class. The ProtectionDomain is effectively granted the same set of permissions returned when Policy.getPolicy().getPermissions(new CodeSource(null, null)) is invoked. The default domain is created on the first invocation of defineClass, and re-used on subsequent invocations. 
 To assign a specific ProtectionDomain to the class, use the defineClass method that takes a ProtectionDomain as one of its arguments.  
Params:
name – 
        The expected binary name of the class, or
        null if not known
b – 
        The bytes that make up the class data.  The bytes in positions
        off through off+len-1 should have the format
        of a valid class file as defined by the Java Virtual
        Machine Specification.
off – 
        The start offset in b of the class data
len – 
        The length of the class data
Throws:
ClassFormatError – 
         If the data did not contain a valid class
IndexOutOfBoundsException – 
         If either off or len is negative, or if
         off+len is greater than b.length.
SecurityException – 
         If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that
         contains classes that were signed by a different set of
         certificates than this class (which is unsigned), or if
         name begins with "java.".
See Also:
loadClass(String, boolean)
resolveClass(Class<?>)
CodeSource
SecureClassLoader
Returns:
 The Class object that was created from the specified
         class data.
Since:
 1.1/**
     * Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class <tt>Class</tt>.
     * Before the <tt>Class</tt> can be used it must be resolved.
     *
     * <p> This method assigns a default {@link java.security.ProtectionDomain
     * <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt>} to the newly defined class.  The
     * <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt> is effectively granted the same set of
     * permissions returned when {@link
     * java.security.Policy#getPermissions(java.security.CodeSource)
     * <tt>Policy.getPolicy().getPermissions(new CodeSource(null, null))</tt>}
     * is invoked.  The default domain is created on the first invocation of
     * {@link #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int) <tt>defineClass</tt>},
     * and re-used on subsequent invocations.
     *
     * <p> To assign a specific <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt> to the class, use
     * the {@link #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int,
     * java.security.ProtectionDomain) <tt>defineClass</tt>} method that takes a
     * <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt> as one of its arguments.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The expected <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class, or
     *         <tt>null</tt> if not known
     *
     * @param  b
     *         The bytes that make up the class data.  The bytes in positions
     *         <tt>off</tt> through <tt>off+len-1</tt> should have the format
     *         of a valid class file as defined by the <a
     *         href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/">Java Virtual
     *         Machine Specification</a>.
     *
     * @param  off
     *         The start offset in <tt>b</tt> of the class data
     *
     * @param  len
     *         The length of the class data
     *
     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object that was created from the specified
     *          class data.
     *
     * @throws  ClassFormatError
     *          If the data did not contain a valid class
     *
     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
     *          If either <tt>off</tt> or <tt>len</tt> is negative, or if
     *          <tt>off+len</tt> is greater than <tt>b.length</tt>.
     *
     * @throws  SecurityException
     *          If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that
     *          contains classes that were signed by a different set of
     *          certificates than this class (which is unsigned), or if
     *          <tt>name</tt> begins with "<tt>java.</tt>".
     *
     * @see  #loadClass(String, boolean)
     * @see  #resolveClass(Class)
     * @see  java.security.CodeSource
     * @see  java.security.SecureClassLoader
     *
     * @since  1.1
     */
    protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len)
        throws ClassFormatError
    {
        return defineClass(name, b, off, len, null);
    }

    /* Determine protection domain, and check that:
        - not define java.* class,
        - signer of this class matches signers for the rest of the classes in package.
    */
    private ProtectionDomain preDefineClass(String name,
                                            ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)
    {
        if (!checkName(name))
            throw new NoClassDefFoundError("IllegalName: " + name);

        if ((name != null) && name.startsWith("java.")) {
            throw new SecurityException("Prohibited package name: " +
                                        name.substring(0, name.lastIndexOf('.')));
        }
        if (protectionDomain == null) {
            protectionDomain = getDefaultDomain();
        }

        if (name != null)
            checkCerts(name, protectionDomain.getCodeSource());

        return protectionDomain;
    }

    private String defineClassSourceLocation(ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)
    {
        CodeSource cs = protectionDomain.getCodeSource();
        String source = null;
        if (cs != null && cs.getLocation() != null) {
            source = cs.getLocation().toString();
        }
        return source;
    }

    private Class defineTransformedClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
                                         ProtectionDomain protectionDomain,
                                         ClassFormatError cfe, String source)
      throws ClassFormatError
    {
        // Class format error - try to transform the bytecode and
        // define the class again
        //
        ClassFileTransformer[] transformers = ClassFileTransformer.getTransformers();
        Class c = null;

        if (transformers != null) {
            for (ClassFileTransformer transformer : transformers) {
                try {
                    // Transform byte code using transformer
                    byte[] tb = transformer.transform(b, off, len);
                    c = defineClass1(name, tb, 0, tb.length,
                                     protectionDomain, source);
                    break;
                } catch (ClassFormatError cfe2)     {
                    // If ClassFormatError occurs, try next transformer
                }
            }
        }

        // Rethrow original ClassFormatError if unable to transform
        // bytecode to well-formed
        //
        if (c == null)
            throw cfe;

        return c;
    }

    private void postDefineClass(Class c, ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)
    {
        if (protectionDomain.getCodeSource() != null) {
            Certificate certs[] =
                protectionDomain.getCodeSource().getCertificates();
            if (certs != null)
                setSigners(c, certs);
        }
    }

    
Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class Class,
with an optional ProtectionDomain.  If the domain is
null, then a default domain will be assigned to the class as specified in the documentation for defineClass(String, byte[], int, int). Before the class can be used it must be resolved. 
 The first class defined in a package determines the exact set of certificates that all subsequent classes defined in that package must contain. The set of certificates for a class is obtained from the CodeSource within the ProtectionDomain of the class.  Any classes added to that
package must contain the same set of certificates or a
SecurityException will be thrown.  Note that if
name is null, this check is not performed.
You should always pass in the binary name of the
class you are defining as well as the bytes.  This ensures that the
class you are defining is indeed the class you think it is.
 The specified name cannot begin with "java.", since
all classes in the "java.* packages can only be defined by the
bootstrap class loader.  If name is not null, it
must be equal to the binary name of the class
specified by the byte array "b", otherwise a NoClassDefFoundError will be thrown. 
Params:
name – 
        The expected binary name of the class, or
        null if not known
b – 
        The bytes that make up the class data. The bytes in positions
        off through off+len-1 should have the format
        of a valid class file as defined by the Java Virtual
        Machine Specification.
off – 
        The start offset in b of the class data
len – 
        The length of the class data
protectionDomain – 
        The ProtectionDomain of the class
Throws:
ClassFormatError – 
         If the data did not contain a valid class
NoClassDefFoundError – 
         If name is not equal to the binary
         name of the class specified by b
IndexOutOfBoundsException – 
         If either off or len is negative, or if
         off+len is greater than b.length.
SecurityException – 
         If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that
         contains classes that were signed by a different set of
         certificates than this class, or if name begins with
         "java.".
Returns:
 The Class object created from the data,
         and optional ProtectionDomain./**
     * Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class <tt>Class</tt>,
     * with an optional <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt>.  If the domain is
     * <tt>null</tt>, then a default domain will be assigned to the class as
     * specified in the documentation for {@link #defineClass(String, byte[],
     * int, int)}.  Before the class can be used it must be resolved.
     *
     * <p> The first class defined in a package determines the exact set of
     * certificates that all subsequent classes defined in that package must
     * contain.  The set of certificates for a class is obtained from the
     * {@link java.security.CodeSource <tt>CodeSource</tt>} within the
     * <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt> of the class.  Any classes added to that
     * package must contain the same set of certificates or a
     * <tt>SecurityException</tt> will be thrown.  Note that if
     * <tt>name</tt> is <tt>null</tt>, this check is not performed.
     * You should always pass in the <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the
     * class you are defining as well as the bytes.  This ensures that the
     * class you are defining is indeed the class you think it is.
     *
     * <p> The specified <tt>name</tt> cannot begin with "<tt>java.</tt>", since
     * all classes in the "<tt>java.*</tt> packages can only be defined by the
     * bootstrap class loader.  If <tt>name</tt> is not <tt>null</tt>, it
     * must be equal to the <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
     * specified by the byte array "<tt>b</tt>", otherwise a {@link
     * <tt>NoClassDefFoundError</tt>} will be thrown.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The expected <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class, or
     *         <tt>null</tt> if not known
     *
     * @param  b
     *         The bytes that make up the class data. The bytes in positions
     *         <tt>off</tt> through <tt>off+len-1</tt> should have the format
     *         of a valid class file as defined by the <a
     *         href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/">Java Virtual
     *         Machine Specification</a>.
     *
     * @param  off
     *         The start offset in <tt>b</tt> of the class data
     *
     * @param  len
     *         The length of the class data
     *
     * @param  protectionDomain
     *         The ProtectionDomain of the class
     *
     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object created from the data,
     *          and optional <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt>.
     *
     * @throws  ClassFormatError
     *          If the data did not contain a valid class
     *
     * @throws  NoClassDefFoundError
     *          If <tt>name</tt> is not equal to the <a href="#name">binary
     *          name</a> of the class specified by <tt>b</tt>
     *
     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
     *          If either <tt>off</tt> or <tt>len</tt> is negative, or if
     *          <tt>off+len</tt> is greater than <tt>b.length</tt>.
     *
     * @throws  SecurityException
     *          If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that
     *          contains classes that were signed by a different set of
     *          certificates than this class, or if <tt>name</tt> begins with
     *          "<tt>java.</tt>".
     */
    protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
                                         ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)
        throws ClassFormatError
    {
        protectionDomain = preDefineClass(name, protectionDomain);

