/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * 
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 * 
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.lang.math;

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;

import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;

Provides extra functionality for Java Number classes.
Author:
Apache Software Foundation, Rand McNeely, Steve Downey, Eric Pugh, Phil Steitz, Matthew Hawthorne, Gary Gregory, Fredrik Westermarck
Since:
2.0
Version:
$Id: NumberUtils.java 1056853 2011-01-09 01:07:04Z niallp $/**
 * <p>Provides extra functionality for Java Number classes.</p>
 *
 * @author Apache Software Foundation
 * @author <a href="mailto:rand_mcneely@yahoo.com">Rand McNeely</a>
 * @author <a href="mailto:steve.downey@netfolio.com">Steve Downey</a>
 * @author Eric Pugh
 * @author Phil Steitz
 * @author Matthew Hawthorne
 * @author <a href="mailto:ggregory@seagullsw.com">Gary Gregory</a>
 * @author <a href="mailto:fredrik@westermarck.com">Fredrik Westermarck</a>
 * @since 2.0
 * @version $Id: NumberUtils.java 1056853 2011-01-09 01:07:04Z niallp $
 */
public class NumberUtils {
    
    
Reusable Long constant for zero. /** Reusable Long constant for zero. */
    public static final Long LONG_ZERO = new Long(0L);
    
Reusable Long constant for one. /** Reusable Long constant for one. */
    public static final Long LONG_ONE = new Long(1L);
    
Reusable Long constant for minus one. /** Reusable Long constant for minus one. */
    public static final Long LONG_MINUS_ONE = new Long(-1L);
    
Reusable Integer constant for zero. /** Reusable Integer constant for zero. */
    public static final Integer INTEGER_ZERO = new Integer(0);
    
Reusable Integer constant for one. /** Reusable Integer constant for one. */
    public static final Integer INTEGER_ONE = new Integer(1);
    
Reusable Integer constant for minus one. /** Reusable Integer constant for minus one. */
    public static final Integer INTEGER_MINUS_ONE = new Integer(-1);
    
Reusable Short constant for zero. /** Reusable Short constant for zero. */
    public static final Short SHORT_ZERO = new Short((short) 0);
    
Reusable Short constant for one. /** Reusable Short constant for one. */
    public static final Short SHORT_ONE = new Short((short) 1);
    
Reusable Short constant for minus one. /** Reusable Short constant for minus one. */
    public static final Short SHORT_MINUS_ONE = new Short((short) -1);
    
Reusable Byte constant for zero. /** Reusable Byte constant for zero. */
    public static final Byte BYTE_ZERO = new Byte((byte) 0);
    
Reusable Byte constant for one. /** Reusable Byte constant for one. */
    public static final Byte BYTE_ONE = new Byte((byte) 1);
    
Reusable Byte constant for minus one. /** Reusable Byte constant for minus one. */
    public static final Byte BYTE_MINUS_ONE = new Byte((byte) -1);
    
Reusable Double constant for zero. /** Reusable Double constant for zero. */
    public static final Double DOUBLE_ZERO = new Double(0.0d);
    
Reusable Double constant for one. /** Reusable Double constant for one. */
    public static final Double DOUBLE_ONE = new Double(1.0d);
    
Reusable Double constant for minus one. /** Reusable Double constant for minus one. */
    public static final Double DOUBLE_MINUS_ONE = new Double(-1.0d);
    
Reusable Float constant for zero. /** Reusable Float constant for zero. */
    public static final Float FLOAT_ZERO = new Float(0.0f);
    
Reusable Float constant for one. /** Reusable Float constant for one. */
    public static final Float FLOAT_ONE = new Float(1.0f);
    
Reusable Float constant for minus one. /** Reusable Float constant for minus one. */
    public static final Float FLOAT_MINUS_ONE = new Float(-1.0f);

    
NumberUtils instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.
Instead, the class should be used as NumberUtils.toInt("6");.
This constructor is public to permit tools that require a JavaBean instance
to operate.
/**
     * <p><code>NumberUtils</code> instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.
     * Instead, the class should be used as <code>NumberUtils.toInt("6");</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>This constructor is public to permit tools that require a JavaBean instance
     * to operate.</p>
     */
    public NumberUtils() {
        super();
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Convert a String to an int, returning
zero if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, zero is returned.
  NumberUtils.stringToInt(null) = 0
  NumberUtils.stringToInt("")   = 0
  NumberUtils.stringToInt("1")  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the int represented by the string, or zero if
 conversion fails
Deprecated:
Use toInt(String) This method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to an <code>int</code>, returning
     * <code>zero</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, <code>zero</code> is returned.</p>
     * 
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.stringToInt(null) = 0
     *   NumberUtils.stringToInt("")   = 0
     *   NumberUtils.stringToInt("1")  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @return the int represented by the string, or <code>zero</code> if
     *  conversion fails
     * @deprecated Use {@link #toInt(String)}
     *  This method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0
     */
    public static int stringToInt(String str) {
        return toInt(str);
    }

