https://openjdk.java.net/ 
/*
 * Copyright (c) 1997, 2005, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
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 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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package sun.rmi.log;

import java.io.*;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.rmi.server.RMIClassLoader;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import sun.security.action.GetBooleanAction;
import sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction;


This class is a simple implementation of a reliable Log.  The
client of a ReliableLog must provide a set of callbacks (via a
LogHandler) that enables a ReliableLog to read and write
checkpoints and log records.  This implementation ensures that the
current value of the data stored (via a ReliableLog) is recoverable
after a system crash. 

The secondary storage strategy is to record values in files using a
representation of the caller's choosing.  Two sorts of files are
kept: snapshots and logs.  At any instant, one snapshot is current.
The log consists of a sequence of updates that have occurred since
the current snapshot was taken.  The current stable state is the
value of the snapshot, as modified by the sequence of updates in
the log.  From time to time, the client of a ReliableLog instructs
the package to make a new snapshot and clear the log.  A ReliableLog
arranges disk writes such that updates are stable (as long as the
changes are force-written to disk) and atomic : no update is lost,
and each update either is recorded completely in the log or not at
all.  Making a new snapshot is also atomic. 

Normal use for maintaining the recoverable store is as follows: The
client maintains the relevant data structure in virtual memory.  As
updates happen to the structure, the client informs the ReliableLog
(all it "log") by calling log.update.  Periodically, the client
calls log.snapshot to provide the current value of the data
structure.  On restart, the client calls log.recover to obtain the
latest snapshot and the following sequences of updates; the client
applies the updates to the snapshot to obtain the state that
existed before the crash. 

The current logfile format is: 
    

  1.  a format version number (two 4-octet integers, major and
minor), followed by

  2.  a sequence of log records.  Each log record contains, in
order, 
      

    1.  a 4-octet integer representing the length of the following log
data,

    2.  the log data (variable length). 
     
 


Author:Ann Wollrath
See Also:
  • LogHandler
/**
 * This class is a simple implementation of a reliable Log.  The
 * client of a ReliableLog must provide a set of callbacks (via a
 * LogHandler) that enables a ReliableLog to read and write
 * checkpoints and log records.  This implementation ensures that the
 * current value of the data stored (via a ReliableLog) is recoverable
 * after a system crash. <p>
 *
 * The secondary storage strategy is to record values in files using a
 * representation of the caller's choosing.  Two sorts of files are
 * kept: snapshots and logs.  At any instant, one snapshot is current.
 * The log consists of a sequence of updates that have occurred since
 * the current snapshot was taken.  The current stable state is the
 * value of the snapshot, as modified by the sequence of updates in
 * the log.  From time to time, the client of a ReliableLog instructs
 * the package to make a new snapshot and clear the log.  A ReliableLog
 * arranges disk writes such that updates are stable (as long as the
 * changes are force-written to disk) and atomic : no update is lost,
 * and each update either is recorded completely in the log or not at
 * all.  Making a new snapshot is also atomic. <p>
 *
 * Normal use for maintaining the recoverable store is as follows: The
 * client maintains the relevant data structure in virtual memory.  As
 * updates happen to the structure, the client informs the ReliableLog
 * (all it "log") by calling log.update.  Periodically, the client
 * calls log.snapshot to provide the current value of the data
 * structure.  On restart, the client calls log.recover to obtain the
 * latest snapshot and the following sequences of updates; the client
 * applies the updates to the snapshot to obtain the state that
 * existed before the crash. <p>
 *
 * The current logfile format is: <ol>
 * <li> a format version number (two 4-octet integers, major and
 * minor), followed by
 * <li> a sequence of log records.  Each log record contains, in
 * order, <ol>
 * <li> a 4-octet integer representing the length of the following log
 * data,
 * <li> the log data (variable length). </ol> </ol> <p>
 *
 * @see LogHandler
 *
 * @author Ann Wollrath
 *
 */
public class ReliableLog {

    public final static int PreferredMajorVersion = 0;
    public final static int PreferredMinorVersion = 2;