        Class c = null;
        String source = defineClassSourceLocation(protectionDomain);

        try {
            c = defineClass1(name, b, off, len, protectionDomain, source);
        } catch (ClassFormatError cfe) {
            c = defineTransformedClass(name, b, off, len, protectionDomain, cfe, source);
        }

        postDefineClass(c, protectionDomain);
        return c;
    }

    
Converts a ByteBuffer into an instance of class Class,
with an optional ProtectionDomain.  If the domain is
null, then a default domain will be assigned to the class as specified in the documentation for defineClass(String, byte[], int, int). Before the class can be used it must be resolved. 
The rules about the first class defined in a package determining the set of certificates for the package, and the restrictions on class names are identical to those specified in the documentation for defineClass(String, byte[], int, int, ProtectionDomain). 
 An invocation of this method of the form
cl.defineClass(name,
bBuffer, pd) yields exactly the same
result as the statements

...

byte[] temp = new byte[bBuffer.
remaining()];

    bBuffer.
get(temp);
 return cl.defineClass(name, temp, 0, temp.length, pd);


Params:
name – 
        The expected binary namenull if not known
b – 
        The bytes that make up the class data. The bytes from positions
        b.position() through b.position() + b.limit() -1 
        should have the format of a valid class file as defined by the Java Virtual
        Machine Specification.
protectionDomain – 
        The ProtectionDomain of the class, or null.
Throws:
ClassFormatError – 
         If the data did not contain a valid class.
NoClassDefFoundError – 
         If name is not equal to the binary
         name of the class specified by b
SecurityException – 
         If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that
         contains classes that were signed by a different set of
         certificates than this class, or if name begins with
         "java.".
See Also:
defineClass(String, byte[], int, int, ProtectionDomain)
Returns:
 The Class object created from the data,
         and optional ProtectionDomain.
Since:
 1.5/**
     * Converts a {@link java.nio.ByteBuffer <tt>ByteBuffer</tt>}
     * into an instance of class <tt>Class</tt>,
     * with an optional <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt>.  If the domain is
     * <tt>null</tt>, then a default domain will be assigned to the class as
     * specified in the documentation for {@link #defineClass(String, byte[],
     * int, int)}.  Before the class can be used it must be resolved.
     *
     * <p>The rules about the first class defined in a package determining the set of
     * certificates for the package, and the restrictions on class names are identical
     * to those specified in the documentation for {@link #defineClass(String, byte[],
     * int, int, ProtectionDomain)}.
     *
     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form
     * <i>cl</i><tt>.defineClass(</tt><i>name</i><tt>,</tt>
     * <i>bBuffer</i><tt>,</tt> <i>pd</i><tt>)</tt> yields exactly the same
     * result as the statements
     *
     * <blockquote><tt>
     * ...<br>
     * byte[] temp = new byte[</tt><i>bBuffer</i><tt>.{@link java.nio.ByteBuffer#remaining
     * remaining}()];<br>
     *     </tt><i>bBuffer</i><tt>.{@link java.nio.ByteBuffer#get(byte[])
     * get}(temp);<br>
     *     return {@link #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int, ProtectionDomain)
     * </tt><i>cl</i><tt>.defineClass}(</tt><i>name</i><tt>, temp, 0, temp.length, </tt><i>pd</i><tt>);<br>
     * </tt></blockquote>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The expected <a href="#name">binary name</a. of the class, or
     *         <tt>null</tt> if not known
     *
     * @param  b
     *         The bytes that make up the class data. The bytes from positions
     *         <tt>b.position()</tt> through <tt>b.position() + b.limit() -1 </tt>
     *         should have the format of a valid class file as defined by the <a
     *         href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/">Java Virtual
     *         Machine Specification</a>.
     *
     * @param  protectionDomain
     *         The ProtectionDomain of the class, or <tt>null</tt>.
     *
     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object created from the data,
     *          and optional <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt>.
     *
     * @throws  ClassFormatError
     *          If the data did not contain a valid class.
     *
     * @throws  NoClassDefFoundError
     *          If <tt>name</tt> is not equal to the <a href="#name">binary
     *          name</a> of the class specified by <tt>b</tt>
     *
     * @throws  SecurityException
     *          If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that
     *          contains classes that were signed by a different set of
     *          certificates than this class, or if <tt>name</tt> begins with
     *          "<tt>java.</tt>".
     *
     * @see      #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int, ProtectionDomain)
     *
     * @since  1.5
     */
    protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, java.nio.ByteBuffer b,
                                         ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)
        throws ClassFormatError
    {
        int len = b.remaining();

        // Use byte[] if not a direct ByteBufer:
        if (!b.isDirect()) {
            if (b.hasArray()) {
                return defineClass(name, b.array(),
                                   b.position() + b.arrayOffset(), len,
                                   protectionDomain);
            } else {
                // no array, or read-only array
                byte[] tb = new byte[len];
                b.get(tb);  // get bytes out of byte buffer.
                return defineClass(name, tb, 0, len, protectionDomain);
            }
        }

        protectionDomain = preDefineClass(name, protectionDomain);

        Class c = null;
        String source = defineClassSourceLocation(protectionDomain);

        try {
            c = defineClass2(name, b, b.position(), len, protectionDomain, source);
        } catch (ClassFormatError cfe) {
            byte[] tb = new byte[len];
            b.get(tb);  // get bytes out of byte buffer.
            c = defineTransformedClass(name, tb, 0, len, protectionDomain, cfe, source);
        }

        postDefineClass(c, protectionDomain);
        return c;
    }

    private native Class defineClass0(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
                                      ProtectionDomain pd);

    private native Class defineClass1(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
                                      ProtectionDomain pd, String source);

    private native Class defineClass2(String name, java.nio.ByteBuffer b,
                                      int off, int len, ProtectionDomain pd,
                                      String source);