    
Convert a String to an int, returning
zero if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, zero is returned.
  NumberUtils.toInt(null) = 0
  NumberUtils.toInt("")   = 0
  NumberUtils.toInt("1")  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the int represented by the string, or zero if
 conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to an <code>int</code>, returning
     * <code>zero</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, <code>zero</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toInt(null) = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("")   = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("1")  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @return the int represented by the string, or <code>zero</code> if
     *  conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static int toInt(String str) {
        return toInt(str, 0);
    }

    
Convert a String to an int, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, the default value is returned.
  NumberUtils.stringToInt(null, 1) = 1
  NumberUtils.stringToInt("", 1)   = 1
  NumberUtils.stringToInt("1", 0)  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue –  the default value
Returns:
the int represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
Deprecated:
Use toInt(String, int) This method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to an <code>int</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, the default value is returned.</p>
     * 
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.stringToInt(null, 1) = 1
     *   NumberUtils.stringToInt("", 1)   = 1
     *   NumberUtils.stringToInt("1", 0)  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @param defaultValue  the default value
     * @return the int represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
     * @deprecated Use {@link #toInt(String, int)}
     *  This method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0
     */
    public static int stringToInt(String str, int defaultValue) {
        return toInt(str, defaultValue);
    }

    
Convert a String to an int, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, the default value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toInt(null, 1) = 1
  NumberUtils.toInt("", 1)   = 1
  NumberUtils.toInt("1", 0)  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue –  the default value
Returns:
the int represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to an <code>int</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, the default value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toInt(null, 1) = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("", 1)   = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("1", 0)  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @param defaultValue  the default value
     * @return the int represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static int toInt(String str, int defaultValue) {
        if(str == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        try {
            return Integer.parseInt(str);
        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    
Convert a String to a long, returning
zero if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, zero is returned.
  NumberUtils.toLong(null) = 0L
  NumberUtils.toLong("")   = 0L
  NumberUtils.toLong("1")  = 1L

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the long represented by the string, or 0 if
 conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>long</code>, returning
     * <code>zero</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, <code>zero</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toLong(null) = 0L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("")   = 0L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("1")  = 1L
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @return the long represented by the string, or <code>0</code> if
     *  conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static long toLong(String str) {
        return toLong(str, 0L);
    }

    
Convert a String to a long, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, the default value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toLong(null, 1L) = 1L
  NumberUtils.toLong("", 1L)   = 1L
  NumberUtils.toLong("1", 0L)  = 1L

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue –  the default value
Returns:
the long represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>long</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, the default value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toLong(null, 1L) = 1L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("", 1L)   = 1L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("1", 0L)  = 1L
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @param defaultValue  the default value
     * @return the long represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static long toLong(String str, long defaultValue) {
        if (str == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        try {
            return Long.parseLong(str);
        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    
Convert a String to a float, returning
0.0f if the conversion fails.
If the string str is null,
0.0f is returned.
  NumberUtils.toFloat(null)   = 0.0f
  NumberUtils.toFloat("")     = 0.0f
  NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5")  = 1.5f

Params:
str – the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the float represented by the string, or 0.0f
 if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>float</code>, returning
     * <code>0.0f</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string <code>str</code> is <code>null</code>,
     * <code>0.0f</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat(null)   = 0.0f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("")     = 0.0f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5")  = 1.5f
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str the string to convert, may be <code>null</code>
     * @return the float represented by the string, or <code>0.0f</code>
     *  if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static float toFloat(String str) {
        return toFloat(str, 0.0f);
    }

    
Convert a String to a float, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string str is null, the default
value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toFloat(null, 1.1f)   = 1.0f
  NumberUtils.toFloat("", 1.1f)     = 1.1f
  NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5", 0.0f)  = 1.5f

Params:
str – the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue – the default value
Returns:
the float represented by the string, or defaultValue
 if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>float</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string <code>str</code> is <code>null</code>, the default
     * value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat(null, 1.1f)   = 1.0f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("", 1.1f)     = 1.1f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5", 0.0f)  = 1.5f
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str the string to convert, may be <code>null</code>
     * @param defaultValue the default value
     * @return the float represented by the string, or defaultValue
     *  if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static float toFloat(String str, float defaultValue) {
      if (str == null) {
          return defaultValue;
      }     
      try {
          return Float.parseFloat(str);
      } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
          return defaultValue;
      }
    }

