/*
 * Copyright (c) 2012, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */


package org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot;

import static org.graalvm.compiler.replacements.arraycopy.ArrayCopyForeignCalls.UNSAFE_ARRAYCOPY;

import java.util.EnumSet;

import jdk.internal.vm.compiler.collections.EconomicMap;
import jdk.internal.vm.compiler.collections.EconomicSet;
import jdk.internal.vm.compiler.collections.Equivalence;
import jdk.internal.vm.compiler.collections.MapCursor;
import org.graalvm.compiler.code.CompilationResult;
import org.graalvm.compiler.core.common.CompilationIdentifier;
import org.graalvm.compiler.core.common.cfg.AbstractBlockBase;
import org.graalvm.compiler.core.common.spi.ForeignCallDescriptor;
import org.graalvm.compiler.core.common.spi.ForeignCallLinkage;
import org.graalvm.compiler.core.target.Backend;
import org.graalvm.compiler.graph.Node.ConstantNodeParameter;
import org.graalvm.compiler.graph.Node.NodeIntrinsic;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.meta.HotSpotProviders;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.nodes.VMErrorNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.nodes.aot.ResolveConstantStubCall;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.replacements.AESCryptSubstitutions;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.replacements.BigIntegerSubstitutions;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.replacements.CipherBlockChainingSubstitutions;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.replacements.DigestBaseSubstitutions;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.replacements.SHA2Substitutions;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.replacements.SHA5Substitutions;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.replacements.SHASubstitutions;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.stubs.ExceptionHandlerStub;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.stubs.Stub;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.stubs.UnwindExceptionToCallerStub;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.word.KlassPointer;
import org.graalvm.compiler.hotspot.word.MethodCountersPointer;
import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.LIR;
import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.LIRFrameState;
import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.LIRInstruction;
import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.LIRInstruction.OperandFlag;
import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.LIRInstruction.OperandMode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.StandardOp.LabelOp;
import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.StandardOp.SaveRegistersOp;
import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.ValueConsumer;
import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.asm.CompilationResultBuilder;
import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.framemap.FrameMap;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.UnwindNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.extended.ForeignCallNode;
import org.graalvm.compiler.options.Option;
import org.graalvm.compiler.options.OptionKey;
import org.graalvm.compiler.options.OptionType;
import org.graalvm.compiler.options.OptionValues;
import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.tiers.SuitesProvider;
import org.graalvm.compiler.serviceprovider.JavaVersionUtil;
import org.graalvm.compiler.word.Word;
import jdk.internal.vm.compiler.word.Pointer;

import jdk.vm.ci.code.CompilationRequest;
import jdk.vm.ci.code.CompiledCode;
import jdk.vm.ci.code.Register;
import jdk.vm.ci.code.RegisterSaveLayout;
import jdk.vm.ci.code.StackSlot;
import jdk.vm.ci.code.ValueUtil;
import jdk.vm.ci.hotspot.HotSpotCompilationRequest;
import jdk.vm.ci.hotspot.HotSpotJVMCIRuntime;
import jdk.vm.ci.hotspot.HotSpotResolvedJavaMethod;
import jdk.vm.ci.meta.ResolvedJavaMethod;
import jdk.vm.ci.meta.Value;
import jdk.vm.ci.runtime.JVMCICompiler;

HotSpot specific backend.
/**
 * HotSpot specific backend.
 */
public abstract class HotSpotBackend extends Backend implements FrameMap.ReferenceMapBuilderFactory {

    public static class Options {
        // @formatter:off
        @Option(help = "Use Graal arithmetic stubs instead of HotSpot stubs where possible")
        public static final OptionKey<Boolean> GraalArithmeticStubs = new OptionKey<>(JavaVersionUtil.JAVA_SPECIFICATION_VERSION >= 9);
        @Option(help = "Enables instruction profiling on assembler level. Valid values are a comma separated list of supported instructions." +
                        " Compare with subclasses of Assembler.InstructionCounter.", type = OptionType.Debug)
        public static final OptionKey<String> ASMInstructionProfiling = new OptionKey<>(null);
        // @formatter:on
    }

    
Descriptor for ExceptionHandlerStub. This stub is called by the exception handler in a compiled method. /**
     * Descriptor for {@link ExceptionHandlerStub}. This stub is called by the
     * {@linkplain GraalHotSpotVMConfig#MARKID_EXCEPTION_HANDLER_ENTRY exception handler} in a
     * compiled method.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor EXCEPTION_HANDLER = new ForeignCallDescriptor("exceptionHandler", void.class, Object.class, Word.class);

