http://www.antlr.org: A framework for constructing recognizers, compilers, and translators from grammatical descriptions containing Java, C#, C++, or Python actions. (ANTLR) 
/*
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 Copyright (c) 2005-2009 Terence Parr
 All rights reserved.

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package org.antlr.runtime;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;


A generic recognizer that can handle recognizers generated from
 lexer, parser, and tree grammars.  This is all the parsing
 support code essentially; most of it is error recovery stuff and
 backtracking.

/** A generic recognizer that can handle recognizers generated from
 *  lexer, parser, and tree grammars.  This is all the parsing
 *  support code essentially; most of it is error recovery stuff and
 *  backtracking.
 */
public abstract class BaseRecognizer {
	public static final int MEMO_RULE_FAILED = -2;
	public static final int MEMO_RULE_UNKNOWN = -1;
	public static final int INITIAL_FOLLOW_STACK_SIZE = 100;

	// copies from Token object for convenience in actions
	public static final int DEFAULT_TOKEN_CHANNEL = Token.DEFAULT_CHANNEL;
	public static final int HIDDEN = Token.HIDDEN_CHANNEL;

	public static final String NEXT_TOKEN_RULE_NAME = "nextToken";

	
State of a lexer, parser, or tree parser are collected into a state
 object so the state can be shared.  This sharing is needed to
 have one grammar import others and share same error variables
 and other state variables.  It's a kind of explicit multiple
 inheritance via delegation of methods and shared state.

/** State of a lexer, parser, or tree parser are collected into a state
	 *  object so the state can be shared.  This sharing is needed to
	 *  have one grammar import others and share same error variables
	 *  and other state variables.  It's a kind of explicit multiple
	 *  inheritance via delegation of methods and shared state.
	 */
	protected RecognizerSharedState state;

	public BaseRecognizer() {
		state = new RecognizerSharedState();
	}

	public BaseRecognizer(RecognizerSharedState state) {
		if ( state==null ) {
			state = new RecognizerSharedState();
		}
		this.state = state;
	}

	
reset the parser's state; subclasses must rewinds the input stream 
/** reset the parser's state; subclasses must rewinds the input stream */
	public void reset() {
		// wack everything related to error recovery
		if ( state==null ) {
			return; // no shared state work to do
		}
		state._fsp = -1;
		state.errorRecovery = false;
		state.lastErrorIndex = -1;
		state.failed = false;
		state.syntaxErrors = 0;
		// wack everything related to backtracking and memoization
		state.backtracking = 0;
		for (int i = 0; state.ruleMemo!=null && i < state.ruleMemo.length; i++) { // wipe cache
			state.ruleMemo[i] = null;
		}
	}


	
Match current input symbol against ttype.  Attempt
 single token insertion or deletion error recovery.  If
 that fails, throw MismatchedTokenException.
 To turn off single token insertion or deletion error
 recovery, override recoverFromMismatchedToken() and have it
 throw an exception. See TreeParser.recoverFromMismatchedToken().
 This way any error in a rule will cause an exception and
 immediate exit from rule.  Rule would recover by resynchronizing
 to the set of symbols that can follow rule ref.

/** Match current input symbol against ttype.  Attempt
	 *  single token insertion or deletion error recovery.  If
	 *  that fails, throw MismatchedTokenException.
	 *
	 *  To turn off single token insertion or deletion error
	 *  recovery, override recoverFromMismatchedToken() and have it
     *  throw an exception. See TreeParser.recoverFromMismatchedToken().
     *  This way any error in a rule will cause an exception and
     *  immediate exit from rule.  Rule would recover by resynchronizing
     *  to the set of symbols that can follow rule ref.
	 */
	public Object match(IntStream input, int ttype, BitSet follow)
		throws RecognitionException
	{
		//System.out.println("match "+((TokenStream)input).LT(1));
		Object matchedSymbol = getCurrentInputSymbol(input);
		if ( input.LA(1)==ttype ) {
			input.consume();
			state.errorRecovery = false;
			state.failed = false;
			return matchedSymbol;
		}
		if ( state.backtracking>0 ) {
			state.failed = true;
			return matchedSymbol;
		}
		matchedSymbol = recoverFromMismatchedToken(input, ttype, follow);
		return matchedSymbol;
	}

	
Match the wildcard: in a symbol 
/** Match the wildcard: in a symbol */
	public void matchAny(IntStream input) {
		state.errorRecovery = false;
		state.failed = false;
		input.consume();
	}

	public boolean mismatchIsUnwantedToken(IntStream input, int ttype) {
		return input.LA(2)==ttype;
	}

	public boolean mismatchIsMissingToken(IntStream input, BitSet follow) {
		if ( follow==null ) {
			// we have no information about the follow; we can only consume
			// a single token and hope for the best
			return false;
		}
		// compute what can follow this grammar element reference
		if ( follow.member(Token.EOR_TOKEN_TYPE) ) {
			BitSet viableTokensFollowingThisRule = computeContextSensitiveRuleFOLLOW();
			follow = follow.or(viableTokensFollowingThisRule);
            if ( state._fsp>=0 ) { // remove EOR if we're not the start symbol
                follow.remove(Token.EOR_TOKEN_TYPE);
            }
		}
		// if current token is consistent with what could come after set
		// then we know we're missing a token; error recovery is free to
		// "insert" the missing token

