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package org.graalvm.compiler.phases.graph;

import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Deque;
import java.util.List;

import jdk.internal.vm.compiler.collections.EconomicMap;
import jdk.internal.vm.compiler.collections.Equivalence;
import org.graalvm.compiler.graph.Node;
import org.graalvm.compiler.graph.NodeBitMap;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.AbstractBeginNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.AbstractMergeNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.ControlSinkNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.ControlSplitNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.EndNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.FixedNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.FixedWithNextNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.Invoke;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.InvokeWithExceptionNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.LoopBeginNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.LoopEndNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.StartNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.StructuredGraph;


A SinglePassNodeIterator iterates the fixed nodes of the graph in post order starting from its start node. Unlike in iterative dataflow analysis, a single pass is performed, which allows keeping a smaller working set of pending MergeableState. This iteration scheme requires: 

 For this iterator the CFG is defined by the classical CFG nodes ( ControlSplitNode, AbstractMergeNode ...) and the next pointers of FixedWithNextNode. 


 The lifecycle that single-pass node iterators go through is described in apply() 


Type parameters:
/**
 * A SinglePassNodeIterator iterates the fixed nodes of the graph in post order starting from its
 * start node. Unlike in iterative dataflow analysis, a single pass is performed, which allows
 * keeping a smaller working set of pending {@link MergeableState}. This iteration scheme requires:
 * <ul>
 * <li>{@link MergeableState#merge(AbstractMergeNode, List)} to always return <code>true</code> (an
 * assertion checks this)</li>
 * <li>{@link #controlSplit(ControlSplitNode)} to always return all successors (otherwise, not all
 * associated {@link EndNode} will be visited. In turn, visiting all the end nodes for a given
 * {@link AbstractMergeNode} is a precondition before that merge node can be visited)</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>
 * For this iterator the CFG is defined by the classical CFG nodes (
 * {@link org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.ControlSplitNode},
 * {@link org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.AbstractMergeNode} ...) and the
 * {@link org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.FixedWithNextNode#next() next} pointers of
 * {@link org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.FixedWithNextNode}.
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>
 * The lifecycle that single-pass node iterators go through is described in {@link #apply()}
 * </p>
 *
 * @param <T> the type of {@link MergeableState} handled by this SinglePassNodeIterator
 */
public abstract class SinglePassNodeIterator<T extends MergeableState<T>> {

    private final NodeBitMap visitedEnds;

    
See Also:
  • PathStart
/**
     * @see SinglePassNodeIterator.PathStart
     */
    private final Deque<PathStart<T>> nodeQueue;

    
The keys in this map may be:


 It's tricky to answer whether the state an entry contains is the pre-state or the post-state for the key in question, because states are mutable. Thus an entry may be created to contain a pre-state (at the time, as done for a loop-begin in apply()) only to make it a post-state soon after (continuing with the loop-begin example, also in apply()). In any case, given that keys are limited to the nodes mentioned in the previous paragraph, in all cases an entry can be considered to hold a post-state by the time such entry is retrieved. 


 The only method that makes this map grow is keepForLater(FixedNode, MergeableState) and the only one that shrinks it is pruneEntry(FixedNode). To make sure no entry is left behind inadvertently, asserts in finished() are in place. 


/**
     * The keys in this map may be:
     * <ul>
     * <li>loop-begins and loop-ends, see {@link #finishLoopEnds(LoopEndNode)}</li>
     * <li>forward-ends of merge-nodes, see {@link #queueMerge(EndNode)}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * It's tricky to answer whether the state an entry contains is the pre-state or the post-state
     * for the key in question, because states are mutable. Thus an entry may be created to contain
     * a pre-state (at the time, as done for a loop-begin in {@link #apply()}) only to make it a
     * post-state soon after (continuing with the loop-begin example, also in {@link #apply()}). In
     * any case, given that keys are limited to the nodes mentioned in the previous paragraph, in
     * all cases an entry can be considered to hold a post-state by the time such entry is
     * retrieved.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * The only method that makes this map grow is {@link #keepForLater(FixedNode, MergeableState)}
     * and the only one that shrinks it is {@link #pruneEntry(FixedNode)}. To make sure no entry is
     * left behind inadvertently, asserts in {@link #finished()} are in place.
     * </p>
     */
    private final EconomicMap<FixedNode, T> nodeStates;

    private final StartNode start;

    protected T state;