    // sun.rmi.log.debug=false
    private boolean Debug = false;

    private static String snapshotPrefix = "Snapshot.";
    private static String logfilePrefix = "Logfile.";
    private static String versionFile = "Version_Number";
    private static String newVersionFile = "New_Version_Number";
    private static int    intBytes = 4;
    private static long   diskPageSize = 512;

    private File dir;                   // base directory
    private int version = 0;            // current snapshot and log version
    private String logName = null;
    private LogFile log = null;
    private long snapshotBytes = 0;
    private long logBytes = 0;
    private int logEntries = 0;
    private long lastSnapshot = 0;
    private long lastLog = 0;
    //private long padBoundary = intBytes;
    private LogHandler handler;
    private final byte[] intBuf = new byte[4];

    // format version numbers read from/written to this.log
    private int majorFormatVersion = 0;
    private int minorFormatVersion = 0;


    
Constructor for the log file.  If the system property
sun.rmi.log.class is non-null and the class specified by this
property a) can be loaded, b) is a subclass of LogFile, and c) has a
public two-arg constructor (String, String), ReliableLog uses the
constructor to construct the LogFile.

/**
     * Constructor for the log file.  If the system property
     * sun.rmi.log.class is non-null and the class specified by this
     * property a) can be loaded, b) is a subclass of LogFile, and c) has a
     * public two-arg constructor (String, String), ReliableLog uses the
     * constructor to construct the LogFile.
     **/
    private static final Constructor<? extends LogFile>
        logClassConstructor = getLogClassConstructor();

    
Creates a ReliableLog to handle checkpoints and logging in a
stable storage directory.

Params:
  • dirPath – path to the stable storage directory
  • logCl – the closure object containing callbacks for logging and
recovery
  • pad – ignored
Throws:
  • IOException – If a directory creation error has
occurred or if initialSnapshot callback raises an exception or
if an exception occurs during invocation of the handler's
snapshot method or if other IOException occurs.
/**
     * Creates a ReliableLog to handle checkpoints and logging in a
     * stable storage directory.
     *
     * @param dirPath path to the stable storage directory
     * @param logCl the closure object containing callbacks for logging and
     * recovery
     * @param pad ignored
     * @exception IOException If a directory creation error has
     * occurred or if initialSnapshot callback raises an exception or
     * if an exception occurs during invocation of the handler's
     * snapshot method or if other IOException occurs.
     */
    public ReliableLog(String dirPath,
                     LogHandler handler,
                     boolean pad)
        throws IOException
    {
        super();
        this.Debug = AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new GetBooleanAction("sun.rmi.log.debug")).booleanValue();
        dir = new File(dirPath);
        if (!(dir.exists() && dir.isDirectory())) {
            // create directory
            if (!dir.mkdir()) {
                throw new IOException("could not create directory for log: " +
                                      dirPath);
            }
        }
        //padBoundary = (pad ? diskPageSize : intBytes);
        this.handler = handler;
        lastSnapshot = 0;
        lastLog = 0;
        getVersion();
        if (version == 0) {
            try {
                snapshot(handler.initialSnapshot());
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw e;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new IOException("initial snapshot failed with " +
                                      "exception: " + e);
            }
        }
    }

    
Creates a ReliableLog to handle checkpoints and logging in a
stable storage directory.

Params:
  • dirPath – path to the stable storage directory
  • logCl – the closure object containing callbacks for logging and
recovery
Throws:
  • IOException – If a directory creation error has
occurred or if initialSnapshot callback raises an exception
/**
     * Creates a ReliableLog to handle checkpoints and logging in a
     * stable storage directory.
     *
     * @param dirPath path to the stable storage directory
     * @param logCl the closure object containing callbacks for logging and
     * recovery
     * @exception IOException If a directory creation error has
     * occurred or if initialSnapshot callback raises an exception
     */
    public ReliableLog(String dirPath,
                     LogHandler handler)
        throws IOException
    {
        this(dirPath, handler, false);
    }

    /* public methods */

    
Returns an object which is the value recorded in the current
snapshot.  This snapshot is recovered by calling the client
supplied callback "recover" and then subsequently invoking
the "readUpdate" callback to apply any logged updates to the state.