		//System.out.println("viable tokens="+follow.toString(getTokenNames()));
		//System.out.println("LT(1)="+((TokenStream)input).LT(1));

		// BitSet cannot handle negative numbers like -1 (EOF) so I leave EOR
		// in follow set to indicate that the fall of the start symbol is
		// in the set (EOF can follow).
		if ( follow.member(input.LA(1)) || follow.member(Token.EOR_TOKEN_TYPE) ) {
			//System.out.println("LT(1)=="+((TokenStream)input).LT(1)+" is consistent with what follows; inserting...");
			return true;
		}
		return false;
	}

	
Report a recognition problem.
 This method sets errorRecovery to indicate the parser is recovering
 not parsing.  Once in recovery mode, no errors are generated.
 To get out of recovery mode, the parser must successfully match
 a token (after a resync).  So it will go:
		1. error occurs
		2. enter recovery mode, report error
		3. consume until token found in resynch set
		4. try to resume parsing
		5. next match() will reset errorRecovery mode
 If you override, make sure to update syntaxErrors if you care about that.

/** Report a recognition problem.
	 *
	 *  This method sets errorRecovery to indicate the parser is recovering
	 *  not parsing.  Once in recovery mode, no errors are generated.
	 *  To get out of recovery mode, the parser must successfully match
	 *  a token (after a resync).  So it will go:
	 *
	 * 		1. error occurs
	 * 		2. enter recovery mode, report error
	 * 		3. consume until token found in resynch set
	 * 		4. try to resume parsing
	 * 		5. next match() will reset errorRecovery mode
	 *
	 *  If you override, make sure to update syntaxErrors if you care about that.
	 */
	public void reportError(RecognitionException e) {
		// if we've already reported an error and have not matched a token
		// yet successfully, don't report any errors.
		if ( state.errorRecovery ) {
			//System.err.print("[SPURIOUS] ");
			return;
		}
		state.syntaxErrors++; // don't count spurious
		state.errorRecovery = true;

		displayRecognitionError(this.getTokenNames(), e);
	}

	public void displayRecognitionError(String[] tokenNames,
										RecognitionException e)
	{
		String hdr = getErrorHeader(e);
		String msg = getErrorMessage(e, tokenNames);
		emitErrorMessage(hdr+" "+msg);
	}

	
What error message should be generated for the various
 exception types?
 Not very object-oriented code, but I like having all error message
 generation within one method rather than spread among all of the
 exception classes. This also makes it much easier for the exception
 handling because the exception classes do not have to have pointers back
 to this object to access utility routines and so on. Also, changing
 the message for an exception type would be difficult because you
 would have to subclassing exception, but then somehow get ANTLR
 to make those kinds of exception objects instead of the default.
 This looks weird, but trust me--it makes the most sense in terms
 of flexibility.
 For grammar debugging, you will want to override this to add
 more information such as the stack frame with
 getRuleInvocationStack(e, this.getClass().getName()) and,
 for no viable alts, the decision description and state etc...
 Override this to change the message generated for one or more
 exception types.

/** What error message should be generated for the various
	 *  exception types?
	 *
	 *  Not very object-oriented code, but I like having all error message
	 *  generation within one method rather than spread among all of the
	 *  exception classes. This also makes it much easier for the exception
	 *  handling because the exception classes do not have to have pointers back
	 *  to this object to access utility routines and so on. Also, changing
	 *  the message for an exception type would be difficult because you
	 *  would have to subclassing exception, but then somehow get ANTLR
	 *  to make those kinds of exception objects instead of the default.
	 *  This looks weird, but trust me--it makes the most sense in terms
	 *  of flexibility.
	 *
	 *  For grammar debugging, you will want to override this to add
	 *  more information such as the stack frame with
	 *  getRuleInvocationStack(e, this.getClass().getName()) and,
	 *  for no viable alts, the decision description and state etc...
	 *
	 *  Override this to change the message generated for one or more
	 *  exception types.
	 */
	public String getErrorMessage(RecognitionException e, String[] tokenNames) {
		String msg = e.getMessage();
		if ( e instanceof UnwantedTokenException ) {
			UnwantedTokenException ute = (UnwantedTokenException)e;
			String tokenName;
			if ( ute.expecting== Token.EOF ) {
				tokenName = "EOF";
			}
			else {
				tokenName = tokenNames[ute.expecting];
			}
			msg = "extraneous input "+getTokenErrorDisplay(ute.getUnexpectedToken())+
				" expecting "+tokenName;
		}
		else if ( e instanceof MissingTokenException ) {
			MissingTokenException mte = (MissingTokenException)e;
			String tokenName;
			if ( mte.expecting== Token.EOF ) {
				tokenName = "EOF";
			}
			else {
				tokenName = tokenNames[mte.expecting];
			}
			msg = "missing "+tokenName+" at "+getTokenErrorDisplay(e.token);
		}
		else if ( e instanceof MismatchedTokenException ) {
			MismatchedTokenException mte = (MismatchedTokenException)e;
			String tokenName;
			if ( mte.expecting== Token.EOF ) {
				tokenName = "EOF";
			}
			else {
				tokenName = tokenNames[mte.expecting];
			}
			msg = "mismatched input "+getTokenErrorDisplay(e.token)+
				" expecting "+tokenName;
		}
		else if ( e instanceof MismatchedTreeNodeException ) {
			MismatchedTreeNodeException mtne = (MismatchedTreeNodeException)e;
			String tokenName;
			if ( mtne.expecting==Token.EOF ) {
				tokenName = "EOF";
			}
			else {
				tokenName = tokenNames[mtne.expecting];
			}
			msg = "mismatched tree node: "+mtne.node+
				" expecting "+tokenName;
		}
		else if ( e instanceof NoViableAltException ) {
			//NoViableAltException nvae = (NoViableAltException)e;
			// for development, can add "decision=<<"+nvae.grammarDecisionDescription+">>"
			// and "(decision="+nvae.decisionNumber+") and
			// "state "+nvae.stateNumber
			msg = "no viable alternative at input "+getTokenErrorDisplay(e.token);
		}
		else if ( e instanceof EarlyExitException ) {
			//EarlyExitException eee = (EarlyExitException)e;
			// for development, can add "(decision="+eee.decisionNumber+")"
			msg = "required (...)+ loop did not match anything at input "+
				getTokenErrorDisplay(e.token);
		}
		else if ( e instanceof MismatchedSetException ) {
			MismatchedSetException mse = (MismatchedSetException)e;
			msg = "mismatched input "+getTokenErrorDisplay(e.token)+
				" expecting set "+mse.expecting;
		}
		else if ( e instanceof MismatchedNotSetException ) {
			MismatchedNotSetException mse = (MismatchedNotSetException)e;
			msg = "mismatched input "+getTokenErrorDisplay(e.token)+
				" expecting set "+mse.expecting;
		}
		else if ( e instanceof FailedPredicateException ) {
			FailedPredicateException fpe = (FailedPredicateException)e;
			msg = "rule "+fpe.ruleName+" failed predicate: {"+
				fpe.predicateText+"}?";
		}
		return msg;
	}