    
Descriptor for SharedRuntime::get_ic_miss_stub().
/**
     * Descriptor for SharedRuntime::get_ic_miss_stub().
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor IC_MISS_HANDLER = new ForeignCallDescriptor("icMissHandler", void.class);

    
Descriptor for SharedRuntime::get_handle_wrong_method_stub().
/**
     * Descriptor for SharedRuntime::get_handle_wrong_method_stub().
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor WRONG_METHOD_HANDLER = new ForeignCallDescriptor("wrongMethodHandler", void.class);

    
Descriptor for UnwindExceptionToCallerStub. This stub is called by code generated from UnwindNode. /**
     * Descriptor for {@link UnwindExceptionToCallerStub}. This stub is called by code generated
     * from {@link UnwindNode}.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor UNWIND_EXCEPTION_TO_CALLER = new ForeignCallDescriptor("unwindExceptionToCaller", void.class, Object.class, Word.class);

    
Descriptor for the arguments when unwinding to an exception handler in a caller.
/**
     * Descriptor for the arguments when unwinding to an exception handler in a caller.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor EXCEPTION_HANDLER_IN_CALLER = new ForeignCallDescriptor("exceptionHandlerInCaller", void.class, Object.class, Word.class);

    private final HotSpotGraalRuntimeProvider runtime;

    
See Also:
encryptBlockStub.encryptBlockStub(ForeignCallDescriptor, Word, Word, Pointer)/**
     * @see AESCryptSubstitutions#encryptBlockStub(ForeignCallDescriptor, Word, Word, Pointer)
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor ENCRYPT_BLOCK = new ForeignCallDescriptor("encrypt_block", void.class, Word.class, Word.class, Pointer.class);

    
See Also:
decryptBlockStub.decryptBlockStub(ForeignCallDescriptor, Word, Word, Pointer)/**
     * @see AESCryptSubstitutions#decryptBlockStub(ForeignCallDescriptor, Word, Word, Pointer)
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor DECRYPT_BLOCK = new ForeignCallDescriptor("decrypt_block", void.class, Word.class, Word.class, Pointer.class);

    
See Also:
decryptBlockStub.decryptBlockStub(ForeignCallDescriptor, Word, Word, Pointer)/**
     * @see AESCryptSubstitutions#decryptBlockStub(ForeignCallDescriptor, Word, Word, Pointer)
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor DECRYPT_BLOCK_WITH_ORIGINAL_KEY = new ForeignCallDescriptor("decrypt_block_with_original_key", void.class, Word.class, Word.class, Pointer.class,
                    Pointer.class);

    
See Also:
crypt.crypt/**
     * @see CipherBlockChainingSubstitutions#crypt
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor ENCRYPT = new ForeignCallDescriptor("encrypt", void.class, Word.class, Word.class, Pointer.class, Pointer.class, int.class);

    
See Also:
crypt.crypt/**
     * @see CipherBlockChainingSubstitutions#crypt
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor DECRYPT = new ForeignCallDescriptor("decrypt", void.class, Word.class, Word.class, Pointer.class, Pointer.class, int.class);

    
See Also:
crypt.crypt/**
     * @see CipherBlockChainingSubstitutions#crypt
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor DECRYPT_WITH_ORIGINAL_KEY = new ForeignCallDescriptor("decrypt_with_original_key", void.class, Word.class, Word.class, Pointer.class, Pointer.class,
                    int.class, Pointer.class);

    
See Also:
multiplyToLen.multiplyToLen/**
     * @see BigIntegerSubstitutions#multiplyToLen
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor MULTIPLY_TO_LEN = new ForeignCallDescriptor("multiplyToLen", void.class, Word.class, int.class, Word.class, int.class, Word.class, int.class);

    public static void multiplyToLenStub(Word xAddr, int xlen, Word yAddr, int ylen, Word zAddr, int zLen) {
        multiplyToLenStub(HotSpotBackend.MULTIPLY_TO_LEN, xAddr, xlen, yAddr, ylen, zAddr, zLen);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native void multiplyToLenStub(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word xIn, int xLen, Word yIn, int yLen, Word zIn, int zLen);

    
See Also:
mulAdd.mulAdd/**
     * @see BigIntegerSubstitutions#mulAdd
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor MUL_ADD = new ForeignCallDescriptor("mulAdd", int.class, Word.class, Word.class, int.class, int.class, int.class);

    public static int mulAddStub(Word inAddr, Word outAddr, int newOffset, int len, int k) {
        return mulAddStub(HotSpotBackend.MUL_ADD, inAddr, outAddr, newOffset, len, k);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native int mulAddStub(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word inAddr, Word outAddr, int newOffset, int len, int k);