Throws:
  • IOException – If recovery fails due to serious log
corruption, read update failure, or if an exception occurs
during the recover callback
/**
     * Returns an object which is the value recorded in the current
     * snapshot.  This snapshot is recovered by calling the client
     * supplied callback "recover" and then subsequently invoking
     * the "readUpdate" callback to apply any logged updates to the state.
     *
     * @exception IOException If recovery fails due to serious log
     * corruption, read update failure, or if an exception occurs
     * during the recover callback
     */
    public synchronized Object recover()
        throws IOException
    {
        if (Debug)
            System.err.println("log.debug: recover()");

        if (version == 0)
            return null;

        Object snapshot;
        String fname = versionName(snapshotPrefix);
        File snapshotFile = new File(fname);
        InputStream in =
                new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(snapshotFile));

        if (Debug)
            System.err.println("log.debug: recovering from " + fname);

        try {
            try {
                snapshot = handler.recover(in);

            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw e;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                if (Debug)
                    System.err.println("log.debug: recovery failed: " + e);
                throw new IOException("log recover failed with " +
                                      "exception: " + e);
            }
            snapshotBytes = snapshotFile.length();
        } finally {
            in.close();
        }

        return recoverUpdates(snapshot);
    }

    
Records this update in the log file (does not force update to disk).
The update is recorded by calling the client's "writeUpdate" callback.
This method must not be called until this log's recover method has
been invoked (and completed).

Params:
  • value – the object representing the update
Throws:
  • IOException – If an exception occurred during a
writeUpdate callback or if other I/O error has occurred.
/**
     * Records this update in the log file (does not force update to disk).
     * The update is recorded by calling the client's "writeUpdate" callback.
     * This method must not be called until this log's recover method has
     * been invoked (and completed).
     *
     * @param value the object representing the update
     * @exception IOException If an exception occurred during a
     * writeUpdate callback or if other I/O error has occurred.
     */
    public synchronized void update(Object value) throws IOException {
        update(value, true);
    }

    
Records this update in the log file.  The update is recorded by
calling the client's writeUpdate callback.  This method must not be
called until this log's recover method has been invoked
(and completed).

Params:
  • value – the object representing the update
  • forceToDisk – ignored; changes are always forced to disk
Throws:
  • IOException – If force-write to log failed or an
exception occurred during the writeUpdate callback or if other
I/O error occurs while updating the log.
/**
     * Records this update in the log file.  The update is recorded by
     * calling the client's writeUpdate callback.  This method must not be
     * called until this log's recover method has been invoked
     * (and completed).
     *
     * @param value the object representing the update
     * @param forceToDisk ignored; changes are always forced to disk
     * @exception IOException If force-write to log failed or an
     * exception occurred during the writeUpdate callback or if other
     * I/O error occurs while updating the log.
     */
    public synchronized void update(Object value, boolean forceToDisk)
        throws IOException
    {
        // avoid accessing a null log field.
        if (log == null) {
            throw new IOException("log is inaccessible, " +
                "it may have been corrupted or closed");
        }

        /*
         * If the entry length field spans a sector boundary, write
         * the high order bit of the entry length, otherwise write zero for
         * the entry length.
         */
        long entryStart = log.getFilePointer();
        boolean spansBoundary = log.checkSpansBoundary(entryStart);
        writeInt(log, spansBoundary? 1<<31 : 0);

