/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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 */

package javax.imageio;

import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.awt.image.RenderedImage;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FilePermission;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.net.URL;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Set;
import javax.imageio.spi.IIORegistry;
import javax.imageio.spi.ImageReaderSpi;
import javax.imageio.spi.ImageReaderWriterSpi;
import javax.imageio.spi.ImageWriterSpi;
import javax.imageio.spi.ImageInputStreamSpi;
import javax.imageio.spi.ImageOutputStreamSpi;
import javax.imageio.spi.ImageTranscoderSpi;
import javax.imageio.spi.ServiceRegistry;
import javax.imageio.stream.ImageInputStream;
import javax.imageio.stream.ImageOutputStream;
import sun.awt.AppContext;
import sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction;

A class containing static convenience methods for locating
ImageReaders and ImageWriters, and
performing simple encoding and decoding.
/**
 * A class containing static convenience methods for locating
 * <code>ImageReader</code>s and <code>ImageWriter</code>s, and
 * performing simple encoding and decoding.
 *
 */
public final class ImageIO {

    private static final IIORegistry theRegistry =
        IIORegistry.getDefaultInstance();

    
Constructor is private to prevent instantiation.
/**
     * Constructor is private to prevent instantiation.
     */
    private ImageIO() {}

    
Scans for plug-ins on the application class path,
loads their service provider classes, and registers a service
provider instance for each one found with the
IIORegistry.
This method is needed because the application class path can
theoretically change, or additional plug-ins may become available.
Rather than re-scanning the classpath on every invocation of the
API, the class path is scanned automatically only on the first
invocation. Clients can call this method to prompt a re-scan.
Thus this method need only be invoked by sophisticated applications
which dynamically make new plug-ins available at runtime.
 The getResources method of the context
ClassLoader is used locate JAR files containing
files named
META-INF/services/javax.imageio.spi.classname,
where classname is one of ImageReaderSpi,
ImageWriterSpi, ImageTranscoderSpi,
ImageInputStreamSpi, or
ImageOutputStreamSpi, along the application class
path.
 The contents of the located files indicate the names of
actual implementation classes which implement the
aforementioned service provider interfaces; the default class
loader is then used to load each of these classes and to
instantiate an instance of each class, which is then placed
into the registry for later retrieval.
 The exact set of locations searched depends on the
implementation of the Java runtime environment.
See Also:
getResources.getResources/**
     * Scans for plug-ins on the application class path,
     * loads their service provider classes, and registers a service
     * provider instance for each one found with the
     * <code>IIORegistry</code>.
     *
     * <p>This method is needed because the application class path can
     * theoretically change, or additional plug-ins may become available.
     * Rather than re-scanning the classpath on every invocation of the
     * API, the class path is scanned automatically only on the first
     * invocation. Clients can call this method to prompt a re-scan.
     * Thus this method need only be invoked by sophisticated applications
     * which dynamically make new plug-ins available at runtime.
     *
     * <p> The <code>getResources</code> method of the context
     * <code>ClassLoader</code> is used locate JAR files containing
     * files named
     * <code>META-INF/services/javax.imageio.spi.</code><i>classname</i>,
     * where <i>classname</i> is one of <code>ImageReaderSpi</code>,
     * <code>ImageWriterSpi</code>, <code>ImageTranscoderSpi</code>,
     * <code>ImageInputStreamSpi</code>, or
     * <code>ImageOutputStreamSpi</code>, along the application class
     * path.
     *
     * <p> The contents of the located files indicate the names of
     * actual implementation classes which implement the
     * aforementioned service provider interfaces; the default class
     * loader is then used to load each of these classes and to
     * instantiate an instance of each class, which is then placed
     * into the registry for later retrieval.
     *
     * <p> The exact set of locations searched depends on the
     * implementation of the Java runtime environment.
     *
     * @see ClassLoader#getResources
     */
    public static void scanForPlugins() {
        theRegistry.registerApplicationClasspathSpis();
    }

    // ImageInputStreams

    
A class to hold information about caching.  Each
ThreadGroup will have its own copy
via the AppContext mechanism.
/**
     * A class to hold information about caching.  Each
     * <code>ThreadGroup</code> will have its own copy
     * via the <code>AppContext</code> mechanism.
     */
    static class CacheInfo {
        boolean useCache = true;
        File cacheDirectory = null;
        Boolean hasPermission = null;

        public CacheInfo() {}

        public boolean getUseCache() {
            return useCache;
        }

        public void setUseCache(boolean useCache) {
            this.useCache = useCache;
        }

        public File getCacheDirectory() {
            return cacheDirectory;
        }

        public void setCacheDirectory(File cacheDirectory) {
            this.cacheDirectory = cacheDirectory;
        }

        public Boolean getHasPermission() {
            return hasPermission;
        }

        public void setHasPermission(Boolean hasPermission) {
            this.hasPermission = hasPermission;
        }
    }

    
Returns the CacheInfo object associated with this
ThreadGroup.
/**
     * Returns the <code>CacheInfo</code> object associated with this
     * <code>ThreadGroup</code>.
     */
    private static synchronized CacheInfo getCacheInfo() {
        AppContext context = AppContext.getAppContext();
        CacheInfo info = (CacheInfo)context.get(CacheInfo.class);
        if (info == null) {
            info = new CacheInfo();
            context.put(CacheInfo.class, info);
        }
        return info;
    }

    
Returns the default temporary (cache) directory as defined by the
java.io.tmpdir system property.
/**
     * Returns the default temporary (cache) directory as defined by the
     * java.io.tmpdir system property.
     */
    private static String getTempDir() {
        GetPropertyAction a = new GetPropertyAction("java.io.tmpdir");
        return (String)AccessController.doPrivileged(a);
    }

    
Determines whether the caller has write access to the cache
directory, stores the result in the CacheInfo object,
and returns the decision.  This method helps to prevent mysterious
SecurityExceptions to be thrown when this convenience class is used
in an applet, for example.
/**
     * Determines whether the caller has write access to the cache
     * directory, stores the result in the <code>CacheInfo</code> object,
     * and returns the decision.  This method helps to prevent mysterious
     * SecurityExceptions to be thrown when this convenience class is used
     * in an applet, for example.
     */
    private static boolean hasCachePermission() {
        Boolean hasPermission = getCacheInfo().getHasPermission();

        if (hasPermission != null) {
            return hasPermission.booleanValue();
        } else {
            try {
                SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
                if (security != null) {
                    File cachedir = getCacheDirectory();
                    String cachepath;

                    if (cachedir != null) {
                        cachepath = cachedir.getPath();
                    } else {
                        cachepath = getTempDir();

                        if (cachepath == null || cachepath.isEmpty()) {
                            getCacheInfo().setHasPermission(Boolean.FALSE);
                            return false;
                        }
                    }

                    // we have to check whether we can read, write,
                    // and delete cache files.
                    // So, compose cache file path and check it.
                    String filepath = cachepath;
                    if (!filepath.endsWith(File.separator)) {
                        filepath += File.separator;
                    }
                    filepath += "*";

                    security.checkPermission(new FilePermission(filepath, "read, write, delete"));
                }
            } catch (SecurityException e) {
                getCacheInfo().setHasPermission(Boolean.FALSE);
                return false;
            }

            getCacheInfo().setHasPermission(Boolean.TRUE);
            return true;
        }
    }