    
See Also:
implMontgomeryMultiply.implMontgomeryMultiply/**
     * @see BigIntegerSubstitutions#implMontgomeryMultiply
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor MONTGOMERY_MULTIPLY = new ForeignCallDescriptor("implMontgomeryMultiply", void.class, Word.class, Word.class, Word.class, int.class, long.class,
                    Word.class);

    public static void implMontgomeryMultiply(Word aAddr, Word bAddr, Word nAddr, int len, long inv, Word productAddr) {
        implMontgomeryMultiply(HotSpotBackend.MONTGOMERY_MULTIPLY, aAddr, bAddr, nAddr, len, inv, productAddr);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native void implMontgomeryMultiply(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word aAddr, Word bAddr, Word nAddr, int len, long inv, Word productAddr);

    
See Also:
implMontgomerySquare.implMontgomerySquare/**
     * @see BigIntegerSubstitutions#implMontgomerySquare
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor MONTGOMERY_SQUARE = new ForeignCallDescriptor("implMontgomerySquare", void.class, Word.class, Word.class, int.class, long.class, Word.class);

    public static void implMontgomerySquare(Word aAddr, Word nAddr, int len, long inv, Word productAddr) {
        implMontgomerySquare(HotSpotBackend.MONTGOMERY_SQUARE, aAddr, nAddr, len, inv, productAddr);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native void implMontgomerySquare(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word aAddr, Word nAddr, int len, long inv, Word productAddr);

    
See Also:
implSquareToLen.implSquareToLen/**
     * @see BigIntegerSubstitutions#implSquareToLen
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor SQUARE_TO_LEN = new ForeignCallDescriptor("implSquareToLen", void.class, Word.class, int.class, Word.class, int.class);

    public static void implSquareToLen(Word xAddr, int len, Word zAddr, int zLen) {
        implSquareToLen(SQUARE_TO_LEN, xAddr, len, zAddr, zLen);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native void implSquareToLen(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word xAddr, int len, Word zAddr, int zLen);

    
See Also:
implCompress0.implCompress0/**
     * @see SHASubstitutions#implCompress0
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor SHA_IMPL_COMPRESS = new ForeignCallDescriptor("shaImplCompress", void.class, Word.class, Object.class);

    public static void shaImplCompressStub(Word bufAddr, Object state) {
        shaImplCompressStub(HotSpotBackend.SHA_IMPL_COMPRESS, bufAddr, state);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native void shaImplCompressStub(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word bufAddr, Object state);

    
See Also:
implCompress0.implCompress0/**
     * @see SHA2Substitutions#implCompress0
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor SHA2_IMPL_COMPRESS = new ForeignCallDescriptor("sha2ImplCompress", void.class, Word.class, Object.class);

    public static void sha2ImplCompressStub(Word bufAddr, Object state) {
        sha2ImplCompressStub(HotSpotBackend.SHA2_IMPL_COMPRESS, bufAddr, state);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native void sha2ImplCompressStub(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word bufAddr, Object state);

    
See Also:
implCompress0.implCompress0/**
     * @see SHA5Substitutions#implCompress0
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor SHA5_IMPL_COMPRESS = new ForeignCallDescriptor("sha5ImplCompress", void.class, Word.class, Object.class);

    public static void sha5ImplCompressStub(Word bufAddr, Object state) {
        sha5ImplCompressStub(HotSpotBackend.SHA5_IMPL_COMPRESS, bufAddr, state);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native void sha5ImplCompressStub(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word bufAddr, Object state);

    
See Also:
implCompressMultiBlock0.implCompressMultiBlock0/**
     * @see DigestBaseSubstitutions#implCompressMultiBlock0
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor SHA_IMPL_COMPRESS_MB = new ForeignCallDescriptor("shaImplCompressMB", int.class, Word.class, Object.class, int.class, int.class);

    public static int shaImplCompressMBStub(Word bufAddr, Object stateAddr, int ofs, int limit) {
        return shaImplCompressMBStub(HotSpotBackend.SHA_IMPL_COMPRESS_MB, bufAddr, stateAddr, ofs, limit);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native int shaImplCompressMBStub(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word bufAddr, Object state, int ofs, int limit);