        /*
         * Write update, and sync.
         */
        try {
            handler.writeUpdate(new LogOutputStream(log), value);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw e;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw (IOException)
                new IOException("write update failed").initCause(e);
        }
        log.sync();

        long entryEnd = log.getFilePointer();
        int updateLen = (int) ((entryEnd - entryStart) - intBytes);
        log.seek(entryStart);

        if (spansBoundary) {
            /*
             * If length field spans a sector boundary, then
             * the next two steps are required (see 4652922):
             *
             * 1) Write actual length with high order bit set; sync.
             * 2) Then clear high order bit of length; sync.
             */
            writeInt(log, updateLen | 1<<31);
            log.sync();

            log.seek(entryStart);
            log.writeByte(updateLen >> 24);
            log.sync();

        } else {
            /*
             * Write actual length; sync.
             */
            writeInt(log, updateLen);
            log.sync();
        }

        log.seek(entryEnd);
        logBytes = entryEnd;
        lastLog = System.currentTimeMillis();
        logEntries++;
    }

    
Returns the constructor for the log file if the system property
sun.rmi.log.class is non-null and the class specified by the
property a) can be loaded, b) is a subclass of LogFile, and c) has a
public two-arg constructor (String, String); otherwise returns null.

/**
     * Returns the constructor for the log file if the system property
     * sun.rmi.log.class is non-null and the class specified by the
     * property a) can be loaded, b) is a subclass of LogFile, and c) has a
     * public two-arg constructor (String, String); otherwise returns null.
     **/
    private static Constructor<? extends LogFile>
        getLogClassConstructor() {

        String logClassName = AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new GetPropertyAction("sun.rmi.log.class"));
        if (logClassName != null) {
            try {
                ClassLoader loader =
                    AccessController.doPrivileged(
                        new PrivilegedAction<ClassLoader>() {
                            public ClassLoader run() {
                               return ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
                            }
                        });
                Class cl = loader.loadClass(logClassName);
                if (LogFile.class.isAssignableFrom(cl)) {
                    return cl.getConstructor(String.class, String.class);
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.err.println("Exception occurred:");
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    
Records this value as the current snapshot by invoking the client
supplied "snapshot" callback and then empties the log.

Params:
  • value – the object representing the new snapshot
Throws:
  • IOException – If an exception occurred during the
snapshot callback or if other I/O error has occurred during the
snapshot process
/**
     * Records this value as the current snapshot by invoking the client
     * supplied "snapshot" callback and then empties the log.
     *
     * @param value the object representing the new snapshot
     * @exception IOException If an exception occurred during the
     * snapshot callback or if other I/O error has occurred during the
     * snapshot process
     */
    public synchronized void snapshot(Object value)
        throws IOException
    {
        int oldVersion = version;
        incrVersion();

        String fname = versionName(snapshotPrefix);
        File snapshotFile = new File(fname);
        FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(snapshotFile);
        try {
            try {
                handler.snapshot(out, value);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw e;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new IOException("snapshot failed with exception of type: " +
                                      e.getClass().getName() +
                                      ", message was: " + e.getMessage());
            }
            lastSnapshot = System.currentTimeMillis();
        } finally {
            out.close();
            snapshotBytes = snapshotFile.length();
        }

        openLogFile(true);
        writeVersionFile(true);
        commitToNewVersion();
        deleteSnapshot(oldVersion);
        deleteLogFile(oldVersion);
    }

    
Close the stable storage directory in an orderly manner.

Throws:
  • IOException – If an I/O error occurs when the log is
closed
/**
     * Close the stable storage directory in an orderly manner.
     *
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error occurs when the log is
     * closed
     */
    public synchronized void close() throws IOException {
        if (log == null) return;
        try {
            log.close();
        } finally {
            log = null;
        }
    }

    
Returns the size of the snapshot file in bytes;

/**
     * Returns the size of the snapshot file in bytes;
     */
    public long snapshotSize() {
        return snapshotBytes;
    }

    
Returns the size of the log file in bytes;

/**
     * Returns the size of the log file in bytes;
     */
    public long logSize() {
        return logBytes;
    }

    /* private methods */

    
Write an int value in single write operation.  This method
assumes that the caller is synchronized on the log file.