    
An item queued in SinglePassNodeIterator<T>.nodeQueue can be used to continue with the single-pass visit after the previous path can't be followed anymore. Such items are: 


Correspondingly each item may stand for:





/**
     * An item queued in {@link #nodeQueue} can be used to continue with the single-pass visit after
     * the previous path can't be followed anymore. Such items are:
     * <ul>
     * <li>de-queued via {@link #nextQueuedNode()}</li>
     * <li>en-queued via {@link #queueMerge(EndNode)} and {@link #queueSuccessors(FixedNode)}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * Correspondingly each item may stand for:
     * <ul>
     * <li>a {@link AbstractMergeNode} whose pre-state results from merging those of its
     * forward-ends, see {@link #nextQueuedNode()}</li>
     * <li>a successor of a control-split node, in which case the state on entry to it (the
     * successor) is also stored in the item, see {@link #nextQueuedNode()}</li>
     * </ul>
     * </p>
     */
    private static final class PathStart<U> {
        private final AbstractBeginNode node;
        private final U stateOnEntry;

        private PathStart(AbstractBeginNode node, U stateOnEntry) {
            this.node = node;
            this.stateOnEntry = stateOnEntry;
            assert repOK();
        }

        
Returns:true iff this instance is internally consistent (ie, its "representation is OK")
/**
         * @return true iff this instance is internally consistent (ie, its "representation is OK")
         */
        private boolean repOK() {
            if (node == null) {
                return false;
            }
            if (node instanceof AbstractMergeNode) {
                return stateOnEntry == null;
            }
            return (stateOnEntry != null);
        }
    }

    public SinglePassNodeIterator(StartNode start, T initialState) {
        StructuredGraph graph = start.graph();
        visitedEnds = graph.createNodeBitMap();
        nodeQueue = new ArrayDeque<>();
        nodeStates = EconomicMap.create(Equivalence.IDENTITY);
        this.start = start;
        this.state = initialState;
    }

    
Performs a single-pass iteration.

 After this method has been invoked, the SinglePassNodeIterator instance can't be used again. This saves clearing up fields in finished(), the assumption being that this instance will be garbage-collected soon afterwards. 


/**
     * Performs a single-pass iteration.
     *
     * <p>
     * After this method has been invoked, the {@link SinglePassNodeIterator} instance can't be used
     * again. This saves clearing up fields in {@link #finished()}, the assumption being that this
     * instance will be garbage-collected soon afterwards.
     * </p>
     */
    public void apply() {
        FixedNode current = start;

        do {
            if (current instanceof InvokeWithExceptionNode) {
                invoke((Invoke) current);
                queueSuccessors(current);
                current = nextQueuedNode();
            } else if (current instanceof LoopBeginNode) {
                state.loopBegin((LoopBeginNode) current);
                keepForLater(current, state);
                state = state.clone();
                loopBegin((LoopBeginNode) current);
                current = ((LoopBeginNode) current).next();
                assert current != null;
            } else if (current instanceof LoopEndNode) {
                loopEnd((LoopEndNode) current);
                finishLoopEnds((LoopEndNode) current);
                current = nextQueuedNode();
            } else if (current instanceof AbstractMergeNode) {
                merge((AbstractMergeNode) current);
                current = ((AbstractMergeNode) current).next();
                assert current != null;
            } else if (current instanceof FixedWithNextNode) {
                FixedNode next = ((FixedWithNextNode) current).next();
                assert next != null : current;
                node(current);
                current = next;
            } else if (current instanceof EndNode) {
                end((EndNode) current);
                queueMerge((EndNode) current);
                current = nextQueuedNode();
            } else if (current instanceof ControlSinkNode) {
                node(current);
                current = nextQueuedNode();
            } else if (current instanceof ControlSplitNode) {
                controlSplit((ControlSplitNode) current);
                queueSuccessors(current);
                current = nextQueuedNode();
            } else {
                assert false : current;
            }
        } while (current != null);
        finished();
    }

