/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.lang3.math;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.SystemUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate;

Provides extra functionality for Java Number classes.
Since:
2.0/**
 * <p>Provides extra functionality for Java Number classes.</p>
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public class NumberUtils {

    
Reusable Long constant for zero. /** Reusable Long constant for zero. */
    public static final Long LONG_ZERO = Long.valueOf(0L);
    
Reusable Long constant for one. /** Reusable Long constant for one. */
    public static final Long LONG_ONE = Long.valueOf(1L);
    
Reusable Long constant for minus one. /** Reusable Long constant for minus one. */
    public static final Long LONG_MINUS_ONE = Long.valueOf(-1L);
    
Reusable Integer constant for zero. /** Reusable Integer constant for zero. */
    public static final Integer INTEGER_ZERO = Integer.valueOf(0);
    
Reusable Integer constant for one. /** Reusable Integer constant for one. */
    public static final Integer INTEGER_ONE = Integer.valueOf(1);
    
Reusable Integer constant for minus one. /** Reusable Integer constant for minus one. */
    public static final Integer INTEGER_MINUS_ONE = Integer.valueOf(-1);
    
Reusable Short constant for zero. /** Reusable Short constant for zero. */
    public static final Short SHORT_ZERO = Short.valueOf((short) 0);
    
Reusable Short constant for one. /** Reusable Short constant for one. */
    public static final Short SHORT_ONE = Short.valueOf((short) 1);
    
Reusable Short constant for minus one. /** Reusable Short constant for minus one. */
    public static final Short SHORT_MINUS_ONE = Short.valueOf((short) -1);
    
Reusable Byte constant for zero. /** Reusable Byte constant for zero. */
    public static final Byte BYTE_ZERO = Byte.valueOf((byte) 0);
    
Reusable Byte constant for one. /** Reusable Byte constant for one. */
    public static final Byte BYTE_ONE = Byte.valueOf((byte) 1);
    
Reusable Byte constant for minus one. /** Reusable Byte constant for minus one. */
    public static final Byte BYTE_MINUS_ONE = Byte.valueOf((byte) -1);
    
Reusable Double constant for zero. /** Reusable Double constant for zero. */
    public static final Double DOUBLE_ZERO = Double.valueOf(0.0d);
    
Reusable Double constant for one. /** Reusable Double constant for one. */
    public static final Double DOUBLE_ONE = Double.valueOf(1.0d);
    
Reusable Double constant for minus one. /** Reusable Double constant for minus one. */
    public static final Double DOUBLE_MINUS_ONE = Double.valueOf(-1.0d);
    
Reusable Float constant for zero. /** Reusable Float constant for zero. */
    public static final Float FLOAT_ZERO = Float.valueOf(0.0f);
    
Reusable Float constant for one. /** Reusable Float constant for one. */
    public static final Float FLOAT_ONE = Float.valueOf(1.0f);
    
Reusable Float constant for minus one. /** Reusable Float constant for minus one. */
    public static final Float FLOAT_MINUS_ONE = Float.valueOf(-1.0f);

    
NumberUtils instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.
Instead, the class should be used as NumberUtils.toInt("6");.
This constructor is public to permit tools that require a JavaBean instance
to operate.
/**
     * <p><code>NumberUtils</code> instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.
     * Instead, the class should be used as <code>NumberUtils.toInt("6");</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>This constructor is public to permit tools that require a JavaBean instance
     * to operate.</p>
     */
    public NumberUtils() {
        super();
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Convert a String to an int, returning
zero if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, zero is returned.
  NumberUtils.toInt(null) = 0
  NumberUtils.toInt("")   = 0
  NumberUtils.toInt("1")  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the int represented by the string, or zero if
 conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to an <code>int</code>, returning
     * <code>zero</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, <code>zero</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toInt(null) = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("")   = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("1")  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @return the int represented by the string, or <code>zero</code> if
     *  conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static int toInt(final String str) {
        return toInt(str, 0);
    }

    
Convert a String to an int, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, the default value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toInt(null, 1) = 1
  NumberUtils.toInt("", 1)   = 1
  NumberUtils.toInt("1", 0)  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue –  the default value
Returns:
the int represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to an <code>int</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, the default value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toInt(null, 1) = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("", 1)   = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("1", 0)  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @param defaultValue  the default value
     * @return the int represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static int toInt(final String str, final int defaultValue) {
        if(str == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        try {
            return Integer.parseInt(str);
        } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    
Convert a String to a long, returning
zero if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, zero is returned.
  NumberUtils.toLong(null) = 0L
  NumberUtils.toLong("")   = 0L
  NumberUtils.toLong("1")  = 1L

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the long represented by the string, or 0 if
 conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>long</code>, returning
     * <code>zero</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, <code>zero</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toLong(null) = 0L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("")   = 0L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("1")  = 1L
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @return the long represented by the string, or <code>0</code> if
     *  conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static long toLong(final String str) {
        return toLong(str, 0L);
    }

    
Convert a String to a long, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, the default value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toLong(null, 1L) = 1L
  NumberUtils.toLong("", 1L)   = 1L
  NumberUtils.toLong("1", 0L)  = 1L