    
Convert a String to a double, returning
0.0d if the conversion fails.
If the string str is null,
0.0d is returned.
  NumberUtils.toDouble(null)   = 0.0d
  NumberUtils.toDouble("")     = 0.0d
  NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5")  = 1.5d

Params:
str – the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the double represented by the string, or 0.0d
 if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>double</code>, returning
     * <code>0.0d</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string <code>str</code> is <code>null</code>,
     * <code>0.0d</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble(null)   = 0.0d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("")     = 0.0d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5")  = 1.5d
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str the string to convert, may be <code>null</code>
     * @return the double represented by the string, or <code>0.0d</code>
     *  if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static double toDouble(String str) {
        return toDouble(str, 0.0d);
    }

    
Convert a String to a double, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string str is null, the default
value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toDouble(null, 1.1d)   = 1.1d
  NumberUtils.toDouble("", 1.1d)     = 1.1d
  NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5", 0.0d)  = 1.5d

Params:
str – the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue – the default value
Returns:
the double represented by the string, or defaultValue
 if conversion fails
Since:
2.1/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>double</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string <code>str</code> is <code>null</code>, the default
     * value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble(null, 1.1d)   = 1.1d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("", 1.1d)     = 1.1d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5", 0.0d)  = 1.5d
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str the string to convert, may be <code>null</code>
     * @param defaultValue the default value
     * @return the double represented by the string, or defaultValue
     *  if conversion fails
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static double toDouble(String str, double defaultValue) {
      if (str == null) {
          return defaultValue;
      }
      try {
          return Double.parseDouble(str);
      } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
          return defaultValue;
      }
    }

     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
     
Convert a String to a byte, returning
zero if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, zero is returned.
  NumberUtils.toByte(null) = 0
  NumberUtils.toByte("")   = 0
  NumberUtils.toByte("1")  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the byte represented by the string, or zero if
 conversion fails
Since:
2.5/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>byte</code>, returning
     * <code>zero</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, <code>zero</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toByte(null) = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("")   = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("1")  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @return the byte represented by the string, or <code>zero</code> if
     *  conversion fails
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static byte toByte(String str) {
        return toByte(str, (byte) 0);
    }

    
Convert a String to a byte, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, the default value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toByte(null, 1) = 1
  NumberUtils.toByte("", 1)   = 1
  NumberUtils.toByte("1", 0)  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue –  the default value
Returns:
the byte represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
Since:
2.5/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>byte</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, the default value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toByte(null, 1) = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("", 1)   = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("1", 0)  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @param defaultValue  the default value
     * @return the byte represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static byte toByte(String str, byte defaultValue) {
        if(str == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        try {
            return Byte.parseByte(str);
        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    
Convert a String to a short, returning
zero if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, zero is returned.
  NumberUtils.toShort(null) = 0
  NumberUtils.toShort("")   = 0
  NumberUtils.toShort("1")  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
Returns:
the short represented by the string, or zero if
 conversion fails
Since:
2.5/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>short</code>, returning
     * <code>zero</code> if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, <code>zero</code> is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toShort(null) = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("")   = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("1")  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @return the short represented by the string, or <code>zero</code> if
     *  conversion fails
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static short toShort(String str) {
        return toShort(str, (short) 0);
    }

    
Convert a String to an short, returning a
default value if the conversion fails.
If the string is null, the default value is returned.
  NumberUtils.toShort(null, 1) = 1
  NumberUtils.toShort("", 1)   = 1
  NumberUtils.toShort("1", 0)  = 1

Params:
str –  the string to convert, may be null
defaultValue –  the default value
Returns:
the short represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
Since:
2.5/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to an <code>short</code>, returning a
     * default value if the conversion fails.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string is <code>null</code>, the default value is returned.</p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toShort(null, 1) = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("", 1)   = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("1", 0)  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  the string to convert, may be null
     * @param defaultValue  the default value
     * @return the short represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static short toShort(String str, short defaultValue) {
        if(str == null) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
        try {
            return Short.parseShort(str);
        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // must handle Long, Float, Integer, Float, Short,
    //                  BigDecimal, BigInteger and Byte
    // useful methods:
    // Byte.decode(String)
    // Byte.valueOf(String,int radix)
    // Byte.valueOf(String)
    // Double.valueOf(String)
    // Float.valueOf(String)
    // new Float(String)
    // Integer.valueOf(String,int radix)
    // Integer.valueOf(String)
    // Integer.decode(String)
    // Integer.getInteger(String)
    // Integer.getInteger(String,int val)
    // Integer.getInteger(String,Integer val)
    // new Integer(String)
    // new Double(String)
    // new Byte(String)
    // new Long(String)
    // Long.getLong(String)
    // Long.getLong(String,int)
    // Long.getLong(String,Integer)
    // Long.valueOf(String,int)
    // Long.valueOf(String)
    // new Short(String)
    // Short.decode(String)
    // Short.valueOf(String,int)
    // Short.valueOf(String)
    // new BigDecimal(String)
    // new BigInteger(String)
    // new BigInteger(String,int radix)
    // Possible inputs:
    // 45 45.5 45E7 4.5E7 Hex Oct Binary xxxF xxxD xxxf xxxd
    // plus minus everything. Prolly more. A lot are not separable.