	
Get number of recognition errors (lexer, parser, tree parser).  Each
 recognizer tracks its own number.  So parser and lexer each have
 separate count.  Does not count the spurious errors found between
 an error and next valid token match
 See also reportError()

/** Get number of recognition errors (lexer, parser, tree parser).  Each
	 *  recognizer tracks its own number.  So parser and lexer each have
	 *  separate count.  Does not count the spurious errors found between
	 *  an error and next valid token match
	 *
	 *  See also reportError()
	 */
	public int getNumberOfSyntaxErrors() {
		return state.syntaxErrors;
	}

	
What is the error header, normally line/character position information? 
/** What is the error header, normally line/character position information? */
	public String getErrorHeader(RecognitionException e) {
		if ( getSourceName()!=null )
			return getSourceName()+" line "+e.line+":"+e.charPositionInLine;
				
		return "line "+e.line+":"+e.charPositionInLine;
	}

	
How should a token be displayed in an error message? The default
 is to display just the text, but during development you might
 want to have a lot of information spit out.  Override in that case
 to use t.toString() (which, for CommonToken, dumps everything about
 the token). This is better than forcing you to override a method in
 your token objects because you don't have to go modify your lexer
 so that it creates a new Java type.

/** How should a token be displayed in an error message? The default
	 *  is to display just the text, but during development you might
	 *  want to have a lot of information spit out.  Override in that case
	 *  to use t.toString() (which, for CommonToken, dumps everything about
	 *  the token). This is better than forcing you to override a method in
	 *  your token objects because you don't have to go modify your lexer
	 *  so that it creates a new Java type.
	 */
	public String getTokenErrorDisplay(Token t) {
		String s = t.getText();
		if ( s==null ) {
			if ( t.getType()==Token.EOF ) {
				s = "<EOF>";
			}
			else {
				s = "<"+t.getType()+">";
			}
		}
		s = s.replaceAll("\n","\\\\n");
		s = s.replaceAll("\r","\\\\r");
		s = s.replaceAll("\t","\\\\t");
		return "'"+s+"'";
	}

	
Override this method to change where error messages go 
/** Override this method to change where error messages go */
	public void emitErrorMessage(String msg) {
		System.err.println(msg);
	}

	
Recover from an error found on the input stream.  This is
 for NoViableAlt and mismatched symbol exceptions.  If you enable
 single token insertion and deletion, this will usually not
 handle mismatched symbol exceptions but there could be a mismatched
 token that the match() routine could not recover from.

/** Recover from an error found on the input stream.  This is
	 *  for NoViableAlt and mismatched symbol exceptions.  If you enable
	 *  single token insertion and deletion, this will usually not
	 *  handle mismatched symbol exceptions but there could be a mismatched
	 *  token that the match() routine could not recover from.
	 */
	public void recover(IntStream input, RecognitionException re) {
		if ( state.lastErrorIndex==input.index() ) {
			// uh oh, another error at same token index; must be a case
			// where LT(1) is in the recovery token set so nothing is
			// consumed; consume a single token so at least to prevent
			// an infinite loop; this is a failsafe.
			input.consume();
		}
		state.lastErrorIndex = input.index();
		BitSet followSet = computeErrorRecoverySet();
		beginResync();
		consumeUntil(input, followSet);
		endResync();
	}

	
A hook to listen in on the token consumption during error recovery.
 The DebugParser subclasses this to fire events to the listenter.