    
Sets a flag indicating whether a disk-based cache file should
be used when creating ImageInputStreams and
ImageOutputStreams.
 When reading from a standard InputStream, it
may be necessary to save previously read information in a cache
since the underlying stream does not allow data to be re-read.
Similarly, when writing to a standard
OutputStream, a cache may be used to allow a
previously written value to be changed before flushing it to
the final destination.
 The cache may reside in main memory or on disk.  Setting
this flag to false disallows the use of disk for
future streams, which may be advantageous when working with
small images, as the overhead of creating and destroying files
is removed.
 On startup, the value is set to true.
Params:
useCache – a boolean indicating whether a
cache file should be used, in cases where it is optional.
See Also:
getUseCache/**
     * Sets a flag indicating whether a disk-based cache file should
     * be used when creating <code>ImageInputStream</code>s and
     * <code>ImageOutputStream</code>s.
     *
     * <p> When reading from a standard <code>InputStream</code>, it
     * may be necessary to save previously read information in a cache
     * since the underlying stream does not allow data to be re-read.
     * Similarly, when writing to a standard
     * <code>OutputStream</code>, a cache may be used to allow a
     * previously written value to be changed before flushing it to
     * the final destination.
     *
     * <p> The cache may reside in main memory or on disk.  Setting
     * this flag to <code>false</code> disallows the use of disk for
     * future streams, which may be advantageous when working with
     * small images, as the overhead of creating and destroying files
     * is removed.
     *
     * <p> On startup, the value is set to <code>true</code>.
     *
     * @param useCache a <code>boolean</code> indicating whether a
     * cache file should be used, in cases where it is optional.
     *
     * @see #getUseCache
     */
    public static void setUseCache(boolean useCache) {
        getCacheInfo().setUseCache(useCache);
    }

    
Returns the current value set by setUseCache, or
true if no explicit setting has been made.
See Also:
setUseCache
Returns:
true if a disk-based cache may be used for
ImageInputStreams and
ImageOutputStreams./**
     * Returns the current value set by <code>setUseCache</code>, or
     * <code>true</code> if no explicit setting has been made.
     *
     * @return true if a disk-based cache may be used for
     * <code>ImageInputStream</code>s and
     * <code>ImageOutputStream</code>s.
     *
     * @see #setUseCache
     */
    public static boolean getUseCache() {
        return getCacheInfo().getUseCache();
    }

    
Sets the directory where cache files are to be created.  A
value of null indicates that the system-dependent
default temporary-file directory is to be used.  If
getUseCache returns false, this value is ignored.
Params:
cacheDirectory – a File specifying a directory.
Throws:
SecurityException – if the security manager denies
access to the directory.
IllegalArgumentException – if cacheDir is
non-null but is not a directory.
See Also:
File.createTempFile(String, String, File)
getCacheDirectory/**
     * Sets the directory where cache files are to be created.  A
     * value of <code>null</code> indicates that the system-dependent
     * default temporary-file directory is to be used.  If
     * <code>getUseCache</code> returns false, this value is ignored.
     *
     * @param cacheDirectory a <code>File</code> specifying a directory.
     *
     * @see File#createTempFile(String, String, File)
     *
     * @exception SecurityException if the security manager denies
     * access to the directory.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>cacheDir</code> is
     * non-<code>null</code> but is not a directory.
     *
     * @see #getCacheDirectory
     */
    public static void setCacheDirectory(File cacheDirectory) {
        if ((cacheDirectory != null) && !(cacheDirectory.isDirectory())) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not a directory!");
        }
        getCacheInfo().setCacheDirectory(cacheDirectory);
        getCacheInfo().setHasPermission(null);
    }

    
Returns the current value set by
setCacheDirectory, or null if no
explicit setting has been made.
See Also:
setCacheDirectory
Returns:
a File indicating the directory where
cache files will be created, or null to indicate
the system-dependent default temporary-file directory./**
     * Returns the current value set by
     * <code>setCacheDirectory</code>, or <code>null</code> if no
     * explicit setting has been made.
     *
     * @return a <code>File</code> indicating the directory where
     * cache files will be created, or <code>null</code> to indicate
     * the system-dependent default temporary-file directory.
     *
     * @see #setCacheDirectory
     */
    public static File getCacheDirectory() {
        return getCacheInfo().getCacheDirectory();
    }

    
Returns an ImageInputStream that will take its
input from the given Object.  The set of
ImageInputStreamSpis registered with the
IIORegistry class is queried and the first one
that is able to take input from the supplied object is used to
create the returned ImageInputStream.  If no
suitable ImageInputStreamSpi exists,
null is returned.
 The current cache settings from getUseCacheand
getCacheDirectory will be used to control caching.
Params:
input – an Object to be used as an input
source, such as a File, readable
RandomAccessFile, or InputStream.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if input
is null.
IOException – if a cache file is needed but cannot be
created.
See Also:
ImageInputStreamSpi
Returns:
an ImageInputStream, or null./**
     * Returns an <code>ImageInputStream</code> that will take its
     * input from the given <code>Object</code>.  The set of
     * <code>ImageInputStreamSpi</code>s registered with the
     * <code>IIORegistry</code> class is queried and the first one
     * that is able to take input from the supplied object is used to
     * create the returned <code>ImageInputStream</code>.  If no
     * suitable <code>ImageInputStreamSpi</code> exists,
     * <code>null</code> is returned.
     *
     * <p> The current cache settings from <code>getUseCache</code>and
     * <code>getCacheDirectory</code> will be used to control caching.
     *
     * @param input an <code>Object</code> to be used as an input
     * source, such as a <code>File</code>, readable
     * <code>RandomAccessFile</code>, or <code>InputStream</code>.
     *
     * @return an <code>ImageInputStream</code>, or <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>input</code>
     * is <code>null</code>.
     * @exception IOException if a cache file is needed but cannot be
     * created.
     *
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageInputStreamSpi
     */
    public static ImageInputStream createImageInputStream(Object input)
        throws IOException {
        if (input == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("input == null!");
        }

        Iterator iter;
        // Ensure category is present
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageInputStreamSpi.class,
                                                   true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return null;
        }

        boolean usecache = getUseCache() && hasCachePermission();

        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            ImageInputStreamSpi spi = (ImageInputStreamSpi)iter.next();
            if (spi.getInputClass().isInstance(input)) {
                try {
                    return spi.createInputStreamInstance(input,
                                                         usecache,
                                                         getCacheDirectory());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new IIOException("Can't create cache file!", e);
                }
            }
        }

        return null;
    }

    // ImageOutputStreams

    
Returns an ImageOutputStream that will send its
output to the given Object.  The set of
ImageOutputStreamSpis registered with the
IIORegistry class is queried and the first one
that is able to send output from the supplied object is used to
create the returned ImageOutputStream.  If no
suitable ImageOutputStreamSpi exists,
null is returned.
 The current cache settings from getUseCacheand
getCacheDirectory will be used to control caching.
Params:
output – an Object to be used as an output
destination, such as a File, writable
RandomAccessFile, or OutputStream.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if output is
null.
IOException – if a cache file is needed but cannot be
created.
See Also:
ImageOutputStreamSpi
Returns:
an ImageOutputStream, or
null./**
     * Returns an <code>ImageOutputStream</code> that will send its
     * output to the given <code>Object</code>.  The set of
     * <code>ImageOutputStreamSpi</code>s registered with the
     * <code>IIORegistry</code> class is queried and the first one
     * that is able to send output from the supplied object is used to
     * create the returned <code>ImageOutputStream</code>.  If no
     * suitable <code>ImageOutputStreamSpi</code> exists,
     * <code>null</code> is returned.
     *
     * <p> The current cache settings from <code>getUseCache</code>and
     * <code>getCacheDirectory</code> will be used to control caching.
     *
     * @param output an <code>Object</code> to be used as an output
     * destination, such as a <code>File</code>, writable
     * <code>RandomAccessFile</code>, or <code>OutputStream</code>.
     *
     * @return an <code>ImageOutputStream</code>, or
     * <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>output</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     * @exception IOException if a cache file is needed but cannot be
     * created.
     *
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageOutputStreamSpi
     */
    public static ImageOutputStream createImageOutputStream(Object output)
        throws IOException {
        if (output == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("output == null!");
        }