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue –  the default value
Returns:
the long represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>long</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, the default value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toLong(null, 1L) = 1L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("", 1L)   = 1L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("1", 0L)  = 1L
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @param defaultValue  the default value
     * @return the long represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static long toLong(final String str, final long defaultValue) {
        if (str == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        try {
            return Long.parseLong(str);
        } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    
Convert a String to a float, returning
0.0f if the conversion fails.
If the string str is null,
0.0f is returned.
  NumberUtils.toFloat(null)   = 0.0f
  NumberUtils.toFloat("")     = 0.0f
  NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5")  = 1.5f

Params:
str – the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the float represented by the string, or 0.0f
 if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>float</code>, returning
     * <code>0.0f</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string <code>str</code> is <code>null</code>,
     * <code>0.0f</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat(null)   = 0.0f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("")     = 0.0f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5")  = 1.5f
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str the string to convert, may be <code>null</code>
     * @return the float represented by the string, or <code>0.0f</code>
     *  if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static float toFloat(final String str) {
        return toFloat(str, 0.0f);
    }

    
Convert a String to a float, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string str is null, the default
value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toFloat(null, 1.1f)   = 1.0f
  NumberUtils.toFloat("", 1.1f)     = 1.1f
  NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5", 0.0f)  = 1.5f

Params:
str – the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue – the default value
Returns:
the float represented by the string, or defaultValue
 if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>float</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string <code>str</code> is <code>null</code>, the default
     * value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat(null, 1.1f)   = 1.0f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("", 1.1f)     = 1.1f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5", 0.0f)  = 1.5f
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str the string to convert, may be <code>null</code>
     * @param defaultValue the default value
     * @return the float represented by the string, or defaultValue
     *  if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static float toFloat(final String str, final float defaultValue) {
      if (str == null) {
          return defaultValue;
      }
      try {
          return Float.parseFloat(str);
      } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
          return defaultValue;
      }
    }

    
Convert a String to a double, returning
0.0d if the conversion fails.
If the string str is null,
0.0d is returned.
  NumberUtils.toDouble(null)   = 0.0d
  NumberUtils.toDouble("")     = 0.0d
  NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5")  = 1.5d

Params:
str – the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the double represented by the string, or 0.0d
 if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>double</code>, returning
     * <code>0.0d</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string <code>str</code> is <code>null</code>,
     * <code>0.0d</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble(null)   = 0.0d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("")     = 0.0d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5")  = 1.5d
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str the string to convert, may be <code>null</code>
     * @return the double represented by the string, or <code>0.0d</code>
     *  if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static double toDouble(final String str) {
        return toDouble(str, 0.0d);
    }

    
Convert a String to a double, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string str is null, the default
value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toDouble(null, 1.1d)   = 1.1d
  NumberUtils.toDouble("", 1.1d)     = 1.1d
  NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5", 0.0d)  = 1.5d

Params:
str – the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue – the default value
Returns:
the double represented by the string, or defaultValue
 if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>double</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string <code>str</code> is <code>null</code>, the default
     * value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble(null, 1.1d)   = 1.1d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("", 1.1d)     = 1.1d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5", 0.0d)  = 1.5d
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str the string to convert, may be <code>null</code>
     * @param defaultValue the default value
     * @return the double represented by the string, or defaultValue
     *  if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static double toDouble(final String str, final double defaultValue) {
      if (str == null) {
          return defaultValue;
      }
      try {
          return Double.parseDouble(str);
      } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
          return defaultValue;
      }
    }

     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
     
Convert a String to a byte, returning
zero if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, zero is returned.
  NumberUtils.toByte(null) = 0
  NumberUtils.toByte("")   = 0
  NumberUtils.toByte("1")  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the byte represented by the string, or zero if
 conversion fails
Since:
2.5/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>byte</code>, returning
     * <code>zero</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, <code>zero</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toByte(null) = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("")   = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("1")  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @return the byte represented by the string, or <code>zero</code> if
     *  conversion fails
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static byte toByte(final String str) {
        return toByte(str, (byte) 0);
    }

    
Convert a String to a byte, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, the default value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toByte(null, 1) = 1
  NumberUtils.toByte("", 1)   = 1
  NumberUtils.toByte("1", 0)  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue –  the default value
Returns:
the byte represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
Since:
2.5/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>byte</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, the default value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toByte(null, 1) = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("", 1)   = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("1", 0)  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @param defaultValue  the default value
     * @return the byte represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static byte toByte(final String str, final byte defaultValue) {
        if(str == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        try {
            return Byte.parseByte(str);
        } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    
Convert a String to a short, returning
zero if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, zero is returned.
  NumberUtils.toShort(null) = 0
  NumberUtils.toShort("")   = 0
  NumberUtils.toShort("1")  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the short represented by the string, or zero if
 conversion fails
Since:
2.5/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>short</code>, returning
     * <code>zero</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, <code>zero</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toShort(null) = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("")   = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("1")  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @return the short represented by the string, or <code>zero</code> if
     *  conversion fails
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static short toShort(final String str) {
        return toShort(str, (short) 0);
    }