    
Turns a string value into a java.lang.Number.
First, the value is examined for a type qualifier on the end
('f','F','d','D','l','L').  If it is found, it starts 
trying to create successively larger types from the type specified
until one is found that can represent the value.
If a type specifier is not found, it will check for a decimal point
and then try successively larger types from Integer to
BigInteger and from Float to
BigDecimal.
If the string starts with 0x or -0x, it
will be interpreted as a hexadecimal integer.  Values with leading
0's will not be interpreted as octal.
Returns null if the string is null.
This method does not trim the input string, i.e., strings with leading
or trailing spaces will generate NumberFormatExceptions.
Params:
str –  String containing a number, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
Number created from the string/**
     * <p>Turns a string value into a java.lang.Number.</p>
     *
     * <p>First, the value is examined for a type qualifier on the end
     * (<code>'f','F','d','D','l','L'</code>).  If it is found, it starts 
     * trying to create successively larger types from the type specified
     * until one is found that can represent the value.</p>
     *
     * <p>If a type specifier is not found, it will check for a decimal point
     * and then try successively larger types from <code>Integer</code> to
     * <code>BigInteger</code> and from <code>Float</code> to
     * <code>BigDecimal</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>If the string starts with <code>0x</code> or <code>-0x</code>, it
     * will be interpreted as a hexadecimal integer.  Values with leading
     * <code>0</code>'s will not be interpreted as octal.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>This method does not trim the input string, i.e., strings with leading
     * or trailing spaces will generate NumberFormatExceptions.</p>
     *
     * @param str  String containing a number, may be null
     * @return Number created from the string
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static Number createNumber(String str) throws NumberFormatException {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (StringUtils.isBlank(str)) {
            throw new NumberFormatException("A blank string is not a valid number");
        }  
        if (str.startsWith("--")) {
            // this is protection for poorness in java.lang.BigDecimal.
            // it accepts this as a legal value, but it does not appear 
            // to be in specification of class. OS X Java parses it to 
            // a wrong value.
            return null;
        }
        if (str.startsWith("0x") || str.startsWith("-0x")) {
            return createInteger(str);
        }   
        char lastChar = str.charAt(str.length() - 1);
        String mant;
        String dec;
        String exp;
        int decPos = str.indexOf('.');
        int expPos = str.indexOf('e') + str.indexOf('E') + 1;

        if (decPos > -1) {

            if (expPos > -1) {
                if (expPos < decPos || expPos > str.length()) {
                    throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
                }
                dec = str.substring(decPos + 1, expPos);
            } else {
                dec = str.substring(decPos + 1);
            }
            mant = str.substring(0, decPos);
        } else {
            if (expPos > -1) {
                if (expPos > str.length()) {
                    throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
                }
                mant = str.substring(0, expPos);
            } else {
                mant = str;
            }
            dec = null;
        }
        if (!Character.isDigit(lastChar) && lastChar != '.') {
            if (expPos > -1 && expPos < str.length() - 1) {
                exp = str.substring(expPos + 1, str.length() - 1);
            } else {
                exp = null;
            }
            //Requesting a specific type..
            String numeric = str.substring(0, str.length() - 1);
            boolean allZeros = isAllZeros(mant) && isAllZeros(exp);
            switch (lastChar) {
                case 'l' :
                case 'L' :
                    if (dec == null
                        && exp == null
                        && (numeric.charAt(0) == '-' && isDigits(numeric.substring(1)) || isDigits(numeric))) {
                        try {
                            return createLong(numeric);
                        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
                            //Too big for a long
                        }
                        return createBigInteger(numeric);

                    }
                    throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
                case 'f' :
                case 'F' :
                    try {
                        Float f = NumberUtils.createFloat(numeric);
                        if (!(f.isInfinite() || (f.floatValue() == 0.0F && !allZeros))) {
                            //If it's too big for a float or the float value = 0 and the string
                            //has non-zeros in it, then float does not have the precision we want
                            return f;
                        }