        Iterator iter;
        // Ensure category is present
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageOutputStreamSpi.class,
                                                   true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return null;
        }

        boolean usecache = getUseCache() && hasCachePermission();

        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            ImageOutputStreamSpi spi = (ImageOutputStreamSpi)iter.next();
            if (spi.getOutputClass().isInstance(output)) {
                try {
                    return spi.createOutputStreamInstance(output,
                                                          usecache,
                                                          getCacheDirectory());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new IIOException("Can't create cache file!", e);
                }
            }
        }

        return null;
    }

    private static enum SpiInfo {
        FORMAT_NAMES {
            @Override
            String[] info(ImageReaderWriterSpi spi) {
                return spi.getFormatNames();
            }
        },
        MIME_TYPES {
            @Override
            String[] info(ImageReaderWriterSpi spi) {
                return spi.getMIMETypes();
            }
        },
        FILE_SUFFIXES {
            @Override
            String[] info(ImageReaderWriterSpi spi) {
                return spi.getFileSuffixes();
            }
        };

        abstract String[] info(ImageReaderWriterSpi spi);
    }

    private static <S extends ImageReaderWriterSpi>
        String[] getReaderWriterInfo(Class<S> spiClass, SpiInfo spiInfo)
    {
        // Ensure category is present
        Iterator<S> iter;
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(spiClass, true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return new String[0];
        }

        HashSet<String> s = new HashSet<String>();
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            ImageReaderWriterSpi spi = iter.next();
            Collections.addAll(s, spiInfo.info(spi));
        }

        return s.toArray(new String[s.size()]);
    }

    // Readers

    
Returns an array of Strings listing all of the
informal format names understood by the current set of registered
readers.
Returns:
an array of Strings./**
     * Returns an array of <code>String</code>s listing all of the
     * informal format names understood by the current set of registered
     * readers.
     *
     * @return an array of <code>String</code>s.
     */
    public static String[] getReaderFormatNames() {
        return getReaderWriterInfo(ImageReaderSpi.class,
                                   SpiInfo.FORMAT_NAMES);
    }

    
Returns an array of Strings listing all of the
MIME types understood by the current set of registered
readers.
Returns:
an array of Strings./**
     * Returns an array of <code>String</code>s listing all of the
     * MIME types understood by the current set of registered
     * readers.
     *
     * @return an array of <code>String</code>s.
     */
    public static String[] getReaderMIMETypes() {
        return getReaderWriterInfo(ImageReaderSpi.class,
                                   SpiInfo.MIME_TYPES);
    }

    
Returns an array of Strings listing all of the
file suffixes associated with the formats understood
by the current set of registered readers.
Returns:
an array of Strings.
Since:
1.6/**
     * Returns an array of <code>String</code>s listing all of the
     * file suffixes associated with the formats understood
     * by the current set of registered readers.
     *
     * @return an array of <code>String</code>s.
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static String[] getReaderFileSuffixes() {
        return getReaderWriterInfo(ImageReaderSpi.class,
                                   SpiInfo.FILE_SUFFIXES);
    }

    static class ImageReaderIterator implements Iterator<ImageReader> {
        // Contains ImageReaderSpis
        public Iterator iter;

        public ImageReaderIterator(Iterator iter) {
            this.iter = iter;
        }

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return iter.hasNext();
        }

        public ImageReader next() {
            ImageReaderSpi spi = null;
            try {
                spi = (ImageReaderSpi)iter.next();
                return spi.createReaderInstance();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                // Deregister the spi in this case, but only as
                // an ImageReaderSpi
                theRegistry.deregisterServiceProvider(spi, ImageReaderSpi.class);
            }
            return null;
        }

        public void remove() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }

    static class CanDecodeInputFilter
        implements ServiceRegistry.Filter {

        Object input;

        public CanDecodeInputFilter(Object input) {
            this.input = input;
        }

        public boolean filter(Object elt) {
            try {
                ImageReaderSpi spi = (ImageReaderSpi)elt;
                ImageInputStream stream = null;
                if (input instanceof ImageInputStream) {
                    stream = (ImageInputStream)input;
                }

                // Perform mark/reset as a defensive measure
                // even though plug-ins are supposed to take
                // care of it.
                boolean canDecode = false;
                if (stream != null) {
                    stream.mark();
                }
                canDecode = spi.canDecodeInput(input);
                if (stream != null) {
                    stream.reset();
                }

                return canDecode;
            } catch (IOException e) {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    static class CanEncodeImageAndFormatFilter
        implements ServiceRegistry.Filter {

        ImageTypeSpecifier type;
        String formatName;

        public CanEncodeImageAndFormatFilter(ImageTypeSpecifier type,
                                             String formatName) {
            this.type = type;
            this.formatName = formatName;
        }

        public boolean filter(Object elt) {
            ImageWriterSpi spi = (ImageWriterSpi)elt;
            return Arrays.asList(spi.getFormatNames()).contains(formatName) &&
                spi.canEncodeImage(type);
        }
    }

    static class ContainsFilter
        implements ServiceRegistry.Filter {

        Method method;
        String name;

        // method returns an array of Strings
        public ContainsFilter(Method method,
                              String name) {
            this.method = method;
            this.name = name;
        }

        public boolean filter(Object elt) {
            try {
                return contains((String[])method.invoke(elt), name);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    
Returns an Iterator containing all currently
registered ImageReaders that claim to be able to
decode the supplied Object, typically an
ImageInputStream.
 The stream position is left at its prior position upon
exit from this method.
Params:
input – an ImageInputStream or other
Object containing encoded image data.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if input is
null.
See Also:
ImageReaderSpi.canDecodeInput
Returns:
an Iterator containing ImageReaders./**
     * Returns an <code>Iterator</code> containing all currently
     * registered <code>ImageReader</code>s that claim to be able to
     * decode the supplied <code>Object</code>, typically an
     * <code>ImageInputStream</code>.
     *
     * <p> The stream position is left at its prior position upon
     * exit from this method.
     *
     * @param input an <code>ImageInputStream</code> or other
     * <code>Object</code> containing encoded image data.
     *
     * @return an <code>Iterator</code> containing <code>ImageReader</code>s.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>input</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageReaderSpi#canDecodeInput
     */
    public static Iterator<ImageReader> getImageReaders(Object input) {
        if (input == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("input == null!");
        }
        Iterator iter;
        // Ensure category is present
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageReaderSpi.class,
                                              new CanDecodeInputFilter(input),
                                              true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return Collections.emptyIterator();
        }