    // true if the name is null or has the potential to be a valid binary name
    private boolean checkName(String name) {
        if ((name == null) || (name.length() == 0))
            return true;
        if ((name.indexOf('/') != -1)
            || (!VM.allowArraySyntax() && (name.charAt(0) == '[')))
            return false;
        return true;
    }

    private synchronized void checkCerts(String name, CodeSource cs) {
        int i = name.lastIndexOf('.');
        String pname = (i == -1) ? "" : name.substring(0, i);
        Certificate[] pcerts = package2certs.get(pname);
        if (pcerts == null) {
            // first class in this package gets to define which
            // certificates must be the same for all other classes
            // in this package
            if (cs != null) {
                pcerts = cs.getCertificates();
            }
            if (pcerts == null) {
                if (nocerts == null)
                    nocerts = new Certificate[0];
                pcerts = nocerts;
            }
            package2certs.put(pname, pcerts);
        } else {
            Certificate[] certs = null;
            if (cs != null) {
                certs = cs.getCertificates();
            }

            if (!compareCerts(pcerts, certs)) {
                throw new SecurityException("class \""+ name +
                                            "\"'s signer information does not match signer information of other classes in the same package");
            }
        }
    }

    
check to make sure the certs for the new class (certs) are the same as
the certs for the first class inserted in the package (pcerts)
/**
     * check to make sure the certs for the new class (certs) are the same as
     * the certs for the first class inserted in the package (pcerts)
     */
    private boolean compareCerts(Certificate[] pcerts,
                                 Certificate[] certs)
    {
        // certs can be null, indicating no certs.
        if ((certs == null) || (certs.length == 0)) {
            return pcerts.length == 0;
        }

        // the length must be the same at this point
        if (certs.length != pcerts.length)
            return false;

        // go through and make sure all the certs in one array
        // are in the other and vice-versa.
        boolean match;
        for (int i = 0; i < certs.length; i++) {
            match = false;
            for (int j = 0; j < pcerts.length; j++) {
                if (certs[i].equals(pcerts[j])) {
                    match = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!match) return false;
        }

        // now do the same for pcerts
        for (int i = 0; i < pcerts.length; i++) {
            match = false;
            for (int j = 0; j < certs.length; j++) {
                if (pcerts[i].equals(certs[j])) {
                    match = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!match) return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    
Links the specified class.  This (misleadingly named) method may be
used by a class loader to link a class.  If the class c has
already been linked, then this method simply returns. Otherwise, the
class is linked as described in the "Execution" chapter of the Java Language
Specification.

Params:
c – 
        The class to link
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
         If c is null.
See Also:
defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)/**
     * Links the specified class.  This (misleadingly named) method may be
     * used by a class loader to link a class.  If the class <tt>c</tt> has
     * already been linked, then this method simply returns. Otherwise, the
     * class is linked as described in the "Execution" chapter of the <a
     * href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/">Java Language
     * Specification</a>.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param  c
     *         The class to link
     *
     * @throws  NullPointerException
     *          If <tt>c</tt> is <tt>null</tt>.
     *
     * @see  #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)
     */
    protected final void resolveClass(Class<?> c) {
        resolveClass0(c);
    }

    private native void resolveClass0(Class c);

    
Finds a class with the specified binary name,
loading it if necessary.
 This method loads the class through the system class loader (see getSystemClassLoader()). The Class object returned
might have more than one ClassLoader associated with it.
Subclasses of ClassLoader need not usually invoke this method, because most class loaders need to override just findClass(String). 
Params:
name – 
        The binary name of the class
Throws:
ClassNotFoundException – 
         If the class could not be found
See Also:
ClassLoader(ClassLoader)
getParent()
Returns:
 The Class object for the specified name/**
     * Finds a class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>,
     * loading it if necessary.
     *
     * <p> This method loads the class through the system class loader (see
     * {@link #getSystemClassLoader()}).  The <tt>Class</tt> object returned
     * might have more than one <tt>ClassLoader</tt> associated with it.
     * Subclasses of <tt>ClassLoader</tt> need not usually invoke this method,
     * because most class loaders need to override just {@link
     * #findClass(String)}.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
     *
     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object for the specified <tt>name</tt>
     *
     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
     *          If the class could not be found
     *
     * @see  #ClassLoader(ClassLoader)
     * @see  #getParent()
     */
    protected final Class<?> findSystemClass(String name)
        throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        ClassLoader system = getSystemClassLoader();
        if (system == null) {
            if (!checkName(name))
                throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
            return findBootstrapClass(name);
        }
        return system.loadClass(name);
    }

    private Class findBootstrapClass0(String name)
        throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        if (!checkName(name))
            throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
        return findBootstrapClass(name);
    }

    private native Class findBootstrapClass(String name)
        throws ClassNotFoundException;

    
Returns the class with the given binary name if this
loader has been recorded by the Java virtual machine as an initiating
loader of a class with that binary name.  Otherwise
null is returned.  

Params:
name – 
        The binary name of the class
Returns:
 The Class object, or null if the class has
         not been loaded
Since:
 1.1/**
     * Returns the class with the given <a href="#name">binary name</a> if this
     * loader has been recorded by the Java virtual machine as an initiating
     * loader of a class with that <a href="#name">binary name</a>.  Otherwise
     * <tt>null</tt> is returned.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
     *
     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object, or <tt>null</tt> if the class has
     *          not been loaded
     *
     * @since  1.1
     */
    protected final Class<?> findLoadedClass(String name) {
        if (!checkName(name))
            return null;
        return findLoadedClass0(name);
    }

    private native final Class findLoadedClass0(String name);

    
Sets the signers of a class.  This should be invoked after defining a
class.  

Params:
c – 
        The Class object
signers – 
        The signers for the class
Since:
 1.1/**
     * Sets the signers of a class.  This should be invoked after defining a
     * class.  </p>
     *
     * @param  c
     *         The <tt>Class</tt> object
     *
     * @param  signers
     *         The signers for the class
     *
     * @since  1.1
     */
    protected final void setSigners(Class<?> c, Object[] signers) {
        c.setSigners(signers);
    }


    // -- Resource --

    
Finds the resource with the given name.  A resource is some data
(images, audio, text, etc) that can be accessed by class code in a way
that is independent of the location of the code.
 The name of a resource is a '/'-separated path name that
identifies the resource.
 This method will first search the parent class loader for the
resource; if the parent is null the path of the class loader built-in to the virtual machine is searched. That failing, this method will invoke findResource(String) to find the resource. 
Params:
name – 
        The resource name
Returns:
 A URL object for reading the resource, or
         null if the resource could not be found or the invoker
         doesn't have adequate  privileges to get the resource.
Since:
 1.1/**
     * Finds the resource with the given name.  A resource is some data
     * (images, audio, text, etc) that can be accessed by class code in a way
     * that is independent of the location of the code.
     *
     * <p> The name of a resource is a '<tt>/</tt>'-separated path name that
     * identifies the resource.
     *
     * <p> This method will first search the parent class loader for the
     * resource; if the parent is <tt>null</tt> the path of the class loader
     * built-in to the virtual machine is searched.  That failing, this method
     * will invoke {@link #findResource(String)} to find the resource.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The resource name
     *
     * @return  A <tt>URL</tt> object for reading the resource, or
     *          <tt>null</tt> if the resource could not be found or the invoker
     *          doesn't have adequate  privileges to get the resource.
     *
     * @since  1.1
     */
    public URL getResource(String name) {
        URL url;
        if (parent != null) {
            url = parent.getResource(name);
        } else {
            url = getBootstrapResource(name);
        }
        if (url == null) {
            url = findResource(name);
        }
        return url;
    }