                    } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
                        // ignore the bad number
                    }
                    //$FALL-THROUGH$
                case 'd' :
                case 'D' :
                    try {
                        Double d = NumberUtils.createDouble(numeric);
                        if (!(d.isInfinite() || (d.floatValue() == 0.0D && !allZeros))) {
                            return d;
                        }
                    } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
                        // ignore the bad number
                    }
                    try {
                        return createBigDecimal(numeric);
                    } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                        // ignore the bad number
                    }
                    //$FALL-THROUGH$
                default :
                    throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");

            }
        } else {
            //User doesn't have a preference on the return type, so let's start
            //small and go from there...
            if (expPos > -1 && expPos < str.length() - 1) {
                exp = str.substring(expPos + 1, str.length());
            } else {
                exp = null;
            }
            if (dec == null && exp == null) {
                //Must be an int,long,bigint
                try {
                    return createInteger(str);
                } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
                    // ignore the bad number
                }
                try {
                    return createLong(str);
                } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
                    // ignore the bad number
                }
                return createBigInteger(str);

            } else {
                //Must be a float,double,BigDec
                boolean allZeros = isAllZeros(mant) && isAllZeros(exp);
                try {
                    Float f = createFloat(str);
                    if (!(f.isInfinite() || (f.floatValue() == 0.0F && !allZeros))) {
                        return f;
                    }
                } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
                    // ignore the bad number
                }
                try {
                    Double d = createDouble(str);
                    if (!(d.isInfinite() || (d.doubleValue() == 0.0D && !allZeros))) {
                        return d;
                    }
                } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
                    // ignore the bad number
                }

                return createBigDecimal(str);

            }
        }
    }

    
Utility method for createNumber(String).
Returns true if s is null.
Params:
str –  the String to check
Returns:
if it is all zeros or null/**
     * <p>Utility method for {@link #createNumber(java.lang.String)}.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>true</code> if s is <code>null</code>.</p>
     * 
     * @param str  the String to check
     * @return if it is all zeros or <code>null</code>
     */
    private static boolean isAllZeros(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return true;
        }
        for (int i = str.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            if (str.charAt(i) != '0') {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return str.length() > 0;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Convert a String to a Float.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted Float/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>Float</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     * 
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>Float</code>
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static Float createFloat(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return Float.valueOf(str);
    }

    
Convert a String to a Double.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted Double/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>Double</code>.</p>
     * 
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>Double</code>
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static Double createDouble(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return Double.valueOf(str);
    }

    
Convert a String to a Integer, handling
hex and octal notations.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted Integer/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>Integer</code>, handling
     * hex and octal notations.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     * 
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>Integer</code>
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static Integer createInteger(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        // decode() handles 0xAABD and 0777 (hex and octal) as well.
        return Integer.decode(str);
    }

    
Convert a String to a Long.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted Long/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>Long</code>.</p>
     * 
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>Long</code>
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static Long createLong(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return Long.valueOf(str);
    }

    
Convert a String to a BigInteger.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted BigInteger/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>BigInteger</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     * 
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>BigInteger</code>
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static BigInteger createBigInteger(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return new BigInteger(str);
    }

    
Convert a String to a BigDecimal.
Returns null if the string is null.
Params:
str –  a String to convert, may be null
Throws:
NumberFormatException – if the value cannot be converted
Returns:
converted BigDecimal/**
     * <p>Convert a <code>String</code> to a <code>BigDecimal</code>.</p>
     * 
     * <p>Returns <code>null</code> if the string is <code>null</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  a <code>String</code> to convert, may be null
     * @return converted <code>BigDecimal</code>
     * @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
     */
    public static BigDecimal createBigDecimal(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        // handle JDK1.3.1 bug where "" throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
        if (StringUtils.isBlank(str)) {
            throw new NumberFormatException("A blank string is not a valid number");
        }  
        return new BigDecimal(str);
    }

    // Min in array
    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     */
    public static long min(long[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }
    
        // Finds and returns min
        long min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }
    
        return min;
    }

    
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     */
    public static int min(int[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }
    
        // Finds and returns min
        int min = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (array[j] < min) {
                min = array[j];
            }
        }
    
        return min;
    }

    
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     */
    public static short min(short[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }
    
        // Finds and returns min
        short min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }
    
        return min;
    }

    
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     */
    public static byte min(byte[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }
    
        // Finds and returns min
        byte min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }
    
        return min;
    }

     
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
See Also:
IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(double[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static double min(double[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }
    