        return new ImageReaderIterator(iter);
    }

    private static Method readerFormatNamesMethod;
    private static Method readerFileSuffixesMethod;
    private static Method readerMIMETypesMethod;
    private static Method writerFormatNamesMethod;
    private static Method writerFileSuffixesMethod;
    private static Method writerMIMETypesMethod;

    static {
        try {
            readerFormatNamesMethod =
                ImageReaderSpi.class.getMethod("getFormatNames");
            readerFileSuffixesMethod =
                ImageReaderSpi.class.getMethod("getFileSuffixes");
            readerMIMETypesMethod =
                ImageReaderSpi.class.getMethod("getMIMETypes");

            writerFormatNamesMethod =
                ImageWriterSpi.class.getMethod("getFormatNames");
            writerFileSuffixesMethod =
                ImageWriterSpi.class.getMethod("getFileSuffixes");
            writerMIMETypesMethod =
                ImageWriterSpi.class.getMethod("getMIMETypes");
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    
Returns an Iterator containing all currently
registered ImageReaders that claim to be able to
decode the named format.
Params:
formatName – a String containing the informal
name of a format (e.g., "jpeg" or "tiff".
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if formatName
is null.
See Also:
ImageReaderWriterSpi.getFormatNames
Returns:
an Iterator containing
ImageReaders./**
     * Returns an <code>Iterator</code> containing all currently
     * registered <code>ImageReader</code>s that claim to be able to
     * decode the named format.
     *
     * @param formatName a <code>String</code> containing the informal
     * name of a format (<i>e.g.</i>, "jpeg" or "tiff".
     *
     * @return an <code>Iterator</code> containing
     * <code>ImageReader</code>s.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>formatName</code>
     * is <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageReaderSpi#getFormatNames
     */
    public static Iterator<ImageReader>
        getImageReadersByFormatName(String formatName)
    {
        if (formatName == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("formatName == null!");
        }
        Iterator iter;
        // Ensure category is present
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageReaderSpi.class,
                                    new ContainsFilter(readerFormatNamesMethod,
                                                       formatName),
                                                true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return Collections.emptyIterator();
        }
        return new ImageReaderIterator(iter);
    }

    
Returns an Iterator containing all currently
registered ImageReaders that claim to be able to
decode files with the given suffix.
Params:
fileSuffix – a String containing a file
suffix (e.g., "jpg" or "tiff").
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if fileSuffix
is null.
See Also:
ImageReaderWriterSpi.getFileSuffixes
Returns:
an Iterator containing
ImageReaders./**
     * Returns an <code>Iterator</code> containing all currently
     * registered <code>ImageReader</code>s that claim to be able to
     * decode files with the given suffix.
     *
     * @param fileSuffix a <code>String</code> containing a file
     * suffix (<i>e.g.</i>, "jpg" or "tiff").
     *
     * @return an <code>Iterator</code> containing
     * <code>ImageReader</code>s.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>fileSuffix</code>
     * is <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageReaderSpi#getFileSuffixes
     */
    public static Iterator<ImageReader>
        getImageReadersBySuffix(String fileSuffix)
    {
        if (fileSuffix == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fileSuffix == null!");
        }
        // Ensure category is present
        Iterator iter;
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageReaderSpi.class,
                                   new ContainsFilter(readerFileSuffixesMethod,
                                                      fileSuffix),
                                              true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return Collections.emptyIterator();
        }
        return new ImageReaderIterator(iter);
    }

    
Returns an Iterator containing all currently
registered ImageReaders that claim to be able to
decode files with the given MIME type.
Params:
MIMEType – a String containing a file
suffix (e.g., "image/jpeg" or "image/x-bmp").
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if MIMEType is
null.
See Also:
ImageReaderWriterSpi.getMIMETypes
Returns:
an Iterator containing
ImageReaders./**
     * Returns an <code>Iterator</code> containing all currently
     * registered <code>ImageReader</code>s that claim to be able to
     * decode files with the given MIME type.
     *
     * @param MIMEType a <code>String</code> containing a file
     * suffix (<i>e.g.</i>, "image/jpeg" or "image/x-bmp").
     *
     * @return an <code>Iterator</code> containing
     * <code>ImageReader</code>s.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>MIMEType</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageReaderSpi#getMIMETypes
     */
    public static Iterator<ImageReader>
        getImageReadersByMIMEType(String MIMEType)
    {
        if (MIMEType == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("MIMEType == null!");
        }
        // Ensure category is present
        Iterator iter;
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageReaderSpi.class,
                                      new ContainsFilter(readerMIMETypesMethod,
                                                         MIMEType),
                                              true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return Collections.emptyIterator();
        }
        return new ImageReaderIterator(iter);
    }

    // Writers

    
Returns an array of Strings listing all of the
informal format names understood by the current set of registered
writers.
Returns:
an array of Strings./**
     * Returns an array of <code>String</code>s listing all of the
     * informal format names understood by the current set of registered
     * writers.
     *
     * @return an array of <code>String</code>s.
     */
    public static String[] getWriterFormatNames() {
        return getReaderWriterInfo(ImageWriterSpi.class,
                                   SpiInfo.FORMAT_NAMES);
    }

    
Returns an array of Strings listing all of the
MIME types understood by the current set of registered
writers.
Returns:
an array of Strings./**
     * Returns an array of <code>String</code>s listing all of the
     * MIME types understood by the current set of registered
     * writers.
     *
     * @return an array of <code>String</code>s.
     */
    public static String[] getWriterMIMETypes() {
        return getReaderWriterInfo(ImageWriterSpi.class,
                                   SpiInfo.MIME_TYPES);
    }

    
Returns an array of Strings listing all of the
file suffixes associated with the formats understood
by the current set of registered writers.
Returns:
an array of Strings.
Since:
1.6/**
     * Returns an array of <code>String</code>s listing all of the
     * file suffixes associated with the formats understood
     * by the current set of registered writers.
     *
     * @return an array of <code>String</code>s.
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static String[] getWriterFileSuffixes() {
        return getReaderWriterInfo(ImageWriterSpi.class,
                                   SpiInfo.FILE_SUFFIXES);
    }

    static class ImageWriterIterator implements Iterator<ImageWriter> {
        // Contains ImageWriterSpis
        public Iterator iter;

        public ImageWriterIterator(Iterator iter) {
            this.iter = iter;
        }

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return iter.hasNext();
        }

        public ImageWriter next() {
            ImageWriterSpi spi = null;
            try {
                spi = (ImageWriterSpi)iter.next();
                return spi.createWriterInstance();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                // Deregister the spi in this case, but only as a writerSpi
                theRegistry.deregisterServiceProvider(spi, ImageWriterSpi.class);
            }
            return null;
        }

        public void remove() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }

    private static boolean contains(String[] names, String name) {
        for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
            if (name.equalsIgnoreCase(names[i])) {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    
Returns an Iterator containing all currently
registered ImageWriters that claim to be able to
encode the named format.
Params:
formatName – a String containing the informal
name of a format (e.g., "jpeg" or "tiff".
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if formatName is
null.
See Also:
ImageReaderWriterSpi.getFormatNames
Returns:
an Iterator containing
ImageWriters./**
     * Returns an <code>Iterator</code> containing all currently
     * registered <code>ImageWriter</code>s that claim to be able to
     * encode the named format.
     *
     * @param formatName a <code>String</code> containing the informal
     * name of a format (<i>e.g.</i>, "jpeg" or "tiff".
     *
     * @return an <code>Iterator</code> containing
     * <code>ImageWriter</code>s.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>formatName</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageWriterSpi#getFormatNames
     */
    public static Iterator<ImageWriter>
        getImageWritersByFormatName(String formatName)
    {
        if (formatName == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("formatName == null!");
        }
        Iterator iter;
        // Ensure category is present
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageWriterSpi.class,
                                    new ContainsFilter(writerFormatNamesMethod,
                                                       formatName),
                                            true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return Collections.emptyIterator();
        }
        return new ImageWriterIterator(iter);
    }