    
Finds all the resources with the given name. A resource is some data
(images, audio, text, etc) that can be accessed by class code in a way
that is independent of the location of the code.
The name of a resource is a /-separated path name that
identifies the resource.
 The search order is described in the documentation for getResource(String). 
Params:
name – 
        The resource name
Throws:
IOException – 
         If I/O errors occur
See Also:
findResources(String)
Returns:
 An enumeration of URL objects for the resource. If no resources could be found, the enumeration will be empty. Resources that the class loader doesn't have access to will not be in the enumeration.
Since:
 1.2/**
     * Finds all the resources with the given name. A resource is some data
     * (images, audio, text, etc) that can be accessed by class code in a way
     * that is independent of the location of the code.
     *
     * <p>The name of a resource is a <tt>/</tt>-separated path name that
     * identifies the resource.
     *
     * <p> The search order is described in the documentation for {@link
     * #getResource(String)}.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The resource name
     *
     * @return  An enumeration of {@link java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>} objects for
     *          the resource.  If no resources could  be found, the enumeration
     *          will be empty.  Resources that the class loader doesn't have
     *          access to will not be in the enumeration.
     *
     * @throws  IOException
     *          If I/O errors occur
     *
     * @see  #findResources(String)
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    public Enumeration<URL> getResources(String name) throws IOException {
        Enumeration[] tmp = new Enumeration[2];
        if (parent != null) {
            tmp[0] = parent.getResources(name);
        } else {
            tmp[0] = getBootstrapResources(name);
        }
        tmp[1] = findResources(name);

        return new CompoundEnumeration<URL>(tmp);
    }

    
Finds the resource with the given name. Class loader implementations
should override this method to specify where to find resources.  

Params:
name – 
        The resource name
Returns:
 A URL object for reading the resource, or
         null if the resource could not be found
Since:
 1.2/**
     * Finds the resource with the given name. Class loader implementations
     * should override this method to specify where to find resources.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The resource name
     *
     * @return  A <tt>URL</tt> object for reading the resource, or
     *          <tt>null</tt> if the resource could not be found
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    protected URL findResource(String name) {
        return null;
    }

    
Returns an enumeration of URL objects representing all the resources with the given name. Class loader implementations should override this method to specify where to load resources from. 

Params:
name – 
        The resource name
Throws:
IOException – 
         If I/O errors occur
Returns:
 An enumeration of URL objects for the resources
Since:
 1.2/**
     * Returns an enumeration of {@link java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>} objects
     * representing all the resources with the given name. Class loader
     * implementations should override this method to specify where to load
     * resources from.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The resource name
     *
     * @return  An enumeration of {@link java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>} objects for
     *          the resources
     *
     * @throws  IOException
     *          If I/O errors occur
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    protected Enumeration<URL> findResources(String name) throws IOException {
        return new CompoundEnumeration(new Enumeration[0]);
    }

    
Find a resource of the specified name from the search path used to load classes. This method locates the resource through the system class loader (see getSystemClassLoader()). 

Params:
name – 
        The resource name
Returns:
 A URL object for reading the resource, or null if the resource could not be found
Since:
 1.1/**
     * Find a resource of the specified name from the search path used to load
     * classes.  This method locates the resource through the system class
     * loader (see {@link #getSystemClassLoader()}).  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The resource name
     *
     * @return  A {@link java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>} object for reading the
     *          resource, or <tt>null</tt> if the resource could not be found
     *
     * @since  1.1
     */
    public static URL getSystemResource(String name) {
        ClassLoader system = getSystemClassLoader();
        if (system == null) {
            return getBootstrapResource(name);
        }
        return system.getResource(name);
    }

    
Finds all resources of the specified name from the search path used to load classes. The resources thus found are returned as an Enumeration of URL objects. 
 The search order is described in the documentation for getSystemResource(String). 
Params:
name – 
        The resource name
Throws:
IOException – 
         If I/O errors occur
Returns:
 An enumeration of resource URL objects
Since:
 1.2/**
     * Finds all resources of the specified name from the search path used to
     * load classes.  The resources thus found are returned as an
     * {@link java.util.Enumeration <tt>Enumeration</tt>} of {@link
     * java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>} objects.
     *
     * <p> The search order is described in the documentation for {@link
     * #getSystemResource(String)}.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The resource name
     *
     * @return  An enumeration of resource {@link java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>}
     *          objects
     *
     * @throws  IOException
     *          If I/O errors occur

     * @since  1.2
     */
    public static Enumeration<URL> getSystemResources(String name)
        throws IOException
    {
        ClassLoader system = getSystemClassLoader();
        if (system == null) {
            return getBootstrapResources(name);
        }
        return system.getResources(name);
    }

    
Find resources from the VM's built-in classloader.
/**
     * Find resources from the VM's built-in classloader.
     */
    private static URL getBootstrapResource(String name) {
        URLClassPath ucp = getBootstrapClassPath();
        Resource res = ucp.getResource(name);
        return res != null ? res.getURL() : null;
    }

    
Find resources from the VM's built-in classloader.
/**
     * Find resources from the VM's built-in classloader.
     */
    private static Enumeration<URL> getBootstrapResources(String name)
        throws IOException
    {
        final Enumeration<Resource> e = getBootstrapClassPath().getResources(name);
        return new Enumeration<URL> () {
            public URL nextElement() {
                return e.nextElement().getURL();
            }
            public boolean hasMoreElements() {
                return e.hasMoreElements();
            }
        };
    }

    // Returns the URLClassPath that is used for finding system resources.
    static URLClassPath getBootstrapClassPath() {
        if (bootstrapClassPath == null) {
            bootstrapClassPath = sun.misc.Launcher.getBootstrapClassPath();
        }
        return bootstrapClassPath;
    }

    private static URLClassPath bootstrapClassPath;

    
Returns an input stream for reading the specified resource.
 The search order is described in the documentation for getResource(String). 
Params:
name – 
        The resource name
Returns:
 An input stream for reading the resource, or null
         if the resource could not be found
Since:
 1.1/**
     * Returns an input stream for reading the specified resource.
     *
     * <p> The search order is described in the documentation for {@link
     * #getResource(String)}.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The resource name
     *
     * @return  An input stream for reading the resource, or <tt>null</tt>
     *          if the resource could not be found
     *
     * @since  1.1
     */
    public InputStream getResourceAsStream(String name) {
        URL url = getResource(name);
        try {
            return url != null ? url.openStream() : null;
        } catch (IOException e) {
            return null;
        }
    }

    
Open for reading, a resource of the specified name from the search path used to load classes. This method locates the resource through the system class loader (see getSystemClassLoader()). 

Params:
name – 
        The resource name
Returns:
 An input stream for reading the resource, or null
         if the resource could not be found
Since:
 1.1/**
     * Open for reading, a resource of the specified name from the search path
     * used to load classes.  This method locates the resource through the
     * system class loader (see {@link #getSystemClassLoader()}).  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The resource name
     *
     * @return  An input stream for reading the resource, or <tt>null</tt>
     *          if the resource could not be found
     *
     * @since  1.1
     */
    public static InputStream getSystemResourceAsStream(String name) {
        URL url = getSystemResource(name);
        try {
            return url != null ? url.openStream() : null;
        } catch (IOException e) {
            return null;
        }
    }