    
Convert a String to an short, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, the default value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toShort(null, 1) = 1
  NumberUtils.toShort("", 1)   = 1
  NumberUtils.toShort("1", 0)  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue –  the default value
Returns:
the short represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
Since:
2.5/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to an <code>short</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, the default value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toShort(null, 1) = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("", 1)   = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("1", 0)  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @param defaultValue  the default value
     * @return the short represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static short toShort(final String str, final short defaultValue) {
        if(str == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        try {
            return Short.parseShort(str);
        } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // must handle Long, Float, Integer, Float, Short,
    //                  BigDecimal, BigInteger and Byte
    // useful methods:
    // Byte.decode(String)
    // Byte.valueOf(String,int radix)
    // Byte.valueOf(String)
    // Double.valueOf(String)
    // Float.valueOf(String)
    // Float.valueOf(String)
    // Integer.valueOf(String,int radix)
    // Integer.valueOf(String)
    // Integer.decode(String)
    // Integer.getInteger(String)
    // Integer.getInteger(String,int val)
    // Integer.getInteger(String,Integer val)
    // Integer.valueOf(String)
    // Double.valueOf(String)
    // new Byte(String)
    // Long.valueOf(String)
    // Long.getLong(String)
    // Long.getLong(String,int)
    // Long.getLong(String,Integer)
    // Long.valueOf(String,int)
    // Long.valueOf(String)
    // Short.valueOf(String)
    // Short.decode(String)
    // Short.valueOf(String,int)
    // Short.valueOf(String)
    // new BigDecimal(String)
    // new BigInteger(String)
    // new BigInteger(String,int radix)
    // Possible inputs:
    // 45 45.5 45E7 4.5E7 Hex Oct Binary xxxF xxxD xxxf xxxd
    // plus minus everything. Prolly more. A lot are not separable.

    
Turns a string value into a java.lang.Number.
If the string starts with 0x or -0x (lower or upper case) or # or -#, it will be interpreted as a hexadecimal Integer - or Long, if the number of digits after the prefix is more than 8 - or BigInteger if there are more than 16 digits. 
Then, the value is examined for a type qualifier on the end, i.e. one of
'f','F','d','D','l','L'.  If it is found, it starts
trying to create successively larger types from the type specified
until one is found that can represent the value.
If a type specifier is not found, it will check for a decimal point
and then try successively larger types from Integer to
BigInteger and from Float to
BigDecimal.
 Integral values with a leading 0 will be interpreted as octal; the returned number will be Integer, Long or BigDecimal as appropriate. 
Returns null if the string is null.
This method does not trim the input string, i.e., strings with leading
or trailing spaces will generate NumberFormatExceptions.
Params:
str –  String containing a number, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
Number created from the string (or null if the input is null)/**
     * <p>Turns a string value into a java.lang.Number.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string starts with {@code 0x} or {@code -0x} (lower or upper case) or {@code #} or {@code -#}, it
     * will be interpreted as a hexadecimal Integer - or Long, if the number of digits after the
     * prefix is more than 8 - or BigInteger if there are more than 16 digits.
     * </p>
     * <p>Then, the value is examined for a type qualifier on the end, i.e. one of
     * <code>'f','F','d','D','l','L'</code>.  If it is found, it starts
     * trying to create successively larger types from the type specified
     * until one is found that can represent the value.</p>
     *
     * <p>If a type specifier is not found, it will check for a decimal point
     * and then try successively larger types from <code>Integer</code> to
     * <code>BigInteger</code> and from <code>Float</code> to
    * <code>BigDecimal</code>.</p>
    *
     * <p>
     * Integral values with a leading {@code 0} will be interpreted as octal; the returned number will
     * be Integer, Long or BigDecimal as appropriate.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>This method does not trim the input string, i.e., strings with leading
     * or trailing spaces will generate NumberFormatExceptions.</p>
     *
     * @param str  String containing a number, may be null
     * @return Number created from the string (or null if the input is null)
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static Number createNumber(final String str) throws NumberFormatException {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (StringUtils.isBlank(str)) {
            throw new NumberFormatException("A blank string is not a valid number");
        }
        // Need to deal with all possible hex prefixes here
        final String[] hex_prefixes = {"0x", "0X", "-0x", "-0X", "#", "-#"};
        int pfxLen = 0;
        for(final String pfx : hex_prefixes) {
            if (str.startsWith(pfx)) {
                pfxLen += pfx.length();
                break;
            }
        }
        if (pfxLen > 0) { // we have a hex number
            char firstSigDigit = 0; // strip leading zeroes
            for(int i = pfxLen; i < str.length(); i++) {
                firstSigDigit = str.charAt(i);
                if (firstSigDigit == '0') { // count leading zeroes
                    pfxLen++;
                } else {
                    break;
                }
            }
            final int hexDigits = str.length() - pfxLen;
            if (hexDigits > 16 || hexDigits == 16 && firstSigDigit > '7') { // too many for Long
                return createBigInteger(str);
            }
            if (hexDigits > 8 || hexDigits == 8 && firstSigDigit > '7') { // too many for an int
                return createLong(str);
            }
            return createInteger(str);
        }
        final char lastChar = str.charAt(str.length() - 1);
        String mant;
        String dec;
        String exp;
        final int decPos = str.indexOf('.');
        final int expPos = str.indexOf('e') + str.indexOf('E') + 1; // assumes both not present
        // if both e and E are present, this is caught by the checks on expPos (which prevent IOOBE)
        // and the parsing which will detect if e or E appear in a number due to using the wrong offset