    
Returns an Iterator containing all currently
registered ImageWriters that claim to be able to
encode files with the given suffix.
Params:
fileSuffix – a String containing a file
suffix (e.g., "jpg" or "tiff").
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if fileSuffix is
null.
See Also:
ImageReaderWriterSpi.getFileSuffixes
Returns:
an Iterator containing ImageWriters./**
     * Returns an <code>Iterator</code> containing all currently
     * registered <code>ImageWriter</code>s that claim to be able to
     * encode files with the given suffix.
     *
     * @param fileSuffix a <code>String</code> containing a file
     * suffix (<i>e.g.</i>, "jpg" or "tiff").
     *
     * @return an <code>Iterator</code> containing <code>ImageWriter</code>s.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>fileSuffix</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageWriterSpi#getFileSuffixes
     */
    public static Iterator<ImageWriter>
        getImageWritersBySuffix(String fileSuffix)
    {
        if (fileSuffix == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fileSuffix == null!");
        }
        Iterator iter;
        // Ensure category is present
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageWriterSpi.class,
                                   new ContainsFilter(writerFileSuffixesMethod,
                                                      fileSuffix),
                                            true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return Collections.emptyIterator();
        }
        return new ImageWriterIterator(iter);
    }

    
Returns an Iterator containing all currently
registered ImageWriters that claim to be able to
encode files with the given MIME type.
Params:
MIMEType – a String containing a file
suffix (e.g., "image/jpeg" or "image/x-bmp").
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if MIMEType is
null.
See Also:
ImageReaderWriterSpi.getMIMETypes
Returns:
an Iterator containing ImageWriters./**
     * Returns an <code>Iterator</code> containing all currently
     * registered <code>ImageWriter</code>s that claim to be able to
     * encode files with the given MIME type.
     *
     * @param MIMEType a <code>String</code> containing a file
     * suffix (<i>e.g.</i>, "image/jpeg" or "image/x-bmp").
     *
     * @return an <code>Iterator</code> containing <code>ImageWriter</code>s.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>MIMEType</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageWriterSpi#getMIMETypes
     */
    public static Iterator<ImageWriter>
        getImageWritersByMIMEType(String MIMEType)
    {
        if (MIMEType == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("MIMEType == null!");
        }
        Iterator iter;
        // Ensure category is present
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageWriterSpi.class,
                                      new ContainsFilter(writerMIMETypesMethod,
                                                         MIMEType),
                                            true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return Collections.emptyIterator();
        }
        return new ImageWriterIterator(iter);
    }

    
Returns an ImageWritercorresponding to the given
ImageReader, if there is one, or null
if the plug-in for this ImageReader does not
specify a corresponding ImageWriter, or if the
given ImageReader is not registered.  This
mechanism may be used to obtain an ImageWriter
that will understand the internal structure of non-pixel
metadata (as encoded by IIOMetadata objects)
generated by the ImageReader.  By obtaining this
data from the ImageReader and passing it on to the
ImageWriter obtained with this method, a client
program can read an image, modify it in some way, and write it
back out preserving all metadata, without having to understand
anything about the structure of the metadata, or even about
the image format.  Note that this method returns the
"preferred" writer, which is the first in the list returned by
javax.imageio.spi.ImageReaderSpi.getImageWriterSpiNames().
Params:
reader – an instance of a registered ImageReader.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if reader is
null.
See Also:
getImageReader(ImageWriter)
ImageReaderSpi.getImageWriterSpiNames()
Returns:
an ImageWriter, or null./**
     * Returns an <code>ImageWriter</code>corresponding to the given
     * <code>ImageReader</code>, if there is one, or <code>null</code>
     * if the plug-in for this <code>ImageReader</code> does not
     * specify a corresponding <code>ImageWriter</code>, or if the
     * given <code>ImageReader</code> is not registered.  This
     * mechanism may be used to obtain an <code>ImageWriter</code>
     * that will understand the internal structure of non-pixel
     * metadata (as encoded by <code>IIOMetadata</code> objects)
     * generated by the <code>ImageReader</code>.  By obtaining this
     * data from the <code>ImageReader</code> and passing it on to the
     * <code>ImageWriter</code> obtained with this method, a client
     * program can read an image, modify it in some way, and write it
     * back out preserving all metadata, without having to understand
     * anything about the structure of the metadata, or even about
     * the image format.  Note that this method returns the
     * "preferred" writer, which is the first in the list returned by
     * <code>javax.imageio.spi.ImageReaderSpi.getImageWriterSpiNames()</code>.
     *
     * @param reader an instance of a registered <code>ImageReader</code>.
     *
     * @return an <code>ImageWriter</code>, or null.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>reader</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @see #getImageReader(ImageWriter)
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageReaderSpi#getImageWriterSpiNames()
     */
    public static ImageWriter getImageWriter(ImageReader reader) {
        if (reader == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("reader == null!");
        }

        ImageReaderSpi readerSpi = reader.getOriginatingProvider();
        if (readerSpi == null) {
            Iterator readerSpiIter;
            // Ensure category is present
            try {
                readerSpiIter =
                    theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageReaderSpi.class,
                                                    false);
            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
                return null;
            }

            while (readerSpiIter.hasNext()) {
                ImageReaderSpi temp = (ImageReaderSpi) readerSpiIter.next();
                if (temp.isOwnReader(reader)) {
                    readerSpi = temp;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (readerSpi == null) {
                return null;
            }
        }

        String[] writerNames = readerSpi.getImageWriterSpiNames();
        if (writerNames == null) {
            return null;
        }

        Class writerSpiClass = null;
        try {
            writerSpiClass = Class.forName(writerNames[0], true,
                                           ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            return null;
        }

        ImageWriterSpi writerSpi = (ImageWriterSpi)
            theRegistry.getServiceProviderByClass(writerSpiClass);
        if (writerSpi == null) {
            return null;
        }

        try {
            return writerSpi.createWriterInstance();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            // Deregister the spi in this case, but only as a writerSpi
            theRegistry.deregisterServiceProvider(writerSpi,
                                                  ImageWriterSpi.class);
            return null;
        }
    }