/** A hook to listen in on the token consumption during error recovery.
	 *  The DebugParser subclasses this to fire events to the listenter.
	 */
	public void beginResync() {
	}

	public void endResync() {
	}

	/*  Compute the error recovery set for the current rule.  During
	 *  rule invocation, the parser pushes the set of tokens that can
	 *  follow that rule reference on the stack; this amounts to
	 *  computing FIRST of what follows the rule reference in the
	 *  enclosing rule. This local follow set only includes tokens
	 *  from within the rule; i.e., the FIRST computation done by
	 *  ANTLR stops at the end of a rule.
	 *
	 *  EXAMPLE
	 *
	 *  When you find a "no viable alt exception", the input is not
	 *  consistent with any of the alternatives for rule r.  The best
	 *  thing to do is to consume tokens until you see something that
	 *  can legally follow a call to r *or* any rule that called r.
	 *  You don't want the exact set of viable next tokens because the
	 *  input might just be missing a token--you might consume the
	 *  rest of the input looking for one of the missing tokens.
	 *
	 *  Consider grammar:
	 *
	 *  a : '[' b ']'
	 *    | '(' b ')'
	 *    ;
	 *  b : c '^' INT ;
	 *  c : ID
	 *    | INT
	 *    ;
	 *
	 *  At each rule invocation, the set of tokens that could follow
	 *  that rule is pushed on a stack.  Here are the various "local"
	 *  follow sets:
	 *
	 *  FOLLOW(b1_in_a) = FIRST(']') = ']'
	 *  FOLLOW(b2_in_a) = FIRST(')') = ')'
	 *  FOLLOW(c_in_b) = FIRST('^') = '^'
	 *
	 *  Upon erroneous input "[]", the call chain is
	 *
	 *  a -> b -> c
	 *
	 *  and, hence, the follow context stack is:
	 *
	 *  depth  local follow set     after call to rule
	 *    0         <EOF>                    a (from main())
	 *    1          ']'                     b
	 *    3          '^'                     c
	 *
	 *  Notice that ')' is not included, because b would have to have
	 *  been called from a different context in rule a for ')' to be
	 *  included.
	 *
	 *  For error recovery, we cannot consider FOLLOW(c)
	 *  (context-sensitive or otherwise).  We need the combined set of
	 *  all context-sensitive FOLLOW sets--the set of all tokens that
	 *  could follow any reference in the call chain.  We need to
	 *  resync to one of those tokens.  Note that FOLLOW(c)='^' and if
	 *  we resync'd to that token, we'd consume until EOF.  We need to
	 *  sync to context-sensitive FOLLOWs for a, b, and c: {']','^'}.
	 *  In this case, for input "[]", LA(1) is in this set so we would
	 *  not consume anything and after printing an error rule c would
	 *  return normally.  It would not find the required '^' though.
	 *  At this point, it gets a mismatched token error and throws an
	 *  exception (since LA(1) is not in the viable following token
	 *  set).  The rule exception handler tries to recover, but finds
	 *  the same recovery set and doesn't consume anything.  Rule b
	 *  exits normally returning to rule a.  Now it finds the ']' (and
	 *  with the successful match exits errorRecovery mode).
	 *
	 *  So, you cna see that the parser walks up call chain looking
	 *  for the token that was a member of the recovery set.
	 *
	 *  Errors are not generated in errorRecovery mode.
	 *
	 *  ANTLR's error recovery mechanism is based upon original ideas:
	 *
	 *  "Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs" by Niklaus Wirth
	 *
	 *  and
	 *
	 *  "A note on error recovery in recursive descent parsers":
	 *  http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=947902.947905
	 *
	 *  Later, Josef Grosch had some good ideas:
	 *
	 *  "Efficient and Comfortable Error Recovery in Recursive Descent
	 *  Parsers":
	 *  ftp://www.cocolab.com/products/cocktail/doca4.ps/ell.ps.zip
	 *
	 *  Like Grosch I implemented local FOLLOW sets that are combined
	 *  at run-time upon error to avoid overhead during parsing.
	 */
	protected BitSet computeErrorRecoverySet() {
		return combineFollows(false);
	}