        if (decPos > -1) { // there is a decimal point
            if (expPos > -1) { // there is an exponent
                if (expPos < decPos || expPos > str.length()) { // prevents double exponent causing IOOBE
                    throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
                }
                dec = str.substring(decPos + 1, expPos);
            } else {
                dec = str.substring(decPos + 1);
            }
            mant = getMantissa(str, decPos);
        } else {
            if (expPos > -1) {
                if (expPos > str.length()) { // prevents double exponent causing IOOBE
                    throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
                }
                mant = getMantissa(str, expPos);
            } else {
                mant = getMantissa(str);
            }
            dec = null;
        }
        if (!Character.isDigit(lastChar) && lastChar != '.') {
            if (expPos > -1 && expPos < str.length() - 1) {
                exp = str.substring(expPos + 1, str.length() - 1);
            } else {
                exp = null;
            }
            //Requesting a specific type..
            final String numeric = str.substring(0, str.length() - 1);
            final boolean allZeros = isAllZeros(mant) && isAllZeros(exp);
            switch (lastChar) {
                case 'l' :
                case 'L' :
                    if (dec == null
                        && exp == null
                        && (numeric.charAt(0) == '-' && isDigits(numeric.substring(1)) || isDigits(numeric))) {
                        try {
                            return createLong(numeric);
                        } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
                            // Too big for a long
                        }
                        return createBigInteger(numeric);

                    }
                    throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
                case 'f' :
                case 'F' :
                    try {
                        final Float f = NumberUtils.createFloat(str);
                        if (!(f.isInfinite() || f.floatValue() == 0.0F && !allZeros)) {
                            //If it's too big for a float or the float value = 0 and the string
                            //has non-zeros in it, then float does not have the precision we want
                            return f;
                        }

                    } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
                        // ignore the bad number
                    }
                    //$FALL-THROUGH$
                case 'd' :
                case 'D' :
                    try {
                        final Double d = NumberUtils.createDouble(str);
                        if (!(d.isInfinite() || d.floatValue() == 0.0D && !allZeros)) {
                            return d;
                        }
                    } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
                        // ignore the bad number
                    }
                    try {
                        return createBigDecimal(numeric);
                    } catch (final NumberFormatException e) { // NOPMD
                        // ignore the bad number
                    }
                    //$FALL-THROUGH$
                default :
                    throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");

            }
        }
        //User doesn't have a preference on the return type, so let's start
        //small and go from there...
        if (expPos > -1 && expPos < str.length() - 1) {
            exp = str.substring(expPos + 1, str.length());
        } else {
            exp = null;
        }
        if (dec == null && exp == null) { // no decimal point and no exponent
            //Must be an Integer, Long, Biginteger
            try {
                return createInteger(str);
            } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
                // ignore the bad number
            }
            try {
                return createLong(str);
            } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
                // ignore the bad number
            }
            return createBigInteger(str);
        }

        //Must be a Float, Double, BigDecimal
        final boolean allZeros = isAllZeros(mant) && isAllZeros(exp);
        try {
            final Float f = createFloat(str);
            final Double d = createDouble(str);
            if (!f.isInfinite()
                    && !(f.floatValue() == 0.0F && !allZeros)
                    && f.toString().equals(d.toString())) {
                return f;
            }
            if (!d.isInfinite() && !(d.doubleValue() == 0.0D && !allZeros)) {
                final BigDecimal b = createBigDecimal(str);
                if (b.compareTo(BigDecimal.valueOf(d.doubleValue())) == 0) {
                    return d;
                }
                return b;
            }
        } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
            // ignore the bad number
        }
        return createBigDecimal(str);
    }

    
Utility method for createNumber(String).
Returns mantissa of the given number.
Params:
str – the string representation of the number
Returns:
mantissa of the given number/**
     * <p>Utility method for {@link #createNumber(java.lang.String)}.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns mantissa of the given number.</p>
     *
     * @param str the string representation of the number
     * @return mantissa of the given number
     */
    private static String getMantissa(final String str) {
        return getMantissa(str, str.length());
    }

    
Utility method for createNumber(String).
Returns mantissa of the given number.
Params:
str – the string representation of the number
stopPos – the position of the exponent or decimal point
Returns:
mantissa of the given number/**
     * <p>Utility method for {@link #createNumber(java.lang.String)}.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns mantissa of the given number.</p>
     *
     * @param str the string representation of the number
     * @param stopPos the position of the exponent or decimal point
     * @return mantissa of the given number
     */
    private static String getMantissa(final String str, final int stopPos) {
        final char firstChar = str.charAt(0);
        final boolean hasSign = firstChar == '-' || firstChar == '+';

        return hasSign ? str.substring(1, stopPos) : str.substring(0, stopPos);
    }

    
Utility method for createNumber(String).
Returns true if s is null.
Params:
str –  the String to check
Returns:
if it is all zeros or null/**
     * <p>Utility method for {@link #createNumber(java.lang.String)}.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>true</code> if s is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  the String to check
     * @return if it is all zeros or <code>null</code>
     */
    private static boolean isAllZeros(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return true;
        }
        for (int i = str.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            if (str.charAt(i) != '0') {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return str.length() > 0;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Convert a String to a Float.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted Float (or null if the input is null)/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>Float</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>Float</code> (or null if the input is null)
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static Float createFloat(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return Float.valueOf(str);
    }