Params:
  • out – output stream
  • val – int value
Throws:
/**
     * Write an int value in single write operation.  This method
     * assumes that the caller is synchronized on the log file.
     *
     * @param out output stream
     * @param val int value
     * @throws IOException if any other I/O error occurs
     */
    private void writeInt(DataOutput out, int val)
        throws IOException
    {
        intBuf[0] = (byte) (val >> 24);
        intBuf[1] = (byte) (val >> 16);
        intBuf[2] = (byte) (val >> 8);
        intBuf[3] = (byte) val;
        out.write(intBuf);
    }

    
Generates a filename prepended with the stable storage directory path.

Params:
  • name – the leaf name of the file
/**
     * Generates a filename prepended with the stable storage directory path.
     *
     * @param name the leaf name of the file
     */
    private String fName(String name) {
        return dir.getPath() + File.separator + name;
    }

    
Generates a version 0 filename prepended with the stable storage
directory path

Params:
  • name – version file name
/**
     * Generates a version 0 filename prepended with the stable storage
     * directory path
     *
     * @param name version file name
     */
    private String versionName(String name) {
        return versionName(name, 0);
    }

    
Generates a version filename prepended with the stable storage
directory path with the version number as a suffix.

Params:
  • name – version file name
@thisversiona version number
/**
     * Generates a version filename prepended with the stable storage
     * directory path with the version number as a suffix.
     *
     * @param name version file name
     * @thisversion a version number
     */
    private String versionName(String prefix, int ver) {
        ver = (ver == 0) ? version : ver;
        return fName(prefix) + String.valueOf(ver);
    }

    
Increments the directory version number.

/**
     * Increments the directory version number.
     */
    private void incrVersion() {
        do { version++; } while (version==0);
    }

    
Delete a file.

Params:
  • name – the name of the file
Throws:
  • IOException – If new version file couldn't be removed
/**
     * Delete a file.
     *
     * @param name the name of the file
     * @exception IOException If new version file couldn't be removed
     */
    private void deleteFile(String name) throws IOException {

        File f = new File(name);
        if (!f.delete())
            throw new IOException("couldn't remove file: " + name);
    }

    
Removes the new version number file.

Throws:
  • IOException – If an I/O error has occurred.
/**
     * Removes the new version number file.
     *
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
     */
    private void deleteNewVersionFile() throws IOException {
        deleteFile(fName(newVersionFile));
    }

    
Removes the snapshot file.

Params:
  • ver – the version to remove
Throws:
/**
     * Removes the snapshot file.
     *
     * @param ver the version to remove
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
     */
    private void deleteSnapshot(int ver) throws IOException {
        if (ver == 0) return;
        deleteFile(versionName(snapshotPrefix, ver));
    }

    
Removes the log file.

Params:
  • ver – the version to remove
Throws:
/**
     * Removes the log file.
     *
     * @param ver the version to remove
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
     */
    private void deleteLogFile(int ver) throws IOException {
        if (ver == 0) return;
        deleteFile(versionName(logfilePrefix, ver));
    }

    
Opens the log file in read/write mode.  If file does not exist, it is
created.

Params:
  • truncate – if true and file exists, file is truncated to zero
length
Throws:
/**
     * Opens the log file in read/write mode.  If file does not exist, it is
     * created.
     *
     * @param truncate if true and file exists, file is truncated to zero
     * length
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
     */
    private void openLogFile(boolean truncate) throws IOException {
        try {
            close();
        } catch (IOException e) { /* assume this is okay */
        }

        logName = versionName(logfilePrefix);

        try {
            log = (logClassConstructor == null ?
                   new LogFile(logName, "rw") :
                   logClassConstructor.newInstance(logName, "rw"));
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw (IOException) new IOException(
                "unable to construct LogFile instance").initCause(e);
        }

        if (truncate) {
            initializeLogFile();
        }
    }

    
Creates a new log file, truncated and initialized with the format
version number preferred by this implementation.