    // -- Hierarchy --

    
Returns the parent class loader for delegation. Some implementations may
use null to represent the bootstrap class loader. This method
will return null in such implementations if this class loader's
parent is the bootstrap class loader.
 If a security manager is present, and the invoker's class loader is
not null and is not an ancestor of this class loader, then this method invokes the security manager's checkPermission method with a RuntimePermission("getClassLoader") permission to verify access to the parent class loader is permitted. If not, a SecurityException will be thrown.  
Throws:
SecurityException – 
         If a security manager exists and its checkPermission
         method doesn't allow access to this class loader's parent class
         loader.
Returns:
 The parent ClassLoader
Since:
 1.2/**
     * Returns the parent class loader for delegation. Some implementations may
     * use <tt>null</tt> to represent the bootstrap class loader. This method
     * will return <tt>null</tt> in such implementations if this class loader's
     * parent is the bootstrap class loader.
     *
     * <p> If a security manager is present, and the invoker's class loader is
     * not <tt>null</tt> and is not an ancestor of this class loader, then this
     * method invokes the security manager's {@link
     * SecurityManager#checkPermission(java.security.Permission)
     * <tt>checkPermission</tt>} method with a {@link
     * RuntimePermission#RuntimePermission(String)
     * <tt>RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")</tt>} permission to verify
     * access to the parent class loader is permitted.  If not, a
     * <tt>SecurityException</tt> will be thrown.  </p>
     *
     * @return  The parent <tt>ClassLoader</tt>
     *
     * @throws  SecurityException
     *          If a security manager exists and its <tt>checkPermission</tt>
     *          method doesn't allow access to this class loader's parent class
     *          loader.
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public final ClassLoader getParent() {
        if (parent == null)
            return null;
        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm != null) {
            checkClassLoaderPermission(parent, Reflection.getCallerClass());
        }
        return parent;
    }

    
Returns the system class loader for delegation.  This is the default
delegation parent for new ClassLoader instances, and is
typically the class loader used to start the application.
 This method is first invoked early in the runtime's startup
sequence, at which point it creates the system class loader and sets it
as the context class loader of the invoking Thread.
 The default system class loader is an implementation-dependent
instance of this class.
 If the system property "java.system.class.loader" is defined
when this method is first invoked then the value of that property is
taken to be the name of a class that will be returned as the system
class loader.  The class is loaded using the default system class loader
and must define a public constructor that takes a single parameter of
type ClassLoader which is used as the delegation parent.  An
instance is then created using this constructor with the default system
class loader as the parameter.  The resulting class loader is defined
to be the system class loader.
 If a security manager is present, and the invoker's class loader is
not null and the invoker's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the system class loader, then this method invokes the security manager's checkPermission method with a RuntimePermission("getClassLoader") permission to verify access to the system class loader. If not, a SecurityException will be thrown.  
Throws:
SecurityException – 
         If a security manager exists and its checkPermission
         method doesn't allow access to the system class loader.
IllegalStateException – 
         If invoked recursively during the construction of the class
         loader specified by the "java.system.class.loader"
         property.
Error – 
         If the system property "java.system.class.loader" is defined but the named class could not be loaded, the provider class does not define the required constructor, or an exception is thrown by that constructor when it is invoked. The underlying cause of the error can be retrieved via the Throwable.getCause() method.
Returns:
 The system ClassLoader for delegation, or
         null if none
@revised
 1.4/**
     * Returns the system class loader for delegation.  This is the default
     * delegation parent for new <tt>ClassLoader</tt> instances, and is
     * typically the class loader used to start the application.
     *
     * <p> This method is first invoked early in the runtime's startup
     * sequence, at which point it creates the system class loader and sets it
     * as the context class loader of the invoking <tt>Thread</tt>.
     *
     * <p> The default system class loader is an implementation-dependent
     * instance of this class.
     *
     * <p> If the system property "<tt>java.system.class.loader</tt>" is defined
     * when this method is first invoked then the value of that property is
     * taken to be the name of a class that will be returned as the system
     * class loader.  The class is loaded using the default system class loader
     * and must define a public constructor that takes a single parameter of
     * type <tt>ClassLoader</tt> which is used as the delegation parent.  An
     * instance is then created using this constructor with the default system
     * class loader as the parameter.  The resulting class loader is defined
     * to be the system class loader.
     *
     * <p> If a security manager is present, and the invoker's class loader is
     * not <tt>null</tt> and the invoker's class loader is not the same as or
     * an ancestor of the system class loader, then this method invokes the
     * security manager's {@link
     * SecurityManager#checkPermission(java.security.Permission)
     * <tt>checkPermission</tt>} method with a {@link
     * RuntimePermission#RuntimePermission(String)
     * <tt>RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")</tt>} permission to verify
     * access to the system class loader.  If not, a
     * <tt>SecurityException</tt> will be thrown.  </p>
     *
     * @return  The system <tt>ClassLoader</tt> for delegation, or
     *          <tt>null</tt> if none
     *
     * @throws  SecurityException
     *          If a security manager exists and its <tt>checkPermission</tt>
     *          method doesn't allow access to the system class loader.
     *
     * @throws  IllegalStateException
     *          If invoked recursively during the construction of the class
     *          loader specified by the "<tt>java.system.class.loader</tt>"
     *          property.
     *
     * @throws  Error
     *          If the system property "<tt>java.system.class.loader</tt>"
     *          is defined but the named class could not be loaded, the
     *          provider class does not define the required constructor, or an
     *          exception is thrown by that constructor when it is invoked. The
     *          underlying cause of the error can be retrieved via the
     *          {@link Throwable#getCause()} method.
     *
     * @revised  1.4
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static ClassLoader getSystemClassLoader() {
        initSystemClassLoader();
        if (scl == null) {
            return null;
        }
        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm != null) {
            checkClassLoaderPermission(scl, Reflection.getCallerClass());
        }
        return scl;
    }

    private static synchronized void initSystemClassLoader() {
        if (!sclSet) {
            if (scl != null)
                throw new IllegalStateException("recursive invocation");
            sun.misc.Launcher l = sun.misc.Launcher.getLauncher();
            if (l != null) {
                Throwable oops = null;
                scl = l.getClassLoader();
                try {
                    scl = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                        new SystemClassLoaderAction(scl));
                } catch (PrivilegedActionException pae) {
                    oops = pae.getCause();
                    if (oops instanceof InvocationTargetException) {
                        oops = oops.getCause();
                    }
                }
                if (oops != null) {
                    if (oops instanceof Error) {
                        throw (Error) oops;
                    } else {
                        // wrap the exception
                        throw new Error(oops);
                    }
                }
            }
            sclSet = true;
        }
    }

    // Returns true if the specified class loader can be found in this class
    // loader's delegation chain.
    boolean isAncestor(ClassLoader cl) {
        ClassLoader acl = this;
        do {
            acl = acl.parent;
            if (cl == acl) {
                return true;
            }
        } while (acl != null);
        return false;
    }

    // Tests if class loader access requires "getClassLoader" permission
    // check.  A class loader 'from' can access class loader 'to' if
    // class loader 'from' is same as class loader 'to' or an ancestor
    // of 'to'.  The class loader in a system domain can access
    // any class loader.
    private static boolean needsClassLoaderPermissionCheck(ClassLoader from,
                                                           ClassLoader to)
    {
        if (from == to)
            return false;

        if (from == null)
            return false;

        return !to.isAncestor(from);
    }

    // Returns the class's class loader, or null if none.
    static ClassLoader getClassLoader(Class<?> caller) {
        // This can be null if the VM is requesting it
        if (caller == null) {
            return null;
        }
        // Circumvent security check since this is package-private
        return caller.getClassLoader0();
    }

    static void checkClassLoaderPermission(ClassLoader cl, Class<?> caller) {
        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm != null) {
            // caller can be null if the VM is requesting it
            ClassLoader ccl = getClassLoader(caller);
            if (needsClassLoaderPermissionCheck(ccl, cl)) {
                sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
            }
        }
    }

    // The class loader for the system
    private static ClassLoader scl;

    // Set to true once the system class loader has been set
    private static boolean sclSet;


    // -- Package --

    
Defines a package by name in this ClassLoader.  This allows
class loaders to define the packages for their classes. Packages must
be created before the class is defined, and package names must be
unique within a class loader and cannot be redefined or changed once
created.  