    
Convert a String to a Double.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted Double (or null if the input is null)/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>Double</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>Double</code> (or null if the input is null)
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static Double createDouble(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return Double.valueOf(str);
    }

    
Convert a String to a Integer, handling
hex (0xhhhh) and octal (0dddd) notations.
N.B. a leading zero means octal; spaces are not trimmed.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted Integer (or null if the input is null)/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>Integer</code>, handling
     * hex (0xhhhh) and octal (0dddd) notations.
     * N.B. a leading zero means octal; spaces are not trimmed.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>Integer</code> (or null if the input is null)
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static Integer createInteger(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        // decode() handles 0xAABD and 0777 (hex and octal) as well.
        return Integer.decode(str);
    }

    
Convert a String to a Long;
since 3.1 it handles hex (0Xhhhh) and octal (0ddd) notations.
N.B. a leading zero means octal; spaces are not trimmed.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted Long (or null if the input is null)/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>Long</code>;
     * since 3.1 it handles hex (0Xhhhh) and octal (0ddd) notations.
     * N.B. a leading zero means octal; spaces are not trimmed.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>Long</code> (or null if the input is null)
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static Long createLong(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return Long.decode(str);
    }

    
Convert a String to a BigInteger;
since 3.2 it handles hex (0x or #) and octal (0) notations.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted BigInteger (or null if the input is null)/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>BigInteger</code>;
     * since 3.2 it handles hex (0x or #) and octal (0) notations.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>BigInteger</code> (or null if the input is null)
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static BigInteger createBigInteger(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        int pos = 0; // offset within string
        int radix = 10;
        boolean negate = false; // need to negate later?
        if (str.startsWith("-")) {
            negate = true;
            pos = 1;
        }
        if (str.startsWith("0x", pos) || str.startsWith("0X", pos)) { // hex
            radix = 16;
            pos += 2;
        } else if (str.startsWith("#", pos)) { // alternative hex (allowed by Long/Integer)
            radix = 16;
            pos ++;
        } else if (str.startsWith("0", pos) && str.length() > pos + 1) { // octal; so long as there are additional digits
            radix = 8;
            pos ++;
        } // default is to treat as decimal

        final BigInteger value = new BigInteger(str.substring(pos), radix);
        return negate ? value.negate() : value;
    }

    
Convert a String to a BigDecimal.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted BigDecimal (or null if the input is null)/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>BigDecimal</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>BigDecimal</code> (or null if the input is null)
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static BigDecimal createBigDecimal(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        // handle JDK1.3.1 bug where "" throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
        if (StringUtils.isBlank(str)) {
            throw new NumberFormatException("A blank string is not a valid number");
        }
        if (str.trim().startsWith("--")) {
            // this is protection for poorness in java.lang.BigDecimal.
            // it accepts this as a legal value, but it does not appear
            // to be in specification of class. OS X Java parses it to
            // a wrong value.
            throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
        }
        return new BigDecimal(str);
    }

    // Min in array
    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from min(long[]) to min(long...)/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(long[]) to min(long...)
     */
    public static long min(final long... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns min
        long min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }

        return min;
    }

    
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from min(int[]) to min(int...)/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(int[]) to min(int...)
     */
    public static int min(final int... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns min
        int min = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (array[j] < min) {
                min = array[j];
            }
        }

        return min;
    }

    
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from min(short[]) to min(short...)/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(short[]) to min(short...)
     */
    public static short min(final short... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns min
        short min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }

        return min;
    }

    
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from min(byte[]) to min(byte...)/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(byte[]) to min(byte...)
     */
    public static byte min(final byte... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns min
        byte min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }

        return min;
    }

     
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
See Also:
IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
the minimum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from min(double[]) to min(double...)/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(double[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(double[]) to min(double...)
     */
    public static double min(final double... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns min
        double min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (Double.isNaN(array[i])) {
                return Double.NaN;
            }
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }

        return min;
    }

    
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
See Also:
IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
the minimum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from min(float[]) to min(float...)/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(float[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(float[]) to min(float...)
     */
    public static float min(final float... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns min
        float min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (Float.isNaN(array[i])) {
                return Float.NaN;
            }
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }

        return min;
    }

    // Max in array
    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the maximum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from max(long[]) to max(long...)/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the maximum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(long[]) to max(long...)
     */
    public static long max(final long... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns max
        long max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (array[j] > max) {
                max = array[j];
            }
        }

        return max;
    }

    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the maximum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from max(int[]) to max(int...)/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the maximum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(int[]) to max(int...)
     */
    public static int max(final int... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns max
        int max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (array[j] > max) {
                max = array[j];
            }
        }

        return max;
    }

    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the maximum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from max(short[]) to max(short...)/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the maximum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(short[]) to max(short...)
     */
    public static short max(final short... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns max
        short max = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] > max) {
                max = array[i];
            }
        }