    
Returns an ImageReadercorresponding to the given
ImageWriter, if there is one, or null
if the plug-in for this ImageWriter does not
specify a corresponding ImageReader, or if the
given ImageWriter is not registered.  This method
is provided principally for symmetry with
getImageWriter(ImageReader).  Note that this
method returns the "preferred" reader, which is the first in
the list returned by
javax.imageio.spi.ImageWriterSpi.getImageReaderSpiNames().
Params:
writer – an instance of a registered ImageWriter.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if writer is
null.
See Also:
getImageWriter(ImageReader)
ImageWriterSpi.getImageReaderSpiNames()
Returns:
an ImageReader, or null./**
     * Returns an <code>ImageReader</code>corresponding to the given
     * <code>ImageWriter</code>, if there is one, or <code>null</code>
     * if the plug-in for this <code>ImageWriter</code> does not
     * specify a corresponding <code>ImageReader</code>, or if the
     * given <code>ImageWriter</code> is not registered.  This method
     * is provided principally for symmetry with
     * <code>getImageWriter(ImageReader)</code>.  Note that this
     * method returns the "preferred" reader, which is the first in
     * the list returned by
     * javax.imageio.spi.ImageWriterSpi.<code>getImageReaderSpiNames()</code>.
     *
     * @param writer an instance of a registered <code>ImageWriter</code>.
     *
     * @return an <code>ImageReader</code>, or null.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>writer</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @see #getImageWriter(ImageReader)
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageWriterSpi#getImageReaderSpiNames()
     */
    public static ImageReader getImageReader(ImageWriter writer) {
        if (writer == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("writer == null!");
        }

        ImageWriterSpi writerSpi = writer.getOriginatingProvider();
        if (writerSpi == null) {
            Iterator writerSpiIter;
            // Ensure category is present
            try {
                writerSpiIter =
                    theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageWriterSpi.class,
                                                    false);
            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
                return null;
            }

            while (writerSpiIter.hasNext()) {
                ImageWriterSpi temp = (ImageWriterSpi) writerSpiIter.next();
                if (temp.isOwnWriter(writer)) {
                    writerSpi = temp;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (writerSpi == null) {
                return null;
            }
        }

        String[] readerNames = writerSpi.getImageReaderSpiNames();
        if (readerNames == null) {
            return null;
        }

        Class readerSpiClass = null;
        try {
            readerSpiClass = Class.forName(readerNames[0], true,
                                           ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            return null;
        }

        ImageReaderSpi readerSpi = (ImageReaderSpi)
            theRegistry.getServiceProviderByClass(readerSpiClass);
        if (readerSpi == null) {
            return null;
        }

        try {
            return readerSpi.createReaderInstance();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            // Deregister the spi in this case, but only as a readerSpi
            theRegistry.deregisterServiceProvider(readerSpi,
                                                  ImageReaderSpi.class);
            return null;
        }
    }

    
Returns an Iterator containing all currently
registered ImageWriters that claim to be able to
encode images of the given layout (specified using an
ImageTypeSpecifier) in the given format.
Params:
type – an ImageTypeSpecifier indicating the
layout of the image to be written.
formatName – the informal name of the format.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if any parameter is
null.
See Also:
ImageWriterSpi.canEncodeImage(ImageTypeSpecifier)
Returns:
an Iterator containing ImageWriters./**
     * Returns an <code>Iterator</code> containing all currently
     * registered <code>ImageWriter</code>s that claim to be able to
     * encode images of the given layout (specified using an
     * <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code>) in the given format.
     *
     * @param type an <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> indicating the
     * layout of the image to be written.
     * @param formatName the informal name of the <code>format</code>.
     *
     * @return an <code>Iterator</code> containing <code>ImageWriter</code>s.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if any parameter is
     * <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @see javax.imageio.spi.ImageWriterSpi#canEncodeImage(ImageTypeSpecifier)
     */
    public static Iterator<ImageWriter>
        getImageWriters(ImageTypeSpecifier type, String formatName)
    {
        if (type == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("type == null!");
        }
        if (formatName == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("formatName == null!");
        }

        Iterator iter;
        // Ensure category is present
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageWriterSpi.class,
                                 new CanEncodeImageAndFormatFilter(type,
                                                                   formatName),
                                            true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return Collections.emptyIterator();
        }

        return new ImageWriterIterator(iter);
    }

    static class ImageTranscoderIterator
        implements Iterator<ImageTranscoder>
    {
        // Contains ImageTranscoderSpis
        public Iterator iter;

        public ImageTranscoderIterator(Iterator iter) {
            this.iter = iter;
        }

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return iter.hasNext();
        }

        public ImageTranscoder next() {
            ImageTranscoderSpi spi = null;
            spi = (ImageTranscoderSpi)iter.next();
            return spi.createTranscoderInstance();
        }

        public void remove() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }

    static class TranscoderFilter
        implements ServiceRegistry.Filter {

        String readerSpiName;
        String writerSpiName;

        public TranscoderFilter(ImageReaderSpi readerSpi,
                                ImageWriterSpi writerSpi) {
            this.readerSpiName = readerSpi.getClass().getName();
            this.writerSpiName = writerSpi.getClass().getName();
        }

        public boolean filter(Object elt) {
            ImageTranscoderSpi spi = (ImageTranscoderSpi)elt;
            String readerName = spi.getReaderServiceProviderName();
            String writerName = spi.getWriterServiceProviderName();
            return (readerName.equals(readerSpiName) &&
                    writerName.equals(writerSpiName));
        }
    }

    
Returns an Iterator containing all currently
registered ImageTranscoders that claim to be
able to transcode between the metadata of the given
ImageReader and ImageWriter.
Params:
reader – an ImageReader.
writer – an ImageWriter.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if reader or
writer is null.
Returns:
an Iterator containing
ImageTranscoders./**
     * Returns an <code>Iterator</code> containing all currently
     * registered <code>ImageTranscoder</code>s that claim to be
     * able to transcode between the metadata of the given
     * <code>ImageReader</code> and <code>ImageWriter</code>.
     *
     * @param reader an <code>ImageReader</code>.
     * @param writer an <code>ImageWriter</code>.
     *
     * @return an <code>Iterator</code> containing
     * <code>ImageTranscoder</code>s.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>reader</code> or
     * <code>writer</code> is <code>null</code>.
     */
    public static Iterator<ImageTranscoder>
        getImageTranscoders(ImageReader reader, ImageWriter writer)
    {
        if (reader == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("reader == null!");
        }
        if (writer == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("writer == null!");
        }
        ImageReaderSpi readerSpi = reader.getOriginatingProvider();
        ImageWriterSpi writerSpi = writer.getOriginatingProvider();
        ServiceRegistry.Filter filter =
            new TranscoderFilter(readerSpi, writerSpi);

        Iterator iter;
        // Ensure category is present
        try {
            iter = theRegistry.getServiceProviders(ImageTranscoderSpi.class,
                                            filter, true);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            return Collections.emptyIterator();
        }
        return new ImageTranscoderIterator(iter);
    }