    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor SHA2_IMPL_COMPRESS_MB = new ForeignCallDescriptor("sha2ImplCompressMB", int.class, Word.class, Object.class, int.class, int.class);

    public static int sha2ImplCompressMBStub(Word bufAddr, Object stateAddr, int ofs, int limit) {
        return sha2ImplCompressMBStub(HotSpotBackend.SHA2_IMPL_COMPRESS_MB, bufAddr, stateAddr, ofs, limit);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native int sha2ImplCompressMBStub(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word bufAddr, Object state, int ofs, int limit);

    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor SHA5_IMPL_COMPRESS_MB = new ForeignCallDescriptor("sha5ImplCompressMB", int.class, Word.class, Object.class, int.class, int.class);

    public static int sha5ImplCompressMBStub(Word bufAddr, Object stateAddr, int ofs, int limit) {
        return sha5ImplCompressMBStub(HotSpotBackend.SHA5_IMPL_COMPRESS_MB, bufAddr, stateAddr, ofs, limit);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native int sha5ImplCompressMBStub(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word bufAddr, Object state, int ofs, int limit);

    public static void unsafeArraycopy(Word srcAddr, Word dstAddr, Word size) {
        unsafeArraycopyStub(UNSAFE_ARRAYCOPY, srcAddr, dstAddr, size);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native void unsafeArraycopyStub(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word srcAddr, Word dstAddr, Word size);

    
Descriptor for StubRoutines::_ghash_processBlocks. /**
     * Descriptor for {@code StubRoutines::_ghash_processBlocks}.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor GHASH_PROCESS_BLOCKS = new ForeignCallDescriptor("ghashProcessBlocks", void.class, Word.class, Word.class, Word.class, int.class);

    
Descriptor for StubRoutines::_base64_encodeBlock. /**
     * Descriptor for {@code StubRoutines::_base64_encodeBlock}.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor BASE64_ENCODE_BLOCK = new ForeignCallDescriptor("base64EncodeBlock", void.class, Word.class, int.class, int.class, Word.class, int.class, boolean.class);

    
Descriptor for StubRoutines::_counterMode_AESCrypt. /**
     * Descriptor for {@code StubRoutines::_counterMode_AESCrypt}.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor COUNTERMODE_IMPL_CRYPT = new ForeignCallDescriptor("counterModeAESCrypt", int.class, Word.class, Word.class, Word.class, Word.class, int.class,
                    Word.class, Word.class);

    public static int counterModeAESCrypt(Word srcAddr, Word dstAddr, Word kPtr, Word cntPtr, int len, Word encCntPtr, Word used) {
        return counterModeAESCrypt(COUNTERMODE_IMPL_CRYPT, srcAddr, dstAddr, kPtr, cntPtr, len, encCntPtr, used);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native int counterModeAESCrypt(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word srcAddr, Word dstAddr, Word kPtr, Word cntPtr, int len, Word encCntPtr,
                    Word used);

    
Descriptor for StubRoutines::_vectorizedMismatch. /**
     * Descriptor for {@code StubRoutines::_vectorizedMismatch}.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor VECTORIZED_MISMATCHED = new ForeignCallDescriptor("vectorizedMismatch", int.class, Word.class, Word.class, int.class, int.class);

    public static int vectorizedMismatch(Word aAddr, Word bAddr, int length, int log2ArrayIndexScale) {
        return vectorizedMismatchStub(VECTORIZED_MISMATCHED, aAddr, bAddr, length, log2ArrayIndexScale);
    }

    @NodeIntrinsic(ForeignCallNode.class)
    private static native int vectorizedMismatchStub(@ConstantNodeParameter ForeignCallDescriptor descriptor, Word aAddr, Word bAddr, int length, int log2ArrayIndexScale);

    
See Also:
VMErrorNode/**
     * @see VMErrorNode
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor VM_ERROR = new ForeignCallDescriptor("vm_error", void.class, Object.class, Object.class, long.class);

    
New multi array stub that throws an OutOfMemoryError on allocation failure. /**
     * New multi array stub that throws an {@link OutOfMemoryError} on allocation failure.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor NEW_MULTI_ARRAY = new ForeignCallDescriptor("new_multi_array", Object.class, KlassPointer.class, int.class, Word.class);

    
New multi array stub that will return null on allocation failure.
/**
     * New multi array stub that will return null on allocation failure.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor NEW_MULTI_ARRAY_OR_NULL = new ForeignCallDescriptor("new_multi_array_or_null", Object.class, KlassPointer.class, int.class, Word.class);