        return max;
    }

    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the maximum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from max(byte[]) to max(byte...)/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the maximum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(byte[]) to max(byte...)
     */
    public static byte max(final byte... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns max
        byte max = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] > max) {
                max = array[i];
            }
        }

        return max;
    }

    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
See Also:
IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
the maximum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from max(double[]) to max(double...)/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the maximum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(double[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(double[]) to max(double...)
     */
    public static double max(final double... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns max
        double max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (Double.isNaN(array[j])) {
                return Double.NaN;
            }
            if (array[j] > max) {
                max = array[j];
            }
        }

        return max;
    }

    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
See Also:
IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
the maximum value in the array
Since:
3.4 Changed signature from max(float[]) to max(float...)/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     *
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the maximum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(float[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(float[]) to max(float...)
     */
    public static float max(final float... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);

        // Finds and returns max
        float max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (Float.isNaN(array[j])) {
                return Float.NaN;
            }
            if (array[j] > max) {
                max = array[j];
            }
        }

        return max;
    }

    
Checks if the specified array is neither null nor empty.
Params:
array –  the array to check
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is either null or empty/**
     * Checks if the specified array is neither null nor empty.
     *
     * @param array  the array to check
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is either {@code null} or empty
     */
    private static void validateArray(final Object array) {
        Validate.isTrue(array != null, "The Array must not be null");
        Validate.isTrue(Array.getLength(array) != 0, "Array cannot be empty.");
    }

    // 3 param min
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Gets the minimum of three long values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>long</code> values.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     */
    public static long min(long a, final long b, final long c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the minimum of three int values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>int</code> values.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     */
    public static int min(int a, final int b, final int c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the minimum of three short values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>short</code> values.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     */
    public static short min(short a, final short b, final short c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the minimum of three byte values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>byte</code> values.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     */
    public static byte min(byte a, final byte b, final byte c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the minimum of three double values.
If any value is NaN, NaN is
returned. Infinity is handled.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
See Also:
for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>double</code> values.</p>
     *
     * <p>If any value is <code>NaN</code>, <code>NaN</code> is
     * returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(double, double, double) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static double min(final double a, final double b, final double c) {
        return Math.min(Math.min(a, b), c);
    }

    
Gets the minimum of three float values.
If any value is NaN, NaN is
returned. Infinity is handled.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
See Also:
for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>float</code> values.</p>
     *
     * <p>If any value is <code>NaN</code>, <code>NaN</code> is
     * returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(float, float, float) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static float min(final float a, final float b, final float c) {
        return Math.min(Math.min(a, b), c);
    }

    // 3 param max
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Gets the maximum of three long values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>long</code> values.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     */
    public static long max(long a, final long b, final long c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the maximum of three int values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>int</code> values.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     */
    public static int max(int a, final int b, final int c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the maximum of three short values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>short</code> values.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     */
    public static short max(short a, final short b, final short c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the maximum of three byte values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>byte</code> values.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     */
    public static byte max(byte a, final byte b, final byte c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the maximum of three double values.
If any value is NaN, NaN is
returned. Infinity is handled.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
See Also:
for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>double</code> values.</p>
     *
     * <p>If any value is <code>NaN</code>, <code>NaN</code> is
     * returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(double, double, double) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static double max(final double a, final double b, final double c) {
        return Math.max(Math.max(a, b), c);
    }

    
Gets the maximum of three float values.
If any value is NaN, NaN is
returned. Infinity is handled.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
See Also:
for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>float</code> values.</p>
     *
     * <p>If any value is <code>NaN</code>, <code>NaN</code> is
     * returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(float, float, float) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static float max(final float a, final float b, final float c) {
        return Math.max(Math.max(a, b), c);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Checks whether the String contains only
digit characters.
Null and empty String will return
false.
Params:
str –  the String to check
Returns:
true if str contains only Unicode numeric/**
     * <p>Checks whether the <code>String</code> contains only
     * digit characters.</p>
     *
     * <p><code>Null</code> and empty String will return
     * <code>false</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  the <code>String</code> to check
     * @return <code>true</code> if str contains only Unicode numeric
     */
    public static boolean isDigits(final String str) {
        return StringUtils.isNumeric(str);
    }