    // All-in-one methods

    
Returns a BufferedImage as the result of decoding
a supplied File with an ImageReader
chosen automatically from among those currently registered.
The File is wrapped in an
ImageInputStream.  If no registered
ImageReader claims to be able to read the
resulting stream, null is returned.
 The current cache settings from getUseCacheand
getCacheDirectory will be used to control caching in the
ImageInputStream that is created.
 Note that there is no read method that takes a
filename as a String; use this method instead after
creating a File from the filename.
 This method does not attempt to locate
ImageReaders that can read directly from a
File; that may be accomplished using
IIORegistry and ImageReaderSpi.
Params:
input – a File to read from.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if input is
null.
IOException – if an error occurs during reading or when not
able to create required ImageInputStream.
Returns:
a BufferedImage containing the decoded
contents of the input, or null./**
     * Returns a <code>BufferedImage</code> as the result of decoding
     * a supplied <code>File</code> with an <code>ImageReader</code>
     * chosen automatically from among those currently registered.
     * The <code>File</code> is wrapped in an
     * <code>ImageInputStream</code>.  If no registered
     * <code>ImageReader</code> claims to be able to read the
     * resulting stream, <code>null</code> is returned.
     *
     * <p> The current cache settings from <code>getUseCache</code>and
     * <code>getCacheDirectory</code> will be used to control caching in the
     * <code>ImageInputStream</code> that is created.
     *
     * <p> Note that there is no <code>read</code> method that takes a
     * filename as a <code>String</code>; use this method instead after
     * creating a <code>File</code> from the filename.
     *
     * <p> This method does not attempt to locate
     * <code>ImageReader</code>s that can read directly from a
     * <code>File</code>; that may be accomplished using
     * <code>IIORegistry</code> and <code>ImageReaderSpi</code>.
     *
     * @param input a <code>File</code> to read from.
     *
     * @return a <code>BufferedImage</code> containing the decoded
     * contents of the input, or <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>input</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     * @exception IOException if an error occurs during reading or when not
     * able to create required ImageInputStream.
     */
    public static BufferedImage read(File input) throws IOException {
        if (input == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("input == null!");
        }
        if (!input.canRead()) {
            throw new IIOException("Can't read input file!");
        }

        ImageInputStream stream = createImageInputStream(input);
        if (stream == null) {
            throw new IIOException("Can't create an ImageInputStream!");
        }
        BufferedImage bi = read(stream);
        if (bi == null) {
            stream.close();
        }
        return bi;
    }

    
Returns a BufferedImage as the result of decoding
a supplied InputStream with an ImageReader
chosen automatically from among those currently registered.
The InputStream is wrapped in an
ImageInputStream.  If no registered
ImageReader claims to be able to read the
resulting stream, null is returned.
 The current cache settings from getUseCacheand
getCacheDirectory will be used to control caching in the
ImageInputStream that is created.
 This method does not attempt to locate
ImageReaders that can read directly from an
InputStream; that may be accomplished using
IIORegistry and ImageReaderSpi.
 This method does not close the provided
InputStream after the read operation has completed;
it is the responsibility of the caller to close the stream, if desired.
Params:
input – an InputStream to read from.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if input is
null.
IOException – if an error occurs during reading or when not
able to create required ImageInputStream.
Returns:
a BufferedImage containing the decoded
contents of the input, or null./**
     * Returns a <code>BufferedImage</code> as the result of decoding
     * a supplied <code>InputStream</code> with an <code>ImageReader</code>
     * chosen automatically from among those currently registered.
     * The <code>InputStream</code> is wrapped in an
     * <code>ImageInputStream</code>.  If no registered
     * <code>ImageReader</code> claims to be able to read the
     * resulting stream, <code>null</code> is returned.
     *
     * <p> The current cache settings from <code>getUseCache</code>and
     * <code>getCacheDirectory</code> will be used to control caching in the
     * <code>ImageInputStream</code> that is created.
     *
     * <p> This method does not attempt to locate
     * <code>ImageReader</code>s that can read directly from an
     * <code>InputStream</code>; that may be accomplished using
     * <code>IIORegistry</code> and <code>ImageReaderSpi</code>.
     *
     * <p> This method <em>does not</em> close the provided
     * <code>InputStream</code> after the read operation has completed;
     * it is the responsibility of the caller to close the stream, if desired.
     *
     * @param input an <code>InputStream</code> to read from.
     *
     * @return a <code>BufferedImage</code> containing the decoded
     * contents of the input, or <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>input</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     * @exception IOException if an error occurs during reading or when not
     * able to create required ImageInputStream.
     */
    public static BufferedImage read(InputStream input) throws IOException {
        if (input == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("input == null!");
        }

        ImageInputStream stream = createImageInputStream(input);
        if (stream == null) {
            throw new IIOException("Can't create an ImageInputStream!");
        }
        BufferedImage bi = read(stream);
        if (bi == null) {
            stream.close();
        }
        return bi;
    }

    
Returns a BufferedImage as the result of decoding
a supplied URL with an ImageReader
chosen automatically from among those currently registered.  An
InputStream is obtained from the URL,
which is wrapped in an ImageInputStream.  If no
registered ImageReader claims to be able to read
the resulting stream, null is returned.
 The current cache settings from getUseCacheand
getCacheDirectory will be used to control caching in the
ImageInputStream that is created.
 This method does not attempt to locate
ImageReaders that can read directly from a
URL; that may be accomplished using
IIORegistry and ImageReaderSpi.
Params:
input – a URL to read from.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if input is
null.
IOException – if an error occurs during reading or when not
able to create required ImageInputStream.
Returns:
a BufferedImage containing the decoded
contents of the input, or null./**
     * Returns a <code>BufferedImage</code> as the result of decoding
     * a supplied <code>URL</code> with an <code>ImageReader</code>
     * chosen automatically from among those currently registered.  An
     * <code>InputStream</code> is obtained from the <code>URL</code>,
     * which is wrapped in an <code>ImageInputStream</code>.  If no
     * registered <code>ImageReader</code> claims to be able to read
     * the resulting stream, <code>null</code> is returned.
     *
     * <p> The current cache settings from <code>getUseCache</code>and
     * <code>getCacheDirectory</code> will be used to control caching in the
     * <code>ImageInputStream</code> that is created.
     *
     * <p> This method does not attempt to locate
     * <code>ImageReader</code>s that can read directly from a
     * <code>URL</code>; that may be accomplished using
     * <code>IIORegistry</code> and <code>ImageReaderSpi</code>.
     *
     * @param input a <code>URL</code> to read from.
     *
     * @return a <code>BufferedImage</code> containing the decoded
     * contents of the input, or <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>input</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     * @exception IOException if an error occurs during reading or when not
     * able to create required ImageInputStream.
     */
    public static BufferedImage read(URL input) throws IOException {
        if (input == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("input == null!");
        }

        InputStream istream = null;
        try {
            istream = input.openStream();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new IIOException("Can't get input stream from URL!", e);
        }
        ImageInputStream stream = createImageInputStream(istream);
        if (stream == null) {
            /* close the istream when stream is null so that if user has
             * given filepath as URL he can delete it, otherwise stream will
             * be open to that file and he will not be able to delete it.
             */
            istream.close();
            throw new IIOException("Can't create an ImageInputStream!");
        }
        BufferedImage bi;
        try {
            bi = read(stream);
            if (bi == null) {
                stream.close();
            }
        } finally {
            istream.close();
        }
        return bi;
    }