	
Compute the context-sensitive FOLLOW set for current rule.
 This is set of token types that can follow a specific rule
 reference given a specific call chain.  You get the set of
 viable tokens that can possibly come next (lookahead depth 1)
 given the current call chain.  Contrast this with the
 definition of plain FOLLOW for rule r:
  FOLLOW(r)={x | S=>*alpha r beta in G and x in FIRST(beta)}
 where x in T* and alpha, beta in V*; T is set of terminals and
 V is the set of terminals and nonterminals.  In other words,
 FOLLOW(r) is the set of all tokens that can possibly follow
 references to r in *any* sentential form (context).  At
 runtime, however, we know precisely which context applies as
 we have the call chain.  We may compute the exact (rather
 than covering superset) set of following tokens.
 For example, consider grammar:
 stat : ID '=' expr ';'      // FOLLOW(stat)=={EOF}
      | "return" expr '.'
      ;
 expr : atom ('+' atom)* ;   // FOLLOW(expr)=={';','.',')'}
 atom : INT                  // FOLLOW(atom)=={'+',')',';','.'}
      | '(' expr ')'
      ;
 The FOLLOW sets are all inclusive whereas context-sensitive
 FOLLOW sets are precisely what could follow a rule reference.
 For input input "i=(3);", here is the derivation:
 stat => ID '=' expr ';'
      => ID '=' atom ('+' atom)* ';'
      => ID '=' '(' expr ')' ('+' atom)* ';'
      => ID '=' '(' atom ')' ('+' atom)* ';'
      => ID '=' '(' INT ')' ('+' atom)* ';'
      => ID '=' '(' INT ')' ';'
 At the "3" token, you'd have a call chain of
   stat → expr → atom → expr → atom
 What can follow that specific nested ref to atom?  Exactly ')'
 as you can see by looking at the derivation of this specific
 input.  Contrast this with the FOLLOW(atom)={'+',')',';','.'}.
 You want the exact viable token set when recovering from a
 token mismatch.  Upon token mismatch, if LA(1) is member of
 the viable next token set, then you know there is most likely
 a missing token in the input stream.  "Insert" one by just not
 throwing an exception.

/** Compute the context-sensitive FOLLOW set for current rule.
	 *  This is set of token types that can follow a specific rule
	 *  reference given a specific call chain.  You get the set of
	 *  viable tokens that can possibly come next (lookahead depth 1)
	 *  given the current call chain.  Contrast this with the
	 *  definition of plain FOLLOW for rule r:
	 *
	 *   FOLLOW(r)={x | S=&gt;*alpha r beta in G and x in FIRST(beta)}
	 *
	 *  where x in T* and alpha, beta in V*; T is set of terminals and
	 *  V is the set of terminals and nonterminals.  In other words,
	 *  FOLLOW(r) is the set of all tokens that can possibly follow
	 *  references to r in *any* sentential form (context).  At
	 *  runtime, however, we know precisely which context applies as
	 *  we have the call chain.  We may compute the exact (rather
	 *  than covering superset) set of following tokens.
	 *
	 *  For example, consider grammar:
	 *
	 *  stat : ID '=' expr ';'      // FOLLOW(stat)=={EOF}
	 *       | "return" expr '.'
	 *       ;
	 *  expr : atom ('+' atom)* ;   // FOLLOW(expr)=={';','.',')'}
	 *  atom : INT                  // FOLLOW(atom)=={'+',')',';','.'}
	 *       | '(' expr ')'
	 *       ;
	 *
	 *  The FOLLOW sets are all inclusive whereas context-sensitive
	 *  FOLLOW sets are precisely what could follow a rule reference.
	 *  For input input "i=(3);", here is the derivation:
	 *
	 *  stat =&gt; ID '=' expr ';'
	 *       =&gt; ID '=' atom ('+' atom)* ';'
	 *       =&gt; ID '=' '(' expr ')' ('+' atom)* ';'
	 *       =&gt; ID '=' '(' atom ')' ('+' atom)* ';'
	 *       =&gt; ID '=' '(' INT ')' ('+' atom)* ';'
	 *       =&gt; ID '=' '(' INT ')' ';'
	 *
	 *  At the "3" token, you'd have a call chain of
	 *
	 *    stat &rarr; expr &rarr; atom &rarr; expr &rarr; atom
	 *
	 *  What can follow that specific nested ref to atom?  Exactly ')'
	 *  as you can see by looking at the derivation of this specific
	 *  input.  Contrast this with the FOLLOW(atom)={'+',')',';','.'}.
	 *
	 *  You want the exact viable token set when recovering from a
	 *  token mismatch.  Upon token mismatch, if LA(1) is member of
	 *  the viable next token set, then you know there is most likely
	 *  a missing token in the input stream.  "Insert" one by just not
	 *  throwing an exception.
	 */
	protected BitSet computeContextSensitiveRuleFOLLOW() {
		return combineFollows(true);
	}

	// what is exact? it seems to only add sets from above on stack
	// if EOR is in set i.  When it sees a set w/o EOR, it stops adding.
	// Why would we ever want them all?  Maybe no viable alt instead of
	// mismatched token?
	protected BitSet combineFollows(boolean exact) {
		int top = state._fsp;
		BitSet followSet = new BitSet();
		for (int i=top; i>=0; i--) {
			BitSet localFollowSet = state.following[i];
			/*
			System.out.println("local follow depth "+i+"="+
							   localFollowSet.toString(getTokenNames())+")");
			 */
			followSet.orInPlace(localFollowSet);
			if ( exact ) {
				// can we see end of rule?
				if ( localFollowSet.member(Token.EOR_TOKEN_TYPE) ) {
					// Only leave EOR in set if at top (start rule); this lets
					// us know if have to include follow(start rule); i.e., EOF
					if ( i>0 ) {
						followSet.remove(Token.EOR_TOKEN_TYPE);
					}
				}
				else { // can't see end of rule, quit
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		return followSet;
	}

	
Attempt to recover from a single missing or extra token.
 EXTRA TOKEN
 LA(1) is not what we are looking for.  If LA(2) has the right token,
 however, then assume LA(1) is some extra spurious token.  Delete it
 and LA(2) as if we were doing a normal match(), which advances the
 input.
 MISSING TOKEN
 If current token is consistent with what could come after
 ttype then it is ok to "insert" the missing token, else throw
 exception For example, Input "i=(3;" is clearly missing the
 ')'.  When the parser returns from the nested call to expr, it
 will have call chain:
   stat → expr → atom
 and it will be trying to match the ')' at this point in the
 derivation:
      => ID '=' '(' INT ')' ('+' atom)* ';'
                         ^
 match() will see that ';' doesn't match ')' and report a
 mismatched token error.  To recover, it sees that LA(1)==';'
 is in the set of tokens that can follow the ')' token
 reference in rule atom.  It can assume that you forgot the ')'.