Params:
name – 
        The package name
specTitle – 
        The specification title
specVersion – 
        The specification version
specVendor – 
        The specification vendor
implTitle – 
        The implementation title
implVersion – 
        The implementation version
implVendor – 
        The implementation vendor
sealBase – 
        If not null, then this package is sealed with respect to the given code source URL object. Otherwise, the package is not sealed.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – 
         If package name duplicates an existing package either in this
         class loader or one of its ancestors
Returns:
 The newly defined Package object
Since:
 1.2/**
     * Defines a package by name in this <tt>ClassLoader</tt>.  This allows
     * class loaders to define the packages for their classes. Packages must
     * be created before the class is defined, and package names must be
     * unique within a class loader and cannot be redefined or changed once
     * created.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The package name
     *
     * @param  specTitle
     *         The specification title
     *
     * @param  specVersion
     *         The specification version
     *
     * @param  specVendor
     *         The specification vendor
     *
     * @param  implTitle
     *         The implementation title
     *
     * @param  implVersion
     *         The implementation version
     *
     * @param  implVendor
     *         The implementation vendor
     *
     * @param  sealBase
     *         If not <tt>null</tt>, then this package is sealed with
     *         respect to the given code source {@link java.net.URL
     *         <tt>URL</tt>}  object.  Otherwise, the package is not sealed.
     *
     * @return  The newly defined <tt>Package</tt> object
     *
     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
     *          If package name duplicates an existing package either in this
     *          class loader or one of its ancestors
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    protected Package definePackage(String name, String specTitle,
                                    String specVersion, String specVendor,
                                    String implTitle, String implVersion,
                                    String implVendor, URL sealBase)
        throws IllegalArgumentException
    {
        synchronized (packages) {
            Package pkg = getPackage(name);
            if (pkg != null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(name);
            }
            pkg = new Package(name, specTitle, specVersion, specVendor,
                              implTitle, implVersion, implVendor,
                              sealBase, this);
            packages.put(name, pkg);
            return pkg;
        }
    }

    
Returns a Package that has been defined by this class loader
or any of its ancestors.  

Params:
name – 
        The package name
Returns:
 The Package corresponding to the given name, or
         null if not found
Since:
 1.2/**
     * Returns a <tt>Package</tt> that has been defined by this class loader
     * or any of its ancestors.  </p>
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The package name
     *
     * @return  The <tt>Package</tt> corresponding to the given name, or
     *          <tt>null</tt> if not found
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    protected Package getPackage(String name) {
        synchronized (packages) {
            Package pkg = packages.get(name);
            if (pkg == null) {
                if (parent != null) {
                    pkg = parent.getPackage(name);
                } else {
                    pkg = Package.getSystemPackage(name);
                }
                if (pkg != null) {
                    packages.put(name, pkg);
                }
            }
            return pkg;
        }
    }

    
Returns all of the Packages defined by this class loader and
its ancestors.  

Returns:
 The array of Package objects defined by this
         ClassLoader
Since:
 1.2/**
     * Returns all of the <tt>Packages</tt> defined by this class loader and
     * its ancestors.  </p>
     *
     * @return  The array of <tt>Package</tt> objects defined by this
     *          <tt>ClassLoader</tt>
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    protected Package[] getPackages() {
        Map<String, Package> map;
        synchronized (packages) {
            map = new HashMap<String, Package>(packages);
        }
        Package[] pkgs;
        if (parent != null) {
            pkgs = parent.getPackages();
        } else {
            pkgs = Package.getSystemPackages();
        }
        if (pkgs != null) {
            for (int i = 0; i < pkgs.length; i++) {
                String pkgName = pkgs[i].getName();
                if (map.get(pkgName) == null) {
                    map.put(pkgName, pkgs[i]);
                }
            }
        }
        return map.values().toArray(new Package[map.size()]);
    }


    // -- Native library access --

    
Returns the absolute path name of a native library.  The VM invokes this
method to locate the native libraries that belong to classes loaded with
this class loader. If this method returns null, the VM
searches the library along the path specified as the
"java.library.path" property.  

Params:
libname – 
        The library name
See Also:
System.loadLibrary(String)
System.mapLibraryName(String)
Returns:
 The absolute path of the native library
Since:
 1.2/**
     * Returns the absolute path name of a native library.  The VM invokes this
     * method to locate the native libraries that belong to classes loaded with
     * this class loader. If this method returns <tt>null</tt>, the VM
     * searches the library along the path specified as the
     * "<tt>java.library.path</tt>" property.  </p>
     *
     * @param  libname
     *         The library name
     *
     * @return  The absolute path of the native library
     *
     * @see  System#loadLibrary(String)
     * @see  System#mapLibraryName(String)
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    protected String findLibrary(String libname) {
        return null;
    }

    
The inner class NativeLibrary denotes a loaded native library instance.
Every classloader contains a vector of loaded native libraries in the
private field nativeLibraries.  The native libraries loaded
into the system are entered into the systemNativeLibraries
vector.
 Every native library requires a particular version of JNI. This is
denoted by the private jniVersion field.  This field is set by
the VM when it loads the library, and used by the VM to pass the correct
version of JNI to the native methods.  
See Also:
ClassLoader
Since:
   1.2/**
     * The inner class NativeLibrary denotes a loaded native library instance.
     * Every classloader contains a vector of loaded native libraries in the
     * private field <tt>nativeLibraries</tt>.  The native libraries loaded
     * into the system are entered into the <tt>systemNativeLibraries</tt>
     * vector.
     *
     * <p> Every native library requires a particular version of JNI. This is
     * denoted by the private <tt>jniVersion</tt> field.  This field is set by
     * the VM when it loads the library, and used by the VM to pass the correct
     * version of JNI to the native methods.  </p>
     *
     * @see      ClassLoader
     * @since    1.2
     */
    static class NativeLibrary {
        // opaque handle to native library, used in native code.
        long handle;
        // the version of JNI environment the native library requires.
        private int jniVersion;
        // the class from which the library is loaded, also indicates
        // the loader this native library belongs.
        private Class fromClass;
        // the canonicalized name of the native library.
        String name;

        native void load(String name);
        native long find(String name);
        native void unload();

        public NativeLibrary(Class fromClass, String name) {
            this.name = name;
            this.fromClass = fromClass;
        }

        protected void finalize() {
            synchronized (loadedLibraryNames) {
                if (fromClass.getClassLoader() != null && handle != 0) {
                    /* remove the native library name */
                    int size = loadedLibraryNames.size();
                    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                        if (name.equals(loadedLibraryNames.elementAt(i))) {
                            loadedLibraryNames.removeElementAt(i);
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    /* unload the library. */
                    ClassLoader.nativeLibraryContext.push(this);
                    try {
                        unload();
                    } finally {
                        ClassLoader.nativeLibraryContext.pop();
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        // Invoked in the VM to determine the context class in
        // JNI_Load/JNI_Unload
        static Class getFromClass() {
            return ClassLoader.nativeLibraryContext.peek().fromClass;
        }
    }

    // The "default" domain. Set as the default ProtectionDomain on newly
    // created classes.
    private ProtectionDomain defaultDomain = null;

    // Returns (and initializes) the default domain.
    private synchronized ProtectionDomain getDefaultDomain() {
        if (defaultDomain == null) {
            CodeSource cs = new CodeSource(null, (Certificate[]) null);
            defaultDomain = new ProtectionDomain(cs, null, this, null);
        }
        return defaultDomain;
    }

    // All native library names we've loaded.
    private static Vector<String> loadedLibraryNames
        = new Vector<String>();

    // Native libraries belonging to system classes.
    private static Vector<NativeLibrary> systemNativeLibraries
        = new Vector<NativeLibrary>();

    // Native libraries associated with the class loader.
    private Vector<NativeLibrary> nativeLibraries
        = new Vector<NativeLibrary>();

    // native libraries being loaded/unloaded.
    private static Stack<NativeLibrary> nativeLibraryContext
        = new Stack<NativeLibrary>();