Environment: inited, synchronized

Precondition: valid: log, log contains nothing useful

Postcondition: if successful, log is initialised with the format
version number (Preferred{Major,Minor}Version), and logBytes is
set to the resulting size of the updatelog, and logEntries is set to
zero.  Otherwise, log is in an indeterminate state, and logBytes
is unchanged, and logEntries is unchanged.

Throws:
  • IOException – If an I/O error has occurred.
/**
     * Creates a new log file, truncated and initialized with the format
     * version number preferred by this implementation.
     * <p>Environment: inited, synchronized
     * <p>Precondition: valid: log, log contains nothing useful
     * <p>Postcondition: if successful, log is initialised with the format
     * version number (Preferred{Major,Minor}Version), and logBytes is
     * set to the resulting size of the updatelog, and logEntries is set to
     * zero.  Otherwise, log is in an indeterminate state, and logBytes
     * is unchanged, and logEntries is unchanged.
     *
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
     */
    private void initializeLogFile()
        throws IOException
    {
        log.setLength(0);
        majorFormatVersion = PreferredMajorVersion;
        writeInt(log, PreferredMajorVersion);
        minorFormatVersion = PreferredMinorVersion;
        writeInt(log, PreferredMinorVersion);
        logBytes = intBytes * 2;
        logEntries = 0;
    }


    
Writes out version number to file.

Params:
  • newVersion – if true, writes to a new version file
Throws:
/**
     * Writes out version number to file.
     *
     * @param newVersion if true, writes to a new version file
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
     */
    private void writeVersionFile(boolean newVersion) throws IOException {
        String name;
        if (newVersion) {
            name = newVersionFile;
        } else {
            name = versionFile;
        }
        DataOutputStream out =
            new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(fName(name)));
        writeInt(out, version);
        out.close();
    }

    
Creates the initial version file

Throws:
  • IOException – If an I/O error has occurred.
/**
     * Creates the initial version file
     *
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
     */
    private void createFirstVersion() throws IOException {
        version = 0;
        writeVersionFile(false);
    }

    
Commits (atomically) the new version.

Throws:
  • IOException – If an I/O error has occurred.
/**
     * Commits (atomically) the new version.
     *
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
     */
    private void commitToNewVersion() throws IOException {
        writeVersionFile(false);
        deleteNewVersionFile();
    }

    
Reads version number from a file.

Params:
  • name – the name of the version file
Throws:
Returns:the version
/**
     * Reads version number from a file.
     *
     * @param name the name of the version file
     * @return the version
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
     */
    private int readVersion(String name) throws IOException {
        DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(name));
        try {
            return in.readInt();
        } finally {
            in.close();
        }
    }

    
Sets the version.  If version file does not exist, the initial
version file is created.

Throws:
  • IOException – If an I/O error has occurred.
/**
     * Sets the version.  If version file does not exist, the initial
     * version file is created.
     *
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
     */
    private void getVersion() throws IOException {
        try {
            version = readVersion(fName(newVersionFile));
            commitToNewVersion();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            try {
                deleteNewVersionFile();
            }
            catch (IOException ex) {
            }

            try {
                version = readVersion(fName(versionFile));
            }
            catch (IOException ex) {
                createFirstVersion();
            }
        }
    }

    
Applies outstanding updates to the snapshot.

Params:
  • state – the most recent snapshot
Throws:
  • IOException – If serious log corruption is detected or
if an exception occurred during a readUpdate callback or if
other I/O error has occurred.
Returns:the resulting state of the object after all updates
/**
     * Applies outstanding updates to the snapshot.
     *
     * @param state the most recent snapshot
     * @exception IOException If serious log corruption is detected or
     * if an exception occurred during a readUpdate callback or if
     * other I/O error has occurred.
     * @return the resulting state of the object after all updates
     */
    private Object recoverUpdates(Object state)
        throws IOException
    {
        logBytes = 0;
        logEntries = 0;

        if (version == 0) return state;