    
New array stub that throws an OutOfMemoryError on allocation failure. /**
     * New array stub that throws an {@link OutOfMemoryError} on allocation failure.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor NEW_ARRAY = new ForeignCallDescriptor("new_array", Object.class, KlassPointer.class, int.class);

    
New array stub that will return null on allocation failure.
/**
     * New array stub that will return null on allocation failure.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor NEW_ARRAY_OR_NULL = new ForeignCallDescriptor("new_array_or_null", Object.class, KlassPointer.class, int.class);

    
New instance stub that throws an OutOfMemoryError on allocation failure. /**
     * New instance stub that throws an {@link OutOfMemoryError} on allocation failure.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor NEW_INSTANCE = new ForeignCallDescriptor("new_instance", Object.class, KlassPointer.class);

    
New instance stub that will return null on allocation failure.
/**
     * New instance stub that will return null on allocation failure.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor NEW_INSTANCE_OR_NULL = new ForeignCallDescriptor("new_instance_or_null", Object.class, KlassPointer.class);

    
See Also:
ResolveConstantStubCall/**
     * @see ResolveConstantStubCall
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor RESOLVE_STRING_BY_SYMBOL = new ForeignCallDescriptor("resolve_string_by_symbol", Object.class, Word.class, Word.class);

    
See Also:
ResolveConstantStubCall/**
     * @see ResolveConstantStubCall
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor RESOLVE_DYNAMIC_INVOKE = new ForeignCallDescriptor("resolve_dynamic_invoke", Object.class, Word.class);

    
See Also:
ResolveConstantStubCall/**
     * @see ResolveConstantStubCall
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor RESOLVE_KLASS_BY_SYMBOL = new ForeignCallDescriptor("resolve_klass_by_symbol", Word.class, Word.class, Word.class);

    
See Also:
ResolveConstantStubCall/**
     * @see ResolveConstantStubCall
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor INITIALIZE_KLASS_BY_SYMBOL = new ForeignCallDescriptor("initialize_klass_by_symbol", Word.class, Word.class, Word.class);

    
See Also:
ResolveConstantStubCall/**
     * @see ResolveConstantStubCall
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor RESOLVE_METHOD_BY_SYMBOL_AND_LOAD_COUNTERS = new ForeignCallDescriptor("resolve_method_by_symbol_and_load_counters", Word.class, Word.class, Word.class,
                    Word.class);

    
Tiered support.
/**
     * Tiered support.
     */
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor INVOCATION_EVENT = new ForeignCallDescriptor("invocation_event", void.class, MethodCountersPointer.class);
    public static final ForeignCallDescriptor BACKEDGE_EVENT = new ForeignCallDescriptor("backedge_event", void.class, MethodCountersPointer.class, int.class, int.class);

    public HotSpotBackend(HotSpotGraalRuntimeProvider runtime, HotSpotProviders providers) {
        super(providers);
        this.runtime = runtime;
    }

    public HotSpotGraalRuntimeProvider getRuntime() {
        return runtime;
    }

    
Performs any remaining initialization that was deferred until the 
runtime object was initialized and this backend was registered with it. 
Params:
jvmciRuntime – 
options – /**
     * Performs any remaining initialization that was deferred until the {@linkplain #getRuntime()
     * runtime} object was initialized and this backend was registered with it.
     *
     * @param jvmciRuntime
     * @param options
     */
    public void completeInitialization(HotSpotJVMCIRuntime jvmciRuntime, OptionValues options) {
    }

    
Finds all the registers that are defined by some given LIR.
Params:
lir – the LIR to examine
Returns:
the registers that are defined by or used as temps for any instruction in lir/**
     * Finds all the registers that are defined by some given LIR.
     *
     * @param lir the LIR to examine
     * @return the registers that are defined by or used as temps for any instruction in {@code lir}
     */
    protected final EconomicSet<Register> gatherDestroyedCallerRegisters(LIR lir) {
        final EconomicSet<Register> destroyedRegisters = EconomicSet.create(Equivalence.IDENTITY);
        ValueConsumer defConsumer = new ValueConsumer() {

            @Override
            public void visitValue(Value value, OperandMode mode, EnumSet<OperandFlag> flags) {
                if (ValueUtil.isRegister(value)) {
                    final Register reg = ValueUtil.asRegister(value);
                    destroyedRegisters.add(reg);
                }
            }
        };
        for (AbstractBlockBase<?> block : lir.codeEmittingOrder()) {
            if (block == null) {
                continue;
            }
            for (LIRInstruction op : lir.getLIRforBlock(block)) {
                if (op instanceof LabelOp) {
                    // Don't consider this as a definition
                } else {
                    op.visitEachTemp(defConsumer);
                    op.visitEachOutput(defConsumer);
                }
            }
        }
        return translateToCallerRegisters(destroyedRegisters);
    }