/** Attempt to recover from a single missing or extra token.
	 *
	 *  EXTRA TOKEN
	 *
	 *  LA(1) is not what we are looking for.  If LA(2) has the right token,
	 *  however, then assume LA(1) is some extra spurious token.  Delete it
	 *  and LA(2) as if we were doing a normal match(), which advances the
	 *  input.
	 *
	 *  MISSING TOKEN
	 *
	 *  If current token is consistent with what could come after
	 *  ttype then it is ok to "insert" the missing token, else throw
	 *  exception For example, Input "i=(3;" is clearly missing the
	 *  ')'.  When the parser returns from the nested call to expr, it
	 *  will have call chain:
	 *
	 *    stat &rarr; expr &rarr; atom
	 *
	 *  and it will be trying to match the ')' at this point in the
	 *  derivation:
	 *
	 *       =&gt; ID '=' '(' INT ')' ('+' atom)* ';'
	 *                          ^
	 *  match() will see that ';' doesn't match ')' and report a
	 *  mismatched token error.  To recover, it sees that LA(1)==';'
	 *  is in the set of tokens that can follow the ')' token
	 *  reference in rule atom.  It can assume that you forgot the ')'.
	 */
	protected Object recoverFromMismatchedToken(IntStream input, int ttype, BitSet follow)
		throws RecognitionException
	{
		RecognitionException e = null;
		// if next token is what we are looking for then "delete" this token
		if ( mismatchIsUnwantedToken(input, ttype) ) {
			e = new UnwantedTokenException(ttype, input);
			/*
			System.err.println("recoverFromMismatchedToken deleting "+
							   ((TokenStream)input).LT(1)+
							   " since "+((TokenStream)input).LT(2)+" is what we want");
			 */
			beginResync();
			input.consume(); // simply delete extra token
			endResync();
			reportError(e);  // report after consuming so AW sees the token in the exception
			// we want to return the token we're actually matching
			Object matchedSymbol = getCurrentInputSymbol(input);
			input.consume(); // move past ttype token as if all were ok
			return matchedSymbol;
		}
		// can't recover with single token deletion, try insertion
		if ( mismatchIsMissingToken(input, follow) ) {
			Object inserted = getMissingSymbol(input, e, ttype, follow);
			e = new MissingTokenException(ttype, input, inserted);
			reportError(e);  // report after inserting so AW sees the token in the exception
			return inserted;
		}
		// even that didn't work; must throw the exception
		e = new MismatchedTokenException(ttype, input);
		throw e;
	}

	
Not currently used 
/** Not currently used */
	public Object recoverFromMismatchedSet(IntStream input,
										   RecognitionException e,
										   BitSet follow)
		throws RecognitionException
	{
		if ( mismatchIsMissingToken(input, follow) ) {
			// System.out.println("missing token");
			reportError(e);
			// we don't know how to conjure up a token for sets yet
			return getMissingSymbol(input, e, Token.INVALID_TOKEN_TYPE, follow);
		}
		// TODO do single token deletion like above for Token mismatch
		throw e;
	}

	
Match needs to return the current input symbol, which gets put
 into the label for the associated token ref; e.g., x=ID.  Token
 and tree parsers need to return different objects. Rather than test
 for input stream type or change the IntStream interface, I use
 a simple method to ask the recognizer to tell me what the current
 input symbol is.
 This is ignored for lexers.

/** Match needs to return the current input symbol, which gets put
	 *  into the label for the associated token ref; e.g., x=ID.  Token
	 *  and tree parsers need to return different objects. Rather than test
	 *  for input stream type or change the IntStream interface, I use
	 *  a simple method to ask the recognizer to tell me what the current
	 *  input symbol is.
	 * 
	 *  This is ignored for lexers.
	 */
	protected Object getCurrentInputSymbol(IntStream input) { return null; }

	
Conjure up a missing token during error recovery.
 The recognizer attempts to recover from single missing
 symbols. But, actions might refer to that missing symbol.
 For example, x=ID {f($x);}. The action clearly assumes
 that there has been an identifier matched previously and that
 $x points at that token. If that token is missing, but
 the next token in the stream is what we want we assume that
 this token is missing and we keep going. Because we
 have to return some token to replace the missing token,
 we have to conjure one up. This method gives the user control
 over the tokens returned for missing tokens. Mostly,
 you will want to create something special for identifier
 tokens. For literals such as '{' and ',', the default
 action in the parser or tree parser works. It simply creates
 a CommonToken of the appropriate type. The text will be the token.
 If you change what tokens must be created by the lexer,
 override this method to create the appropriate tokens.