    
Two methods enqueue items in SinglePassNodeIterator<T>.nodeQueue. Of them, only this method enqueues items with non-null state (the other method being queueMerge(EndNode)). 
 A space optimization is made: the state is cloned for all successors except the first. Given that right after invoking this method, nextQueuedNode() is invoked, that single non-cloned state instance is in effect "handed over" to its next owner (thus realizing an owner-is-mutator access protocol). 


/**
     * Two methods enqueue items in {@link #nodeQueue}. Of them, only this method enqueues items
     * with non-null state (the other method being {@link #queueMerge(EndNode)}).
     *
     * <p>
     * A space optimization is made: the state is cloned for all successors except the first. Given
     * that right after invoking this method, {@link #nextQueuedNode()} is invoked, that single
     * non-cloned state instance is in effect "handed over" to its next owner (thus realizing an
     * owner-is-mutator access protocol).
     * </p>
     */
    private void queueSuccessors(FixedNode x) {
        T startState = state;
        T curState = startState;
        for (Node succ : x.successors()) {
            if (succ != null) {
                if (curState == null) {
                    // the current state isn't cloned for the first successor
                    // conceptually, the state is handed over to it
                    curState = startState.clone();
                }
                AbstractBeginNode begin = (AbstractBeginNode) succ;
                nodeQueue.addFirst(new PathStart<>(begin, curState));
            }
        }
    }

    
This method is invoked upon not having a (single) next FixedNode to visit. This method picks such next-node-to-visit from SinglePassNodeIterator<T>.nodeQueue and updates SinglePassNodeIterator<T>.state with the pre-state for that node. 
 Upon reaching a AbstractMergeNode, some entries are pruned from SinglePassNodeIterator<T>.nodeStates (ie, the entries associated to forward-ends for that merge-node). 


/**
     * This method is invoked upon not having a (single) next {@link FixedNode} to visit. This
     * method picks such next-node-to-visit from {@link #nodeQueue} and updates {@link #state} with
     * the pre-state for that node.
     *
     * <p>
     * Upon reaching a {@link AbstractMergeNode}, some entries are pruned from {@link #nodeStates}
     * (ie, the entries associated to forward-ends for that merge-node).
     * </p>
     */
    private FixedNode nextQueuedNode() {
        if (nodeQueue.isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        PathStart<T> elem = nodeQueue.removeFirst();
        if (elem.node instanceof AbstractMergeNode) {
            AbstractMergeNode merge = (AbstractMergeNode) elem.node;
            state = pruneEntry(merge.forwardEndAt(0));
            ArrayList<T> states = new ArrayList<>(merge.forwardEndCount() - 1);
            for (int i = 1; i < merge.forwardEndCount(); i++) {
                T other = pruneEntry(merge.forwardEndAt(i));
                states.add(other);
            }
            boolean ready = state.merge(merge, states);
            assert ready : "Not a single-pass iterator after all";
            return merge;
        } else {
            AbstractBeginNode begin = elem.node;
            assert begin.predecessor() != null;
            state = elem.stateOnEntry;
            state.afterSplit(begin);
            return begin;
        }
    }

    
Once all loop-end-nodes for a given loop-node have been visited.