        // Finds and returns min
        double min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (Double.isNaN(array[i])) {
                return Double.NaN;
            }
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }
    
        return min;
    }

    
Returns the minimum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
See Also:
IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(float[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static float min(float[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }
    
        // Finds and returns min
        float min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (Float.isNaN(array[i])) {
                return Float.NaN;
            }
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }
    
        return min;
    }

    // Max in array
    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     */
    public static long max(long[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }

        // Finds and returns max
        long max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (array[j] > max) {
                max = array[j];
            }
        }

        return max;
    }

    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     */
    public static int max(int[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }
    
        // Finds and returns max
        int max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (array[j] > max) {
                max = array[j];
            }
        }
    
        return max;
    }

    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     */
    public static short max(short[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }
    
        // Finds and returns max
        short max = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] > max) {
                max = array[i];
            }
        }
    
        return max;
    }

    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     */
    public static byte max(byte[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }
    
        // Finds and returns max
        byte max = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] > max) {
                max = array[i];
            }
        }
    
        return max;
    }

    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
See Also:
IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(double[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static double max(double[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array== null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }
    
        // Finds and returns max
        double max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (Double.isNaN(array[j])) {
                return Double.NaN;
            }
            if (array[j] > max) {
                max = array[j];
            }
        }
    
        return max;
    }

    
Returns the maximum value in an array.
Params:
array –  an array, must not be null or empty
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if array is null
IllegalArgumentException – if array is empty
See Also:
IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
the minimum value in the array/**
     * <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
     * 
     * @param array  an array, must not be null or empty
     * @return the minimum value in the array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>array</code> is empty
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(float[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static float max(float[] array) {
        // Validates input
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
        } else if (array.length == 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
        }

        // Finds and returns max
        float max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (Float.isNaN(array[j])) {
                return Float.NaN;
            }
            if (array[j] > max) {
                max = array[j];
            }
        }

        return max;
    }
     
    // 3 param min
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Gets the minimum of three long values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>long</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     */
    public static long min(long a, long b, long c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the minimum of three int values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>int</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     */
    public static int min(int a, int b, int c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the minimum of three short values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>short</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     */
    public static short min(short a, short b, short c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the minimum of three byte values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>byte</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     */
    public static byte min(byte a, byte b, byte c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the minimum of three double values.
If any value is NaN, NaN is
returned. Infinity is handled.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
See Also:
for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>double</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * <p>If any value is <code>NaN</code>, <code>NaN</code> is
     * returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
     * 
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(double, double, double) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static double min(double a, double b, double c) {
        return Math.min(Math.min(a, b), c);
    }

    
Gets the minimum of three float values.
If any value is NaN, NaN is
returned. Infinity is handled.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
See Also:
for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
 the smallest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the minimum of three <code>float</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * <p>If any value is <code>NaN</code>, <code>NaN</code> is
     * returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the smallest of the values
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(float, float, float) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static float min(float a, float b, float c) {
        return Math.min(Math.min(a, b), c);
    }

    // 3 param max
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Gets the maximum of three long values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>long</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     */
    public static long max(long a, long b, long c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the maximum of three int values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>int</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     */
    public static int max(int a, int b, int c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the maximum of three short values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>short</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     */
    public static short max(short a, short b, short c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the maximum of three byte values.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>byte</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     */
    public static byte max(byte a, byte b, byte c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    
Gets the maximum of three double values.
If any value is NaN, NaN is
returned. Infinity is handled.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
See Also:
for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>double</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * <p>If any value is <code>NaN</code>, <code>NaN</code> is
     * returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(double, double, double) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static double max(double a, double b, double c) {
        return Math.max(Math.max(a, b), c);
    }

    
Gets the maximum of three float values.
If any value is NaN, NaN is
returned. Infinity is handled.
Params:
a –  value 1
b –  value 2
c –  value 3
See Also:
for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
Returns:
 the largest of the values/**
     * <p>Gets the maximum of three <code>float</code> values.</p>
     * 
     * <p>If any value is <code>NaN</code>, <code>NaN</code> is
     * returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
     *
     * @param a  value 1
     * @param b  value 2
     * @param c  value 3
     * @return  the largest of the values
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(float, float, float) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
     */
    public static float max(float a, float b, float c) {
        return Math.max(Math.max(a, b), c);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Compares two doubles for order.
This method is more comprehensive than the standard Java greater
than, less than and equals operators.

 
It returns -1 if the first value is less than the second.
 
It returns +1 if the first value is greater than the second.
 
It returns 0 if the values are equal.