    // The paths searched for libraries
    static private String usr_paths[];
    static private String sys_paths[];

    private static String[] initializePath(String propname) {
        String ldpath = System.getProperty(propname, "");
        String ps = File.pathSeparator;
        int ldlen = ldpath.length();
        int i, j, n;
        // Count the separators in the path
        i = ldpath.indexOf(ps);
        n = 0;
        while (i >= 0) {
            n++;
            i = ldpath.indexOf(ps, i + 1);
        }

        // allocate the array of paths - n :'s = n + 1 path elements
        String[] paths = new String[n + 1];

        // Fill the array with paths from the ldpath
        n = i = 0;
        j = ldpath.indexOf(ps);
        while (j >= 0) {
            if (j - i > 0) {
                paths[n++] = ldpath.substring(i, j);
            } else if (j - i == 0) {
                paths[n++] = ".";
            }
            i = j + 1;
            j = ldpath.indexOf(ps, i);
        }
        paths[n] = ldpath.substring(i, ldlen);
        return paths;
    }

    // Invoked in the java.lang.Runtime class to implement load and loadLibrary.
    static void loadLibrary(Class fromClass, String name,
                            boolean isAbsolute) {
        ClassLoader loader =
            (fromClass == null) ? null : fromClass.getClassLoader();
        if (sys_paths == null) {
            usr_paths = initializePath("java.library.path");
            sys_paths = initializePath("sun.boot.library.path");
        }
        if (isAbsolute) {
            if (loadLibrary0(fromClass, new File(name))) {
                return;
            }
            throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError("Can't load library: " + name);
        }
        if (loader != null) {
            String libfilename = loader.findLibrary(name);
            if (libfilename != null) {
                File libfile = new File(libfilename);
                if (!libfile.isAbsolute()) {
                    throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError(
    "ClassLoader.findLibrary failed to return an absolute path: " + libfilename);
                }
                if (loadLibrary0(fromClass, libfile)) {
                    return;
                }
                throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError("Can't load " + libfilename);
            }
        }
        for (int i = 0 ; i < sys_paths.length ; i++) {
            File libfile = new File(sys_paths[i], System.mapLibraryName(name));
            if (loadLibrary0(fromClass, libfile)) {
                return;
            }
        }
        if (loader != null) {
            for (int i = 0 ; i < usr_paths.length ; i++) {
                File libfile = new File(usr_paths[i],
                                        System.mapLibraryName(name));
                if (loadLibrary0(fromClass, libfile)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        // Oops, it failed
        throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError("no " + name + " in java.library.path");
    }

    private static boolean loadLibrary0(Class fromClass, final File file) {
        boolean exists = AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
                public Object run() {
                    return file.exists() ? Boolean.TRUE : null;
                }})
            != null;
        if (!exists) {
            return false;
        }
        String name;
        try {
            name = file.getCanonicalPath();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            return false;
        }
        ClassLoader loader =
            (fromClass == null) ? null : fromClass.getClassLoader();
        Vector<NativeLibrary> libs =
            loader != null ? loader.nativeLibraries : systemNativeLibraries;
        synchronized (libs) {
            int size = libs.size();
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                NativeLibrary lib = libs.elementAt(i);
                if (name.equals(lib.name)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            synchronized (loadedLibraryNames) {
                if (loadedLibraryNames.contains(name)) {
                    throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError
                        ("Native Library " +
                         name +
                         " already loaded in another classloader");
                }
                /* If the library is being loaded (must be by the same thread,
                 * because Runtime.load and Runtime.loadLibrary are
                 * synchronous). The reason is can occur is that the JNI_OnLoad
                 * function can cause another loadLibrary invocation.
                 *
                 * Thus we can use a static stack to hold the list of libraries
                 * we are loading.
                 *
                 * If there is a pending load operation for the library, we
                 * immediately return success; otherwise, we raise
                 * UnsatisfiedLinkError.
                 */
                int n = nativeLibraryContext.size();
                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                    NativeLibrary lib = nativeLibraryContext.elementAt(i);
                    if (name.equals(lib.name)) {
                        if (loader == lib.fromClass.getClassLoader()) {
                            return true;
                        } else {
                            throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError
                                ("Native Library " +
                                 name +
                                 " is being loaded in another classloader");
                        }
                    }
                }
                NativeLibrary lib = new NativeLibrary(fromClass, name);
                nativeLibraryContext.push(lib);
                try {
                    lib.load(name);
                } finally {
                    nativeLibraryContext.pop();
                }
                if (lib.handle != 0) {
                    loadedLibraryNames.addElement(name);
                    libs.addElement(lib);
                    return true;
                }
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    // Invoked in the VM class linking code.
    static long findNative(ClassLoader loader, String name) {
        Vector<NativeLibrary> libs =
            loader != null ? loader.nativeLibraries : systemNativeLibraries;
        synchronized (libs) {
            int size = libs.size();
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                NativeLibrary lib = libs.elementAt(i);
                long entry = lib.find(name);
                if (entry != 0)
                    return entry;
            }
        }
        return 0;
    }


    // -- Assertion management --

    // The default toggle for assertion checking.
    private boolean defaultAssertionStatus = false;

    // Maps String packageName to Boolean package default assertion status Note
    // that the default package is placed under a null map key.  If this field
    // is null then we are delegating assertion status queries to the VM, i.e.,
    // none of this ClassLoader's assertion status modification methods have
    // been invoked.
    private Map<String, Boolean> packageAssertionStatus = null;

    // Maps String fullyQualifiedClassName to Boolean assertionStatus If this
    // field is null then we are delegating assertion status queries to the VM,
    // i.e., none of this ClassLoader's assertion status modification methods
    // have been invoked.
    Map<String, Boolean> classAssertionStatus = null;

    
Sets the default assertion status for this class loader. This setting determines whether classes loaded by this class loader and initialized in the future will have assertions enabled or disabled by default. This setting may be overridden on a per-package or per-class basis by invoking setPackageAssertionStatus(String, boolean) or setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean). 

Params:
enabled – 
        true if classes loaded by this class loader will
        henceforth have assertions enabled by default, false
        if they will have assertions disabled by default.
Since:
 1.4/**
     * Sets the default assertion status for this class loader.  This setting
     * determines whether classes loaded by this class loader and initialized
     * in the future will have assertions enabled or disabled by default.
     * This setting may be overridden on a per-package or per-class basis by
     * invoking {@link #setPackageAssertionStatus(String, boolean)} or {@link
     * #setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean)}.  </p>
     *
     * @param  enabled
     *         <tt>true</tt> if classes loaded by this class loader will
     *         henceforth have assertions enabled by default, <tt>false</tt>
     *         if they will have assertions disabled by default.
     *
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public synchronized void setDefaultAssertionStatus(boolean enabled) {
        if (classAssertionStatus == null)
            initializeJavaAssertionMaps();