    

  • the state for that loop-node is updated based on the states of the loop-end-nodes
    • 

  • entries in SinglePassNodeIterator<T>.nodeStates are pruned for the loop (they aren't going to be looked up again, anyway)
    • 




The entries removed by this method were inserted:

    

  • for the loop-begin, by apply()
    • 

  • for loop-ends, by (previous) invocations of this method
    • 





/**
     * Once all loop-end-nodes for a given loop-node have been visited.
     * <ul>
     * <li>the state for that loop-node is updated based on the states of the loop-end-nodes</li>
     * <li>entries in {@link #nodeStates} are pruned for the loop (they aren't going to be looked up
     * again, anyway)</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * The entries removed by this method were inserted:
     * <ul>
     * <li>for the loop-begin, by {@link #apply()}</li>
     * <li>for loop-ends, by (previous) invocations of this method</li>
     * </ul>
     * </p>
     */
    private void finishLoopEnds(LoopEndNode end) {
        assert !visitedEnds.isMarked(end);
        visitedEnds.mark(end);
        keepForLater(end, state);
        LoopBeginNode begin = end.loopBegin();
        boolean endsVisited = true;
        for (LoopEndNode le : begin.loopEnds()) {
            if (!visitedEnds.isMarked(le)) {
                endsVisited = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (endsVisited) {
            ArrayList<T> states = new ArrayList<>(begin.loopEnds().count());
            for (LoopEndNode le : begin.orderedLoopEnds()) {
                T leState = pruneEntry(le);
                states.add(leState);
            }
            T loopBeginState = pruneEntry(begin);
            loopBeginState.loopEnds(begin, states);
        }
    }

    
Once all end-nodes for a given merge-node have been visited, that merge-node is added to the SinglePassNodeIterator<T>.nodeQueue 
 nextQueuedNode() is in charge of pruning entries (held by SinglePassNodeIterator<T>.nodeStates) for the forward-ends inserted by this method. 


/**
     * Once all end-nodes for a given merge-node have been visited, that merge-node is added to the
     * {@link #nodeQueue}
     *
     * <p>
     * {@link #nextQueuedNode()} is in charge of pruning entries (held by {@link #nodeStates}) for
     * the forward-ends inserted by this method.
     * </p>
     */
    private void queueMerge(EndNode end) {
        assert !visitedEnds.isMarked(end);
        visitedEnds.mark(end);
        keepForLater(end, state);
        AbstractMergeNode merge = end.merge();
        boolean endsVisited = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < merge.forwardEndCount(); i++) {
            if (!visitedEnds.isMarked(merge.forwardEndAt(i))) {
                endsVisited = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (endsVisited) {
            nodeQueue.add(new PathStart<>(merge, null));
        }
    }

    protected abstract void node(FixedNode node);

    protected void end(EndNode endNode) {
        node(endNode);
    }

    protected void merge(AbstractMergeNode merge) {
        node(merge);
    }

    protected void loopBegin(LoopBeginNode loopBegin) {
        node(loopBegin);
    }

    protected void loopEnd(LoopEndNode loopEnd) {
        node(loopEnd);
    }

    protected void controlSplit(ControlSplitNode controlSplit) {
        node(controlSplit);
    }

    protected void invoke(Invoke invoke) {
        node(invoke.asNode());
    }

    
The lifecycle that single-pass node iterators go through is described in apply() 

When overriding this method don't forget to invoke this implementation, otherwise the
assertions will be skipped.



/**
     * The lifecycle that single-pass node iterators go through is described in {@link #apply()}
     *
     * <p>
     * When overriding this method don't forget to invoke this implementation, otherwise the
     * assertions will be skipped.
     * </p>
     */
    protected void finished() {
        assert nodeQueue.isEmpty();
        assert nodeStates.isEmpty();
    }

    private void keepForLater(FixedNode x, T s) {
        assert !nodeStates.containsKey(x);
        assert (x instanceof LoopBeginNode) || (x instanceof LoopEndNode) || (x instanceof EndNode);
        assert s != null;
        nodeStates.put(x, s);
    }

    private T pruneEntry(FixedNode x) {
        T result = nodeStates.removeKey(x);
        assert result != null;
        return result;
    }
}