/** Conjure up a missing token during error recovery.
	 *
	 *  The recognizer attempts to recover from single missing
	 *  symbols. But, actions might refer to that missing symbol.
	 *  For example, x=ID {f($x);}. The action clearly assumes
	 *  that there has been an identifier matched previously and that
	 *  $x points at that token. If that token is missing, but
	 *  the next token in the stream is what we want we assume that
	 *  this token is missing and we keep going. Because we
	 *  have to return some token to replace the missing token,
	 *  we have to conjure one up. This method gives the user control
	 *  over the tokens returned for missing tokens. Mostly,
	 *  you will want to create something special for identifier
	 *  tokens. For literals such as '{' and ',', the default
	 *  action in the parser or tree parser works. It simply creates
	 *  a CommonToken of the appropriate type. The text will be the token.
	 *  If you change what tokens must be created by the lexer,
	 *  override this method to create the appropriate tokens.
	 */
	protected Object getMissingSymbol(IntStream input,
									  RecognitionException e,
									  int expectedTokenType,
									  BitSet follow)
	{
		return null;
	}

	public void consumeUntil(IntStream input, int tokenType) {
		//System.out.println("consumeUntil "+tokenType);
		int ttype = input.LA(1);
		while (ttype != Token.EOF && ttype != tokenType) {
			input.consume();
			ttype = input.LA(1);
		}
	}

	
Consume tokens until one matches the given token set 
/** Consume tokens until one matches the given token set */
	public void consumeUntil(IntStream input, BitSet set) {
		//System.out.println("consumeUntil("+set.toString(getTokenNames())+")");
		int ttype = input.LA(1);
		while (ttype != Token.EOF && !set.member(ttype) ) {
			//System.out.println("consume during recover LA(1)="+getTokenNames()[input.LA(1)]);
			input.consume();
			ttype = input.LA(1);
		}
	}

	
Push a rule's follow set using our own hardcoded stack 
/** Push a rule's follow set using our own hardcoded stack */
	protected void pushFollow(BitSet fset) {
		if ( (state._fsp +1)>=state.following.length ) {
			BitSet[] f = new BitSet[state.following.length*2];
			System.arraycopy(state.following, 0, f, 0, state.following.length);
			state.following = f;
		}
		state.following[++state._fsp] = fset;
	}

	
Return List<String> of the rules in your parser instance
 leading up to a call to this method.  You could override if
 you want more details such as the file/line info of where
 in the parser java code a rule is invoked.
 This is very useful for error messages and for context-sensitive
 error recovery.

/** Return List&lt;String&gt; of the rules in your parser instance
	 *  leading up to a call to this method.  You could override if
	 *  you want more details such as the file/line info of where
	 *  in the parser java code a rule is invoked.
	 *
	 *  This is very useful for error messages and for context-sensitive
	 *  error recovery.
	 */
	public List<String> getRuleInvocationStack() {
		String parserClassName = getClass().getName();
		return getRuleInvocationStack(new Throwable(), parserClassName);
	}

	
A more general version of getRuleInvocationStack where you can
 pass in, for example, a RecognitionException to get it's rule
 stack trace.  This routine is shared with all recognizers, hence,
 static.
 TODO: move to a utility class or something; weird having lexer call this

/** A more general version of getRuleInvocationStack where you can
	 *  pass in, for example, a RecognitionException to get it's rule
	 *  stack trace.  This routine is shared with all recognizers, hence,
	 *  static.
	 *
	 *  TODO: move to a utility class or something; weird having lexer call this
	 */
	public static List<String> getRuleInvocationStack(Throwable e,
											  String recognizerClassName)
	{
		List<String> rules = new ArrayList<String>();
		StackTraceElement[] stack = e.getStackTrace();
		int i;
		for (i=stack.length-1; i>=0; i--) {
			StackTraceElement t = stack[i];
			if ( t.getClassName().startsWith("org.antlr.runtime.") ) {
				continue; // skip support code such as this method
			}
			if ( t.getMethodName().equals(NEXT_TOKEN_RULE_NAME) ) {
				continue;
			}
			if ( !t.getClassName().equals(recognizerClassName) ) {
				continue; // must not be part of this parser
			}
            rules.add(t.getMethodName());
		}
		return rules;
	}

    public int getBacktrackingLevel() { return state.backtracking; }

    public void setBacktrackingLevel(int n) { state.backtracking = n; }

    
Return whether or not a backtracking attempt failed. 
/** Return whether or not a backtracking attempt failed. */
    public boolean failed() { return state.failed; }

	
Used to print out token names like ID during debugging and
 error reporting.  The generated parsers implement a method
 that overrides this to point to their String[] tokenNames.

/** Used to print out token names like ID during debugging and
	 *  error reporting.  The generated parsers implement a method
	 *  that overrides this to point to their String[] tokenNames.
	 */
	public String[] getTokenNames() {
		return null;
	}

	
For debugging and other purposes, might want the grammar name.
 Have ANTLR generate an implementation for this method.