The ordering is as follows, largest to smallest:

 
NaN
 
Positive infinity
 
Maximum double
 
Normal positive numbers
 
+0.0
 
-0.0
 
Normal negative numbers
 
Minimum double (-Double.MAX_VALUE)
 
Negative infinity


Comparing NaN with NaN will
return 0.
Params:
lhs –  the first double
rhs –  the second double
Returns:
-1 if lhs is less, +1 if greater,
 0 if equal to rhs/**
     * <p>Compares two <code>doubles</code> for order.</p>
     *
     * <p>This method is more comprehensive than the standard Java greater
     * than, less than and equals operators.</p>
     * <ul>
     *  <li>It returns <code>-1</code> if the first value is less than the second.</li>
     *  <li>It returns <code>+1</code> if the first value is greater than the second.</li>
     *  <li>It returns <code>0</code> if the values are equal.</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * The ordering is as follows, largest to smallest:
     * <ul>
     *  <li>NaN
     *  <li>Positive infinity
     *  <li>Maximum double
     *  <li>Normal positive numbers
     *  <li>+0.0
     *  <li>-0.0
     *  <li>Normal negative numbers
     *  <li>Minimum double (<code>-Double.MAX_VALUE</code>)
     *  <li>Negative infinity
     * </ul>
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>Comparing <code>NaN</code> with <code>NaN</code> will
     * return <code>0</code>.</p>
     * 
     * @param lhs  the first <code>double</code>
     * @param rhs  the second <code>double</code>
     * @return <code>-1</code> if lhs is less, <code>+1</code> if greater,
     *  <code>0</code> if equal to rhs
     */
    public static int compare(double lhs, double rhs) {
        if (lhs < rhs) {
            return -1;
        }
        if (lhs > rhs) {
            return +1;
        }
        // Need to compare bits to handle 0.0 == -0.0 being true
        // compare should put -0.0 < +0.0
        // Two NaNs are also == for compare purposes
        // where NaN == NaN is false
        long lhsBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(lhs);
        long rhsBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(rhs);
        if (lhsBits == rhsBits) {
            return 0;
        }
        // Something exotic! A comparison to NaN or 0.0 vs -0.0
        // Fortunately NaN's long is > than everything else
        // Also negzeros bits < poszero
        // NAN: 9221120237041090560
        // MAX: 9218868437227405311
        // NEGZERO: -9223372036854775808
        if (lhsBits < rhsBits) {
            return -1;
        } else {
            return +1;
        }
    }
    
    
Compares two floats for order.
This method is more comprehensive than the standard Java greater than,
less than and equals operators.

 
It returns -1 if the first value is less than the second.
 
It returns +1 if the first value is greater than the second.
 
It returns 0 if the values are equal.

 The ordering is as follows, largest to smallest:

NaN
Positive infinity
Maximum float
Normal positive numbers
+0.0
-0.0
Normal negative numbers
Minimum float (-Float.MAX_VALUE)
Negative infinity

Comparing NaN with NaN will return
0.
Params:
lhs –  the first float
rhs –  the second float
Returns:
-1 if lhs is less, +1 if greater,
 0 if equal to rhs/**
     * <p>Compares two floats for order.</p>
     *
     * <p>This method is more comprehensive than the standard Java greater than,
     * less than and equals operators.</p>
     * <ul>
     *  <li>It returns <code>-1</code> if the first value is less than the second.
     *  <li>It returns <code>+1</code> if the first value is greater than the second.
     *  <li>It returns <code>0</code> if the values are equal.
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p> The ordering is as follows, largest to smallest:
     * <ul>
     * <li>NaN
     * <li>Positive infinity
     * <li>Maximum float
     * <li>Normal positive numbers
     * <li>+0.0
     * <li>-0.0
     * <li>Normal negative numbers
     * <li>Minimum float (<code>-Float.MAX_VALUE</code>)
     * <li>Negative infinity
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>Comparing <code>NaN</code> with <code>NaN</code> will return
     * <code>0</code>.</p>
     * 
     * @param lhs  the first <code>float</code>
     * @param rhs  the second <code>float</code>
     * @return <code>-1</code> if lhs is less, <code>+1</code> if greater,
     *  <code>0</code> if equal to rhs
     */
    public static int compare(float lhs, float rhs) {
        if (lhs < rhs) {
            return -1;
        }
        if (lhs > rhs) {
            return +1;
        }
        //Need to compare bits to handle 0.0 == -0.0 being true
        // compare should put -0.0 < +0.0
        // Two NaNs are also == for compare purposes
        // where NaN == NaN is false
        int lhsBits = Float.floatToIntBits(lhs);
        int rhsBits = Float.floatToIntBits(rhs);
        if (lhsBits == rhsBits) {
            return 0;
        }
        //Something exotic! A comparison to NaN or 0.0 vs -0.0
        //Fortunately NaN's int is > than everything else
        //Also negzeros bits < poszero
        //NAN: 2143289344
        //MAX: 2139095039
        //NEGZERO: -2147483648
        if (lhsBits < rhsBits) {
            return -1;
        } else {
            return +1;
        }
    }
    