    
Checks whether the String a valid Java number.
Valid numbers include hexadecimal marked with the 0x or
0X qualifier, octal numbers, scientific notation and
numbers marked with a type qualifier (e.g. 123L).
Non-hexadecimal strings beginning with a leading zero are
treated as octal values. Thus the string 09 will return
false, since 9 is not a valid octal value. However, numbers beginning with 0. are treated as decimal.
null and empty/blank String will return false.
Note, createNumber(String) should return a number for every input resulting in true.
Params:
str –  the String to check
Returns:
true if the string is a correctly formatted number
Since:
3.3 the code supports hex 0Xhhh an octal 0ddd validation
Deprecated:
This feature will be removed in Lang 4.0, use isCreatable(String) instead/**
     * <p>Checks whether the String a valid Java number.</p>
     *
     * <p>Valid numbers include hexadecimal marked with the <code>0x</code> or
     * <code>0X</code> qualifier, octal numbers, scientific notation and
     * numbers marked with a type qualifier (e.g. 123L).</p>
     *
     * <p>Non-hexadecimal strings beginning with a leading zero are
     * treated as octal values. Thus the string <code>09</code> will return
     * <code>false</code>, since <code>9</code> is not a valid octal value.
     * However, numbers beginning with {@code 0.} are treated as decimal.</p>
     *
     * <p><code>null</code> and empty/blank {@code String} will return
     * <code>false</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>Note, {@link #createNumber(String)} should return a number for every
     * input resulting in <code>true</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  the <code>String</code> to check
     * @return <code>true</code> if the string is a correctly formatted number
     * @since 3.3 the code supports hex {@code 0Xhhh} an
     *        octal {@code 0ddd} validation
     * @deprecated This feature will be removed in Lang 4.0,
     *             use {@link NumberUtils#isCreatable(String)} instead
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean isNumber(final String str) {
        return isCreatable(str);
    }

    
Checks whether the String a valid Java number.
Valid numbers include hexadecimal marked with the 0x or
0X qualifier, octal numbers, scientific notation and
numbers marked with a type qualifier (e.g. 123L).
Non-hexadecimal strings beginning with a leading zero are
treated as octal values. Thus the string 09 will return
false, since 9 is not a valid octal value. However, numbers beginning with 0. are treated as decimal.
null and empty/blank String will return false.
Note, createNumber(String) should return a number for every input resulting in true.
Params:
str –  the String to check
Returns:
true if the string is a correctly formatted number
Since:
3.5 the code supports the "+" suffix on numbers except for integers in Java 1.6/**
     * <p>Checks whether the String a valid Java number.</p>
     *
     * <p>Valid numbers include hexadecimal marked with the <code>0x</code> or
     * <code>0X</code> qualifier, octal numbers, scientific notation and
     * numbers marked with a type qualifier (e.g. 123L).</p>
     *
     * <p>Non-hexadecimal strings beginning with a leading zero are
     * treated as octal values. Thus the string <code>09</code> will return
     * <code>false</code>, since <code>9</code> is not a valid octal value.
     * However, numbers beginning with {@code 0.} are treated as decimal.</p>
     *
     * <p><code>null</code> and empty/blank {@code String} will return
     * <code>false</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>Note, {@link #createNumber(String)} should return a number for every
     * input resulting in <code>true</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  the <code>String</code> to check
     * @return <code>true</code> if the string is a correctly formatted number
     * @since 3.5 the code supports the "+" suffix on numbers except for integers in Java 1.6
     */
    public static boolean isCreatable(final String str) {
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
            return false;
        }
        final char[] chars = str.toCharArray();
        int sz = chars.length;
        boolean hasExp = false;
        boolean hasDecPoint = false;
        boolean allowSigns = false;
        boolean foundDigit = false;
        // deal with any possible sign up front
        final int start = chars[0] == '-' || chars[0] == '+' ? 1 : 0;
        final boolean hasLeadingPlusSign = start == 1 && chars[0] == '+';
        if (sz > start + 1 && chars[start] == '0') { // leading 0
            if (chars[start + 1] == 'x' || chars[start + 1] == 'X') { // leading 0x/0X
                int i = start + 2;
                if (i == sz) {
                    return false; // str == "0x"
                }
                // checking hex (it can't be anything else)
                for (; i < chars.length; i++) {
                    if ((chars[i] < '0' || chars[i] > '9')
                        && (chars[i] < 'a' || chars[i] > 'f')
                        && (chars[i] < 'A' || chars[i] > 'F')) {
                        return false;
                    }
                }
                return true;
           } else if (Character.isDigit(chars[start + 1])) {
               // leading 0, but not hex, must be octal
               int i = start + 1;
               for (; i < chars.length; i++) {
                   if (chars[i] < '0' || chars[i] > '7') {
                       return false;
                   }
               }
               return true;
           }
        }
        sz--; // don't want to loop to the last char, check it afterwords
              // for type qualifiers
        int i = start;
        // loop to the next to last char or to the last char if we need another digit to
        // make a valid number (e.g. chars[0..5] = "1234E")
        while (i < sz || i < sz + 1 && allowSigns && !foundDigit) {
            if (chars[i] >= '0' && chars[i] <= '9') {
                foundDigit = true;
                allowSigns = false;