        defaultAssertionStatus = enabled;
    }

    
Sets the package default assertion status for the named package.  The
package default assertion status determines the assertion status for
classes initialized in the future that belong to the named package or
any of its "subpackages".
 A subpackage of a package named p is any package whose name begins
with "p.".  For example, javax.swing.text is a
subpackage of javax.swing, and both java.util and
java.lang.reflect are subpackages of java.
 In the event that multiple package defaults apply to a given class,
the package default pertaining to the most specific package takes
precedence over the others.  For example, if javax.lang and
javax.lang.reflect both have package defaults associated with
them, the latter package default applies to classes in
javax.lang.reflect.
 Package defaults take precedence over the class loader's default assertion status, and may be overridden on a per-class basis by invoking setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean). 
Params:
packageName – 
        The name of the package whose package default assertion status
        is to be set. A null value indicates the unnamed
        package that is "current"
        (Java Language
        Specification, section 7.4.2).
enabled – 
        true if classes loaded by this classloader and
        belonging to the named package or any of its subpackages will
        have assertions enabled by default, false if they will
        have assertions disabled by default.
Since:
 1.4/**
     * Sets the package default assertion status for the named package.  The
     * package default assertion status determines the assertion status for
     * classes initialized in the future that belong to the named package or
     * any of its "subpackages".
     *
     * <p> A subpackage of a package named p is any package whose name begins
     * with "<tt>p.</tt>".  For example, <tt>javax.swing.text</tt> is a
     * subpackage of <tt>javax.swing</tt>, and both <tt>java.util</tt> and
     * <tt>java.lang.reflect</tt> are subpackages of <tt>java</tt>.
     *
     * <p> In the event that multiple package defaults apply to a given class,
     * the package default pertaining to the most specific package takes
     * precedence over the others.  For example, if <tt>javax.lang</tt> and
     * <tt>javax.lang.reflect</tt> both have package defaults associated with
     * them, the latter package default applies to classes in
     * <tt>javax.lang.reflect</tt>.
     *
     * <p> Package defaults take precedence over the class loader's default
     * assertion status, and may be overridden on a per-class basis by invoking
     * {@link #setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean)}.  </p>
     *
     * @param  packageName
     *         The name of the package whose package default assertion status
     *         is to be set. A <tt>null</tt> value indicates the unnamed
     *         package that is "current"
     *         (<a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/">Java Language
     *         Specification</a>, section 7.4.2).
     *
     * @param  enabled
     *         <tt>true</tt> if classes loaded by this classloader and
     *         belonging to the named package or any of its subpackages will
     *         have assertions enabled by default, <tt>false</tt> if they will
     *         have assertions disabled by default.
     *
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public synchronized void setPackageAssertionStatus(String packageName,
                                                       boolean enabled)
    {
        if (packageAssertionStatus == null)
            initializeJavaAssertionMaps();

        packageAssertionStatus.put(packageName, enabled);
    }

    
Sets the desired assertion status for the named top-level class in this
class loader and any nested classes contained therein.  This setting
takes precedence over the class loader's default assertion status, and
over any applicable per-package default.  This method has no effect if
the named class has already been initialized.  (Once a class is
initialized, its assertion status cannot change.)
 If the named class is not a top-level class, this invocation will
have no effect on the actual assertion status of any class. 
Params:
className – 
        The fully qualified class name of the top-level class whose
        assertion status is to be set.
enabled – 
        true if the named class is to have assertions
        enabled when (and if) it is initialized, false if the
        class is to have assertions disabled.
Since:
 1.4/**
     * Sets the desired assertion status for the named top-level class in this
     * class loader and any nested classes contained therein.  This setting
     * takes precedence over the class loader's default assertion status, and
     * over any applicable per-package default.  This method has no effect if
     * the named class has already been initialized.  (Once a class is
     * initialized, its assertion status cannot change.)
     *
     * <p> If the named class is not a top-level class, this invocation will
     * have no effect on the actual assertion status of any class. </p>
     *
     * @param  className
     *         The fully qualified class name of the top-level class whose
     *         assertion status is to be set.
     *
     * @param  enabled
     *         <tt>true</tt> if the named class is to have assertions
     *         enabled when (and if) it is initialized, <tt>false</tt> if the
     *         class is to have assertions disabled.
     *
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public synchronized void setClassAssertionStatus(String className,
                                                     boolean enabled)
    {
        if (classAssertionStatus == null)
            initializeJavaAssertionMaps();

        classAssertionStatus.put(className, enabled);
    }

    
Sets the default assertion status for this class loader to
false and discards any package defaults or class assertion
status settings associated with the class loader.  This method is
provided so that class loaders can be made to ignore any command line or
persistent assertion status settings and "start with a clean slate."

Since:
 1.4/**
     * Sets the default assertion status for this class loader to
     * <tt>false</tt> and discards any package defaults or class assertion
     * status settings associated with the class loader.  This method is
     * provided so that class loaders can be made to ignore any command line or
     * persistent assertion status settings and "start with a clean slate."
     * </p>
     *
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public synchronized void clearAssertionStatus() {
        /*
         * Whether or not "Java assertion maps" are initialized, set
         * them to empty maps, effectively ignoring any present settings.
         */
        classAssertionStatus = new HashMap<String, Boolean>();
        packageAssertionStatus = new HashMap<String, Boolean>();

        defaultAssertionStatus = false;
    }

    
Returns the assertion status that would be assigned to the specified
class if it were to be initialized at the time this method is invoked.
If the named class has had its assertion status set, the most recent
setting will be returned; otherwise, if any package default assertion
status pertains to this class, the most recent setting for the most
specific pertinent package default assertion status is returned;
otherwise, this class loader's default assertion status is returned.

Params:
className – 
        The fully qualified class name of the class whose desired
        assertion status is being queried.
See Also:
setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean)
setPackageAssertionStatus(String, boolean)
setDefaultAssertionStatus(boolean)
Returns:
 The desired assertion status of the specified class.
Since:
 1.4/**
     * Returns the assertion status that would be assigned to the specified
     * class if it were to be initialized at the time this method is invoked.
     * If the named class has had its assertion status set, the most recent
     * setting will be returned; otherwise, if any package default assertion
     * status pertains to this class, the most recent setting for the most
     * specific pertinent package default assertion status is returned;
     * otherwise, this class loader's default assertion status is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param  className
     *         The fully qualified class name of the class whose desired
     *         assertion status is being queried.
     *
     * @return  The desired assertion status of the specified class.
     *
     * @see  #setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean)
     * @see  #setPackageAssertionStatus(String, boolean)
     * @see  #setDefaultAssertionStatus(boolean)
     *
     * @since  1.4
     */
    synchronized boolean desiredAssertionStatus(String className) {
        Boolean result;

        // assert classAssertionStatus   != null;
        // assert packageAssertionStatus != null;

        // Check for a class entry
        result = classAssertionStatus.get(className);
        if (result != null)
            return result.booleanValue();

        // Check for most specific package entry
        int dotIndex = className.lastIndexOf(".");
        if (dotIndex < 0) { // default package
            result = packageAssertionStatus.get(null);
            if (result != null)
                return result.booleanValue();
        }
        while(dotIndex > 0) {
            className = className.substring(0, dotIndex);
            result = packageAssertionStatus.get(className);
            if (result != null)
                return result.booleanValue();
            dotIndex = className.lastIndexOf(".", dotIndex-1);
        }

        // Return the classloader default
        return defaultAssertionStatus;
    }

    // Set up the assertions with information provided by the VM.
    private void initializeJavaAssertionMaps() {
        // assert Thread.holdsLock(this);

        classAssertionStatus = new HashMap<String, Boolean>();
        packageAssertionStatus = new HashMap<String, Boolean>();
        AssertionStatusDirectives directives = retrieveDirectives();

        for(int i = 0; i < directives.classes.length; i++)
            classAssertionStatus.put(directives.classes[i],
                                     directives.classEnabled[i]);

        for(int i = 0; i < directives.packages.length; i++)
            packageAssertionStatus.put(directives.packages[i],
                                       directives.packageEnabled[i]);

        defaultAssertionStatus = directives.deflt;
    }

    // Retrieves the assertion directives from the VM.
    private static native AssertionStatusDirectives retrieveDirectives();
}


class SystemClassLoaderAction
    implements PrivilegedExceptionAction<ClassLoader> {
    private ClassLoader parent;

    SystemClassLoaderAction(ClassLoader parent) {
        this.parent = parent;
    }

    public ClassLoader run() throws Exception {
        String cls = System.getProperty("java.system.class.loader");
        if (cls == null) {
            return parent;
        }

        Constructor ctor = Class.forName(cls, true, parent)
            .getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[] { ClassLoader.class });
        ClassLoader sys = (ClassLoader) ctor.newInstance(
            new Object[] { parent });
        Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(sys);
        return sys;
    }
}