https://github.com/google/guava/guava: Guava is a suite of core and expanded libraries that include utility classes, google's collections, io classes, and much much more. 
/*
 * Copyright (C) 2006 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */

package com.google.common.escape;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;

import com.google.common.annotations.Beta;
import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;


An object that converts literal text into a format safe for inclusion in a particular context
(such as an XML document). Typically (but not always), the inverse process of "unescaping" the
text is performed automatically by the relevant parser.

For example, an XML escaper would convert the literal string "Foo<Bar>" into 
"Foo&lt;Bar&gt;" to prevent "<Bar>" from being confused with an XML tag. When the resulting XML document is parsed, the parser API will return this text as the original literal string "Foo<Bar>". 
A CharEscaper instance is required to be stateless, and safe when used concurrently by multiple threads. 
Popular escapers are defined as constants in classes like HtmlEscapers and XmlEscapers. To create your own escapers extend this class and implement the escape(char) method. 
Author:Sven Mawson
Since:15.0
/**
 * An object that converts literal text into a format safe for inclusion in a particular context
 * (such as an XML document). Typically (but not always), the inverse process of "unescaping" the
 * text is performed automatically by the relevant parser.
 *
 * <p>For example, an XML escaper would convert the literal string {@code "Foo<Bar>"} into {@code
 * "Foo&lt;Bar&gt;"} to prevent {@code "<Bar>"} from being confused with an XML tag. When the
 * resulting XML document is parsed, the parser API will return this text as the original literal
 * string {@code "Foo<Bar>"}.
 *
 * <p>A {@code CharEscaper} instance is required to be stateless, and safe when used concurrently by
 * multiple threads.
 *
 * <p>Popular escapers are defined as constants in classes like {@link
 * com.google.common.html.HtmlEscapers} and {@link com.google.common.xml.XmlEscapers}. To create
 * your own escapers extend this class and implement the {@link #escape(char)} method.
 *
 * @author Sven Mawson
 * @since 15.0
 */
@Beta
@GwtCompatible
public abstract class CharEscaper extends Escaper {
  
Constructor for use by subclasses. 
/** Constructor for use by subclasses. */
  protected CharEscaper() {}

  
Returns the escaped form of a given literal string.

Params:
  • string – the literal string to be escaped
Throws:
Returns:the escaped form of string
/**
   * Returns the escaped form of a given literal string.
   *
   * @param string the literal string to be escaped
   * @return the escaped form of {@code string}
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code string} is null
   */
  @Override
  public String escape(String string) {
    checkNotNull(string); // GWT specific check (do not optimize)
    // Inlineable fast-path loop which hands off to escapeSlow() only if needed
    int length = string.length();
    for (int index = 0; index < length; index++) {
      if (escape(string.charAt(index)) != null) {
        return escapeSlow(string, index);
      }
    }
    return string;
  }

  
Returns the escaped form of the given character, or null if this character does not need to be escaped. If an empty array is returned, this effectively strips the input character from the resulting text. 
If the character does not need to be escaped, this method should return null, rather than a one-character array containing the character itself. This enables the escaping algorithm to perform more efficiently. 
An escaper is expected to be able to deal with any char value, so this method should not throw any exceptions. 
Params:
  • c – the character to escape if necessary
Returns:the replacement characters, or null if no escaping was needed
/**
   * Returns the escaped form of the given character, or {@code null} if this character does not
   * need to be escaped. If an empty array is returned, this effectively strips the input character
   * from the resulting text.
   *
   * <p>If the character does not need to be escaped, this method should return {@code null}, rather
   * than a one-character array containing the character itself. This enables the escaping algorithm
   * to perform more efficiently.
   *
   * <p>An escaper is expected to be able to deal with any {@code char} value, so this method should
   * not throw any exceptions.
   *
   * @param c the character to escape if necessary
   * @return the replacement characters, or {@code null} if no escaping was needed
   */
  protected abstract char[] escape(char c);

  
Returns the escaped form of a given literal string, starting at the given index. This method is called by the escape(String) method when it discovers that escaping is required. It is protected to allow subclasses to override the fastpath escaping function to inline their escaping test. See CharEscaperBuilder for an example usage. 
Params:
  • s – the literal string to be escaped
  • index – the index to start escaping from
Throws:
Returns:the escaped form of string
/**
   * Returns the escaped form of a given literal string, starting at the given index. This method is
   * called by the {@link #escape(String)} method when it discovers that escaping is required. It is
   * protected to allow subclasses to override the fastpath escaping function to inline their
   * escaping test. See {@link CharEscaperBuilder} for an example usage.
   *
   * @param s the literal string to be escaped
   * @param index the index to start escaping from
   * @return the escaped form of {@code string}
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code string} is null
   */
  protected final String escapeSlow(String s, int index) {
    int slen = s.length();

    // Get a destination buffer and setup some loop variables.
    char[] dest = Platform.charBufferFromThreadLocal();
    int destSize = dest.length;
    int destIndex = 0;
    int lastEscape = 0;

    // Loop through the rest of the string, replacing when needed into the
    // destination buffer, which gets grown as needed as well.
    for (; index < slen; index++) {

      // Get a replacement for the current character.
      char[] r = escape(s.charAt(index));

      // If no replacement is needed, just continue.
      if (r == null) {
        continue;
      }

      int rlen = r.length;
      int charsSkipped = index - lastEscape;

      // This is the size needed to add the replacement, not the full size
      // needed by the string. We only regrow when we absolutely must, and
      // when we do grow, grow enough to avoid excessive growing. Grow.
      int sizeNeeded = destIndex + charsSkipped + rlen;
      if (destSize < sizeNeeded) {
        destSize = sizeNeeded + DEST_PAD_MULTIPLIER * (slen - index);
        dest = growBuffer(dest, destIndex, destSize);
      }

      // If we have skipped any characters, we need to copy them now.
      if (charsSkipped > 0) {
        s.getChars(lastEscape, index, dest, destIndex);
        destIndex += charsSkipped;
      }

      // Copy the replacement string into the dest buffer as needed.
      if (rlen > 0) {
        System.arraycopy(r, 0, dest, destIndex, rlen);
        destIndex += rlen;
      }
      lastEscape = index + 1;
    }

    // Copy leftover characters if there are any.
    int charsLeft = slen - lastEscape;
    if (charsLeft > 0) {
      int sizeNeeded = destIndex + charsLeft;
      if (destSize < sizeNeeded) {

        // Regrow and copy, expensive! No padding as this is the final copy.
        dest = growBuffer(dest, destIndex, sizeNeeded);
      }
      s.getChars(lastEscape, slen, dest, destIndex);
      destIndex = sizeNeeded;
    }
    return new String(dest, 0, destIndex);
  }

  
Helper method to grow the character buffer as needed, this only happens once in a while so it's
ok if it's in a method call. If the index passed in is 0 then no copying will be done.

/**
   * Helper method to grow the character buffer as needed, this only happens once in a while so it's
   * ok if it's in a method call. If the index passed in is 0 then no copying will be done.
   */
  private static char[] growBuffer(char[] dest, int index, int size) {
    if (size < 0) { // overflow - should be OutOfMemoryError but GWT/j2cl don't support it
      throw new AssertionError("Cannot increase internal buffer any further");
    }
    char[] copy = new char[size];
    if (index > 0) {
      System.arraycopy(dest, 0, copy, 0, index);
    }
    return copy;
  }

  
The multiplier for padding to use when growing the escape buffer. 
/** The multiplier for padding to use when growing the escape buffer. */
  private static final int DEST_PAD_MULTIPLIER = 2;
}