        String fname = versionName(logfilePrefix);
        InputStream in =
                new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(fname));
        DataInputStream dataIn = new DataInputStream(in);

        if (Debug)
            System.err.println("log.debug: reading updates from " + fname);

        try {
            majorFormatVersion = dataIn.readInt(); logBytes += intBytes;
            minorFormatVersion = dataIn.readInt(); logBytes += intBytes;
        } catch (EOFException e) {
            /* This is a log which was corrupted and/or cleared (by
             * fsck or equivalent).  This is not an error.
             */
            openLogFile(true);  // create and truncate
            in = null;
        }
        /* A new major version number is a catastrophe (it means
         * that the file format is incompatible with older
         * clients, and we'll only be breaking things by trying to
         * use the log).  A new minor version is no big deal for
         * upward compatibility.
         */
        if (majorFormatVersion != PreferredMajorVersion) {
            if (Debug) {
                System.err.println("log.debug: major version mismatch: " +
                        majorFormatVersion + "." + minorFormatVersion);
            }
            throw new IOException("Log file " + logName + " has a " +
                                  "version " + majorFormatVersion +
                                  "." + minorFormatVersion +
                                  " format, and this implementation " +
                                  " understands only version " +
                                  PreferredMajorVersion + "." +
                                  PreferredMinorVersion);
        }

        try {
            while (in != null) {
                int updateLen = 0;

                try {
                    updateLen = dataIn.readInt();
                } catch (EOFException e) {
                    if (Debug)
                        System.err.println("log.debug: log was sync'd cleanly");
                    break;
                }
                if (updateLen <= 0) {/* crashed while writing last log entry */
                    if (Debug) {
                        System.err.println(
                            "log.debug: last update incomplete, " +
                            "updateLen = 0x" +
                            Integer.toHexString(updateLen));
                    }
                    break;
                }

                // this is a fragile use of available() which relies on the
                // twin facts that BufferedInputStream correctly consults
                // the underlying stream, and that FileInputStream returns
                // the number of bytes remaining in the file (via FIONREAD).
                if (in.available() < updateLen) {
                    /* corrupted record at end of log (can happen since we
                     * do only one fsync)
                     */
                    if (Debug)
                        System.err.println("log.debug: log was truncated");
                    break;
                }

                if (Debug)
                    System.err.println("log.debug: rdUpdate size " + updateLen);
                try {
                    state = handler.readUpdate(new LogInputStream(in, updateLen),
                                          state);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw e;
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                    throw new IOException("read update failed with " +
                                          "exception: " + e);
                }
                logBytes += (intBytes + updateLen);
                logEntries++;
            } /* while */
        } finally {
            if (in != null)
                in.close();
        }

        if (Debug)
            System.err.println("log.debug: recovered updates: " + logEntries);

        /* reopen log file at end */
        openLogFile(false);

        // avoid accessing a null log field
        if (log == null) {
            throw new IOException("rmid's log is inaccessible, " +
                "it may have been corrupted or closed");
        }

        log.seek(logBytes);
        log.setLength(logBytes);

        return state;
    }

    
ReliableLog's log file implementation.  This implementation
is subclassable for testing purposes.

/**
     * ReliableLog's log file implementation.  This implementation
     * is subclassable for testing purposes.
     */
    public static class LogFile extends RandomAccessFile {

        private final FileDescriptor fd;

        
Constructs a LogFile and initializes the file descriptor.

/**
         * Constructs a LogFile and initializes the file descriptor.
         **/
        public LogFile(String name, String mode)
            throws FileNotFoundException, IOException
        {
            super(name, mode);
            this.fd = getFD();
        }

        
Invokes sync on the file descriptor for this log file.

/**
         * Invokes sync on the file descriptor for this log file.
         */
        protected void sync() throws IOException {
            fd.sync();
        }

        
Returns true if writing 4 bytes starting at the specified file
position, would span a 512 byte sector boundary; otherwise returns
false.

/**
         * Returns true if writing 4 bytes starting at the specified file
         * position, would span a 512 byte sector boundary; otherwise returns
         * false.
         **/
        protected boolean checkSpansBoundary(long fp) {
            return  fp % 512 > 508;
        }
    }
}