/** For debugging and other purposes, might want the grammar name.
	 *  Have ANTLR generate an implementation for this method.
	 */
	public String getGrammarFileName() {
		return null;
	}

	public abstract String getSourceName();

	
A convenience method for use most often with template rewrites.
 Convert a List<Token> to List<String>

/** A convenience method for use most often with template rewrites.
	 *  Convert a List&lt;Token&gt; to List&lt;String&gt;
	 */
	public List<String> toStrings(List<? extends Token> tokens) {
		if ( tokens==null ) return null;
		List<String> strings = new ArrayList<String>(tokens.size());
		for (int i=0; i<tokens.size(); i++) {
			strings.add(tokens.get(i).getText());
		}
		return strings;
	}

	
Given a rule number and a start token index number, return
 MEMO_RULE_UNKNOWN if the rule has not parsed input starting from
 start index.  If this rule has parsed input starting from the
 start index before, then return where the rule stopped parsing.
 It returns the index of the last token matched by the rule.
 For now we use a hashtable and just the slow Object-based one.
 Later, we can make a special one for ints and also one that
 tosses out data after we commit past input position i.

/** Given a rule number and a start token index number, return
	 *  MEMO_RULE_UNKNOWN if the rule has not parsed input starting from
	 *  start index.  If this rule has parsed input starting from the
	 *  start index before, then return where the rule stopped parsing.
	 *  It returns the index of the last token matched by the rule.
	 *
	 *  For now we use a hashtable and just the slow Object-based one.
	 *  Later, we can make a special one for ints and also one that
	 *  tosses out data after we commit past input position i.
	 */
	public int getRuleMemoization(int ruleIndex, int ruleStartIndex) {
		if ( state.ruleMemo[ruleIndex]==null ) {
			state.ruleMemo[ruleIndex] = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
		}
		Integer stopIndexI =
			state.ruleMemo[ruleIndex].get(ruleStartIndex);
		if ( stopIndexI==null ) {
			return MEMO_RULE_UNKNOWN;
		}
		return stopIndexI;
	}

	
Has this rule already parsed input at the current index in the
 input stream?  Return the stop token index or MEMO_RULE_UNKNOWN.
 If we attempted but failed to parse properly before, return
 MEMO_RULE_FAILED.
 This method has a side-effect: if we have seen this input for
 this rule and successfully parsed before, then seek ahead to
 1 past the stop token matched for this rule last time.

/** Has this rule already parsed input at the current index in the
	 *  input stream?  Return the stop token index or MEMO_RULE_UNKNOWN.
	 *  If we attempted but failed to parse properly before, return
	 *  MEMO_RULE_FAILED.
	 *
	 *  This method has a side-effect: if we have seen this input for
	 *  this rule and successfully parsed before, then seek ahead to
	 *  1 past the stop token matched for this rule last time.
	 */
	public boolean alreadyParsedRule(IntStream input, int ruleIndex) {
		int stopIndex = getRuleMemoization(ruleIndex, input.index());
		if ( stopIndex==MEMO_RULE_UNKNOWN ) {
			return false;
		}
		if ( stopIndex==MEMO_RULE_FAILED ) {
			//System.out.println("rule "+ruleIndex+" will never succeed");
			state.failed=true;
		}
		else {
			//System.out.println("seen rule "+ruleIndex+" before; skipping ahead to @"+(stopIndex+1)+" failed="+state.failed);
			input.seek(stopIndex+1); // jump to one past stop token
		}
		return true;
	}

	
Record whether or not this rule parsed the input at this position
 successfully.  Use a standard java hashtable for now.

/** Record whether or not this rule parsed the input at this position
	 *  successfully.  Use a standard java hashtable for now.
	 */
	public void memoize(IntStream input,
						int ruleIndex,
						int ruleStartIndex)
	{
		int stopTokenIndex = state.failed?MEMO_RULE_FAILED:input.index()-1;
		if ( state.ruleMemo==null ) {
			System.err.println("!!!!!!!!! memo array is null for "+ getGrammarFileName());
		}
		if ( ruleIndex >= state.ruleMemo.length ) {
			System.err.println("!!!!!!!!! memo size is "+state.ruleMemo.length+", but rule index is "+ruleIndex);
		}
		if ( state.ruleMemo[ruleIndex]!=null ) {
			state.ruleMemo[ruleIndex].put(ruleStartIndex, stopTokenIndex);
		}
	}

	
return how many rule/input-index pairs there are in total.
 TODO: this includes synpreds. :(

/** return how many rule/input-index pairs there are in total.
	 *  TODO: this includes synpreds. :(
	 */
	public int getRuleMemoizationCacheSize() {
		int n = 0;
		for (int i = 0; state.ruleMemo!=null && i < state.ruleMemo.length; i++) {
			Map<Integer, Integer> ruleMap = state.ruleMemo[i];
			if ( ruleMap!=null ) {
				n += ruleMap.size(); // how many input indexes are recorded?
			}
		}
		return n;
	}

	public void traceIn(String ruleName, int ruleIndex, Object inputSymbol)  {
		System.out.print("enter "+ruleName+" "+inputSymbol);
		if ( state.backtracking>0 ) {
			System.out.print(" backtracking="+state.backtracking);
		}
		System.out.println();
	}

	public void traceOut(String ruleName,
						 int ruleIndex,
						 Object inputSymbol)
	{
		System.out.print("exit "+ruleName+" "+inputSymbol);
		if ( state.backtracking>0 ) {
            System.out.print(" backtracking="+state.backtracking);
            if ( state.failed ) System.out.print(" failed");
            else System.out.print(" succeeded");
        }
		System.out.println();
	}

}