    
Returns a BufferedImage as the result of decoding
a supplied ImageInputStream with an
ImageReader chosen automatically from among those
currently registered.  If no registered
ImageReader claims to be able to read the stream,
null is returned.
 Unlike most other methods in this class, this method does
close the provided ImageInputStream after the read
operation has completed, unless null is returned,
in which case this method does not close the stream.
Params:
stream – an ImageInputStream to read from.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if stream is
null.
IOException – if an error occurs during reading.
Returns:
a BufferedImage containing the decoded
contents of the input, or null./**
     * Returns a <code>BufferedImage</code> as the result of decoding
     * a supplied <code>ImageInputStream</code> with an
     * <code>ImageReader</code> chosen automatically from among those
     * currently registered.  If no registered
     * <code>ImageReader</code> claims to be able to read the stream,
     * <code>null</code> is returned.
     *
     * <p> Unlike most other methods in this class, this method <em>does</em>
     * close the provided <code>ImageInputStream</code> after the read
     * operation has completed, unless <code>null</code> is returned,
     * in which case this method <em>does not</em> close the stream.
     *
     * @param stream an <code>ImageInputStream</code> to read from.
     *
     * @return a <code>BufferedImage</code> containing the decoded
     * contents of the input, or <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>stream</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     * @exception IOException if an error occurs during reading.
     */
    public static BufferedImage read(ImageInputStream stream)
        throws IOException {
        if (stream == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("stream == null!");
        }

        Iterator iter = getImageReaders(stream);
        if (!iter.hasNext()) {
            return null;
        }

        ImageReader reader = (ImageReader)iter.next();
        ImageReadParam param = reader.getDefaultReadParam();
        reader.setInput(stream, true, true);
        BufferedImage bi;
        try {
            bi = reader.read(0, param);
        } finally {
            reader.dispose();
            stream.close();
        }
        return bi;
    }

    
Writes an image using the an arbitrary ImageWriter
that supports the given format to an
ImageOutputStream.  The image is written to the
ImageOutputStream starting at the current stream
pointer, overwriting existing stream data from that point
forward, if present.
 This method does not close the provided
ImageOutputStream after the write operation has completed;
it is the responsibility of the caller to close the stream, if desired.
Params:
im – a RenderedImage to be written.
formatName – a String containing the informal
name of the format.
output – an ImageOutputStream to be written to.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if any parameter is
null.
IOException – if an error occurs during writing.
Returns:
false if no appropriate writer is found./**
     * Writes an image using the an arbitrary <code>ImageWriter</code>
     * that supports the given format to an
     * <code>ImageOutputStream</code>.  The image is written to the
     * <code>ImageOutputStream</code> starting at the current stream
     * pointer, overwriting existing stream data from that point
     * forward, if present.
     *
     * <p> This method <em>does not</em> close the provided
     * <code>ImageOutputStream</code> after the write operation has completed;
     * it is the responsibility of the caller to close the stream, if desired.
     *
     * @param im a <code>RenderedImage</code> to be written.
     * @param formatName a <code>String</code> containing the informal
     * name of the format.
     * @param output an <code>ImageOutputStream</code> to be written to.
     *
     * @return <code>false</code> if no appropriate writer is found.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if any parameter is
     * <code>null</code>.
     * @exception IOException if an error occurs during writing.
     */
    public static boolean write(RenderedImage im,
                                String formatName,
                                ImageOutputStream output) throws IOException {
        if (im == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("im == null!");
        }
        if (formatName == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("formatName == null!");
        }
        if (output == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("output == null!");
        }

        return doWrite(im, getWriter(im, formatName), output);
    }

    
Writes an image using an arbitrary ImageWriter
that supports the given format to a File.  If
there is already a File present, its contents are
discarded.
Params:
im – a RenderedImage to be written.
formatName – a String containing the informal
name of the format.
output – a File to be written to.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if any parameter is
null.
IOException – if an error occurs during writing or when not
able to create required ImageOutputStream.
Returns:
false if no appropriate writer is found./**
     * Writes an image using an arbitrary <code>ImageWriter</code>
     * that supports the given format to a <code>File</code>.  If
     * there is already a <code>File</code> present, its contents are
     * discarded.
     *
     * @param im a <code>RenderedImage</code> to be written.
     * @param formatName a <code>String</code> containing the informal
     * name of the format.
     * @param output a <code>File</code> to be written to.
     *
     * @return <code>false</code> if no appropriate writer is found.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if any parameter is
     * <code>null</code>.
     * @exception IOException if an error occurs during writing or when not
     * able to create required ImageOutputStream.
     */
    public static boolean write(RenderedImage im,
                                String formatName,
                                File output) throws IOException {
        if (output == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("output == null!");
        }

        ImageWriter writer = getWriter(im, formatName);
        if (writer == null) {
            /* Do not make changes in the file system if we have
             * no appropriate writer.
             */
            return false;
        }

        output.delete();
        ImageOutputStream stream = createImageOutputStream(output);
        if (stream == null) {
            throw new IIOException("Can't create an ImageOutputStream!");
        }
        try {
            return doWrite(im, writer, stream);
        } finally {
            stream.close();
        }
    }

    
Writes an image using an arbitrary ImageWriter
that supports the given format to an OutputStream.
 This method does not close the provided
OutputStream after the write operation has completed;
it is the responsibility of the caller to close the stream, if desired.
 The current cache settings from getUseCacheand
getCacheDirectory will be used to control caching.
Params:
im – a RenderedImage to be written.
formatName – a String containing the informal
name of the format.
output – an OutputStream to be written to.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if any parameter is
null.
IOException – if an error occurs during writing or when not
able to create required ImageOutputStream.
Returns:
false if no appropriate writer is found./**
     * Writes an image using an arbitrary <code>ImageWriter</code>
     * that supports the given format to an <code>OutputStream</code>.
     *
     * <p> This method <em>does not</em> close the provided
     * <code>OutputStream</code> after the write operation has completed;
     * it is the responsibility of the caller to close the stream, if desired.
     *
     * <p> The current cache settings from <code>getUseCache</code>and
     * <code>getCacheDirectory</code> will be used to control caching.
     *
     * @param im a <code>RenderedImage</code> to be written.
     * @param formatName a <code>String</code> containing the informal
     * name of the format.
     * @param output an <code>OutputStream</code> to be written to.
     *
     * @return <code>false</code> if no appropriate writer is found.
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if any parameter is
     * <code>null</code>.
     * @exception IOException if an error occurs during writing or when not
     * able to create required ImageOutputStream.
     */
    public static boolean write(RenderedImage im,
                                String formatName,
                                OutputStream output) throws IOException {
        if (output == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("output == null!");
        }
        ImageOutputStream stream = createImageOutputStream(output);
        if (stream == null) {
            throw new IIOException("Can't create an ImageOutputStream!");
        }
        try {
            return doWrite(im, getWriter(im, formatName), stream);
        } finally {
            stream.close();
        }
    }

    
Returns ImageWriter instance according to given
rendered image and image format or null if there
is no appropriate writer.
/**
     * Returns <code>ImageWriter</code> instance according to given
     * rendered image and image format or <code>null</code> if there
     * is no appropriate writer.
     */
    private static ImageWriter getWriter(RenderedImage im,
                                         String formatName) {
        ImageTypeSpecifier type =
            ImageTypeSpecifier.createFromRenderedImage(im);
        Iterator<ImageWriter> iter = getImageWriters(type, formatName);

        if (iter.hasNext()) {
            return iter.next();
        } else {
            return null;
        }
    }

    
Writes image to output stream  using given image writer.
/**
     * Writes image to output stream  using given image writer.
     */
    private static boolean doWrite(RenderedImage im, ImageWriter writer,
                                 ImageOutputStream output) throws IOException {
        if (writer == null) {
            return false;
        }
        writer.setOutput(output);
        try {
            writer.write(im);
        } finally {
            writer.dispose();
            output.flush();
        }
        return true;
    }
}