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
Checks whether the String contains only
digit characters.
Null and empty String will return
false.
Params:
str –  the String to check
Returns:
true if str contains only unicode numeric/**
     * <p>Checks whether the <code>String</code> contains only
     * digit characters.</p>
     *
     * <p><code>Null</code> and empty String will return
     * <code>false</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  the <code>String</code> to check
     * @return <code>true</code> if str contains only unicode numeric
     */
    public static boolean isDigits(String str) {
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
            if (!Character.isDigit(str.charAt(i))) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    
Checks whether the String a valid Java number.
Valid numbers include hexadecimal marked with the 0x
qualifier, scientific notation and numbers marked with a type
qualifier (e.g. 123L).
Null and empty String will return
false.
Params:
str –  the String to check
Returns:
true if the string is a correctly formatted number/**
     * <p>Checks whether the String a valid Java number.</p>
     *
     * <p>Valid numbers include hexadecimal marked with the <code>0x</code>
     * qualifier, scientific notation and numbers marked with a type
     * qualifier (e.g. 123L).</p>
     *
     * <p><code>Null</code> and empty String will return
     * <code>false</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param str  the <code>String</code> to check
     * @return <code>true</code> if the string is a correctly formatted number
     */
    public static boolean isNumber(String str) {
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
            return false;
        }
        char[] chars = str.toCharArray();
        int sz = chars.length;
        boolean hasExp = false;
        boolean hasDecPoint = false;
        boolean allowSigns = false;
        boolean foundDigit = false;
        // deal with any possible sign up front
        int start = (chars[0] == '-') ? 1 : 0;
        if (sz > start + 1) {
            if (chars[start] == '0' && chars[start + 1] == 'x') {
                int i = start + 2;
                if (i == sz) {
                    return false; // str == "0x"
                }
                // checking hex (it can't be anything else)
                for (; i < chars.length; i++) {
                    if ((chars[i] < '0' || chars[i] > '9')
                        && (chars[i] < 'a' || chars[i] > 'f')
                        && (chars[i] < 'A' || chars[i] > 'F')) {
                        return false;
                    }
                }
                return true;
            }
        }
        sz--; // don't want to loop to the last char, check it afterwords
              // for type qualifiers
        int i = start;
        // loop to the next to last char or to the last char if we need another digit to
        // make a valid number (e.g. chars[0..5] = "1234E")
        while (i < sz || (i < sz + 1 && allowSigns && !foundDigit)) {
            if (chars[i] >= '0' && chars[i] <= '9') {
                foundDigit = true;
                allowSigns = false;

            } else if (chars[i] == '.') {
                if (hasDecPoint || hasExp) {
                    // two decimal points or dec in exponent   
                    return false;
                }
                hasDecPoint = true;
            } else if (chars[i] == 'e' || chars[i] == 'E') {
                // we've already taken care of hex.
                if (hasExp) {
                    // two E's
                    return false;
                }
                if (!foundDigit) {
                    return false;
                }
                hasExp = true;
                allowSigns = true;
            } else if (chars[i] == '+' || chars[i] == '-') {
                if (!allowSigns) {
                    return false;
                }
                allowSigns = false;
                foundDigit = false; // we need a digit after the E
            } else {
                return false;
            }
            i++;
        }
        if (i < chars.length) {
            if (chars[i] >= '0' && chars[i] <= '9') {
                // no type qualifier, OK
                return true;
            }
            if (chars[i] == 'e' || chars[i] == 'E') {
                // can't have an E at the last byte
                return false;
            }
            if (chars[i] == '.') {
                if (hasDecPoint || hasExp) {
                    // two decimal points or dec in exponent
                    return false;
                }
                // single trailing decimal point after non-exponent is ok
                return foundDigit;
            }
            if (!allowSigns
                && (chars[i] == 'd'
                    || chars[i] == 'D'
                    || chars[i] == 'f'
                    || chars[i] == 'F')) {
                return foundDigit;
            }
            if (chars[i] == 'l'
                || chars[i] == 'L') {
                // not allowing L with an exponent
                return foundDigit && !hasExp;
            }
            // last character is illegal
            return false;
        }
        // allowSigns is true iff the val ends in 'E'
        // found digit it to make sure weird stuff like '.' and '1E-' doesn't pass
        return !allowSigns && foundDigit;
    }
    
}