            } else if (chars[i] == '.') {
                if (hasDecPoint || hasExp) {
                    // two decimal points or dec in exponent
                    return false;
                }
                hasDecPoint = true;
            } else if (chars[i] == 'e' || chars[i] == 'E') {
                // we've already taken care of hex.
                if (hasExp) {
                    // two E's
                    return false;
                }
                if (!foundDigit) {
                    return false;
                }
                hasExp = true;
                allowSigns = true;
            } else if (chars[i] == '+' || chars[i] == '-') {
                if (!allowSigns) {
                    return false;
                }
                allowSigns = false;
                foundDigit = false; // we need a digit after the E
            } else {
                return false;
            }
            i++;
        }
        if (i < chars.length) {
            if (chars[i] >= '0' && chars[i] <= '9') {
                if (SystemUtils.IS_JAVA_1_6 && hasLeadingPlusSign && !hasDecPoint) {
                    return false;
                }
                // no type qualifier, OK
                return true;
            }
            if (chars[i] == 'e' || chars[i] == 'E') {
                // can't have an E at the last byte
                return false;
            }
            if (chars[i] == '.') {
                if (hasDecPoint || hasExp) {
                    // two decimal points or dec in exponent
                    return false;
                }
                // single trailing decimal point after non-exponent is ok
                return foundDigit;
            }
            if (!allowSigns
                && (chars[i] == 'd'
                    || chars[i] == 'D'
                    || chars[i] == 'f'
                    || chars[i] == 'F')) {
                return foundDigit;
            }
            if (chars[i] == 'l'
                || chars[i] == 'L') {
                // not allowing L with an exponent or decimal point
                return foundDigit && !hasExp && !hasDecPoint;
            }
            // last character is illegal
            return false;
        }
        // allowSigns is true iff the val ends in 'E'
        // found digit it to make sure weird stuff like '.' and '1E-' doesn't pass
        return !allowSigns && foundDigit;
    }

    
Checks whether the given String is a parsable number.
Parsable numbers include those Strings understood by Integer.parseInt(String), Long.parseLong(String), Float.parseFloat(String) or Double.parseDouble(String). This method can be used instead of catching ParseException when calling one of those methods.
Hexadecimal and scientific notations are not considered parsable. See isCreatable(String) on those cases.
Null and empty String will return false.
Params:
str – the String to check.
Returns:
true if the string is a parsable number.
Since:
3.4/**
     * <p>Checks whether the given String is a parsable number.</p>
     *
     * <p>Parsable numbers include those Strings understood by {@link Integer#parseInt(String)},
     * {@link Long#parseLong(String)}, {@link Float#parseFloat(String)} or
     * {@link Double#parseDouble(String)}. This method can be used instead of catching {@link java.text.ParseException}
     * when calling one of those methods.</p>
     *
     * <p>Hexadecimal and scientific notations are <strong>not</strong> considered parsable.
     * See {@link #isCreatable(String)} on those cases.</p>
     *
     * <p>{@code Null} and empty String will return <code>false</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str the String to check.
     * @return {@code true} if the string is a parsable number.
     * @since 3.4
     */
    public static boolean isParsable(final String str) {
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (str.charAt(str.length() - 1) == '.') {
            return false;
        }
        if (str.charAt(0) == '-') {
            if (str.length() == 1) {
                return false;
            }
            return withDecimalsParsing(str, 1);
        }
        return withDecimalsParsing(str, 0);
    }

    private static boolean withDecimalsParsing(final String str, final int beginIdx) {
        int decimalPoints = 0;
        for (int i = beginIdx; i < str.length(); i++) {
            final boolean isDecimalPoint = str.charAt(i) == '.';
            if (isDecimalPoint) {
                decimalPoints++;
            }
            if (decimalPoints > 1) {
                return false;
            }
            if (!isDecimalPoint && !Character.isDigit(str.charAt(i))) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    
Compares two int values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.
Params:
x – the first int to compare
y – the second int to compare
Returns:
the value 0 if x == y; a value less than 0 if x < y; and a value greater than 0 if x > y
Since:
3.4/**
     * <p>Compares two {@code int} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.</p>
     *
     * @param x the first {@code int} to compare
     * @param y the second {@code int} to compare
     * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
     *         a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
     *         a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
     * @since 3.4
     */
    public static int compare(final int x, final int y) {
        if (x == y) {
            return 0;
        }
        return x < y ? -1 : 1;
    }

    
Compares to long values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.
Params:
x – the first long to compare
y – the second long to compare
Returns:
the value 0 if x == y; a value less than 0 if x < y; and a value greater than 0 if x > y
Since:
3.4/**
     * <p>Compares to {@code long} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.</p>
     *
     * @param x the first {@code long} to compare
     * @param y the second {@code long} to compare
     * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
     *         a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
     *         a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
     * @since 3.4
     */
    public static int compare(final long x, final long y) {
        if (x == y) {
            return 0;
        }
        return x < y ? -1 : 1;
    }

    
Compares to short values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.
Params:
x – the first short to compare
y – the second short to compare
Returns:
the value 0 if x == y; a value less than 0 if x < y; and a value greater than 0 if x > y
Since:
3.4/**
     * <p>Compares to {@code short} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.</p>
     *
     * @param x the first {@code short} to compare
     * @param y the second {@code short} to compare
     * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
     *         a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
     *         a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
     * @since 3.4
     */
    public static int compare(final short x, final short y) {
        if (x == y) {
            return 0;
        }
        return x < y ? -1 : 1;
    }

    
Compares two byte values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.
Params:
x – the first byte to compare
y – the second byte to compare
Returns:
the value 0 if x == y; a value less than 0 if x < y; and a value greater than 0 if x > y
Since:
3.4/**
     * <p>Compares two {@code byte} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.</p>
     *
     * @param x the first {@code byte} to compare
     * @param y the second {@code byte} to compare
     * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
     *         a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
     *         a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
     * @since 3.4
     */
    public static int compare(final byte x, final byte y) {
        return x - y;
    }
}