    
Translates a set of registers from the callee's perspective to the caller's perspective. This
is needed for architectures where input/output registers are renamed during a call (e.g.
register windows on SPARC). Registers which are not visible by the caller are removed.
/**
     * Translates a set of registers from the callee's perspective to the caller's perspective. This
     * is needed for architectures where input/output registers are renamed during a call (e.g.
     * register windows on SPARC). Registers which are not visible by the caller are removed.
     */
    protected abstract EconomicSet<Register> translateToCallerRegisters(EconomicSet<Register> calleeRegisters);

    
Updates a given stub with respect to the registers it destroys.
 Any entry in calleeSaveInfo that 
supports pruning will have destroyedRegisters removed as these registers are declared as temporaries in the stub's linkage (and thus will be saved by the stub's caller). 
Params:
stub – the stub to update
destroyedRegisters – the registers destroyed by the stub
calleeSaveInfo – a map from debug infos to the operations that provide their callee-save information
frameMap – used to convert a virtual slot to a frame slot index/**
     * Updates a given stub with respect to the registers it destroys.
     * <p>
     * Any entry in {@code calleeSaveInfo} that {@linkplain SaveRegistersOp#supportsRemove()
     * supports} pruning will have {@code destroyedRegisters}
     * {@linkplain SaveRegistersOp#remove(EconomicSet) removed} as these registers are declared as
     * temporaries in the stub's {@linkplain ForeignCallLinkage linkage} (and thus will be saved by
     * the stub's caller).
     *
     * @param stub the stub to update
     * @param destroyedRegisters the registers destroyed by the stub
     * @param calleeSaveInfo a map from debug infos to the operations that provide their
     *            {@linkplain RegisterSaveLayout callee-save information}
     * @param frameMap used to {@linkplain FrameMap#offsetForStackSlot(StackSlot) convert} a virtual
     *            slot to a frame slot index
     */
    protected void updateStub(Stub stub, EconomicSet<Register> destroyedRegisters, EconomicMap<LIRFrameState, SaveRegistersOp> calleeSaveInfo, FrameMap frameMap) {
        stub.initDestroyedCallerRegisters(destroyedRegisters);

        MapCursor<LIRFrameState, SaveRegistersOp> cursor = calleeSaveInfo.getEntries();
        while (cursor.advance()) {
            SaveRegistersOp save = cursor.getValue();
            if (save.supportsRemove()) {
                save.remove(destroyedRegisters);
            }
            if (cursor.getKey() != LIRFrameState.NO_STATE) {
                cursor.getKey().debugInfo().setCalleeSaveInfo(save.getMap(frameMap));
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public HotSpotProviders getProviders() {
        return (HotSpotProviders) super.getProviders();
    }

    @Override
    public SuitesProvider getSuites() {
        return getProviders().getSuites();
    }

    protected void profileInstructions(LIR lir, CompilationResultBuilder crb) {
        if (HotSpotBackend.Options.ASMInstructionProfiling.getValue(lir.getOptions()) != null) {
            HotSpotInstructionProfiling.countInstructions(lir, crb.asm);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public CompiledCode createCompiledCode(ResolvedJavaMethod method,
                    CompilationRequest compilationRequest,
                    CompilationResult compResult,
                    boolean isDefault,
                    OptionValues options) {
        assert !isDefault || compResult.getName() == null : "a default nmethod should have a null name since it is associated with a Method*";
        HotSpotCompilationRequest compRequest = compilationRequest instanceof HotSpotCompilationRequest ? (HotSpotCompilationRequest) compilationRequest : null;
        return HotSpotCompiledCodeBuilder.createCompiledCode(getCodeCache(), method, compRequest, compResult, options);
    }

    @Override
    public CompilationIdentifier getCompilationIdentifier(ResolvedJavaMethod resolvedJavaMethod) {
        if (resolvedJavaMethod instanceof HotSpotResolvedJavaMethod) {
            HotSpotCompilationRequest request = new HotSpotCompilationRequest((HotSpotResolvedJavaMethod) resolvedJavaMethod, JVMCICompiler.INVOCATION_ENTRY_BCI, 0L);
            return new HotSpotCompilationIdentifier(request);
        }
        return super.getCompilationIdentifier(resolvedJavaMethod);
    }
}