/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package jakarta.servlet.jsp;

import java.io.IOException;


The actions and template data in a JSP page is written using the JspWriter
object that is referenced by the implicit variable out which is initialized
automatically using methods in the PageContext object.

This abstract class emulates some of the functionality found in the
java.io.BufferedWriter and java.io.PrintWriter classes, however it differs in
that it throws java.io.IOException from the print methods while PrintWriter
does not.

Buffering

The initial JspWriter object is associated with the PrintWriter object of the
ServletResponse in a way that depends on whether the page is or is not
buffered. If the page is not buffered, output written to this JspWriter
object will be written through to the PrintWriter directly, which will be
created if necessary by invoking the getWriter() method on the response
object. But if the page is buffered, the PrintWriter object will not be
created until the buffer is flushed and operations like setContentType() are
legal. Since this flexibility simplifies programming substantially, buffering
is the default for JSP pages.

Buffering raises the issue of what to do when the buffer is exceeded. Two
approaches can be taken:

Exceeding the buffer is not a fatal error; when the buffer is exceeded,
just flush the output.
Exceeding the buffer is a fatal error; when the buffer is exceeded, raise
an exception.


Both approaches are valid, and thus both are supported in the JSP technology.
The behavior of a page is controlled by the autoFlush attribute, which
defaults to true. In general, JSP pages that need to be sure that correct and
complete data has been sent to their client may want to set autoFlush to
false, with a typical case being that where the client is an application
itself. On the other hand, JSP pages that send data that is meaningful even
when partially constructed may want to set autoFlush to true; such as when
the data is sent for immediate display through a browser. Each application
will need to consider their specific needs.

An alternative considered was to make the buffer size unbounded; but, this
had the disadvantage that runaway computations would consume an unbounded
amount of resources.

The "out" implicit variable of a JSP implementation class is of this type. If
the page directive selects autoflush="true" then all the I/O operations on
this class shall automatically flush the contents of the buffer if an
overflow condition would result if the current operation were performed
without a flush. If autoflush="false" then all the I/O operations on this
class shall throw an IOException if performing the current operation would
result in a buffer overflow condition.
See Also:
Writer
BufferedWriter
PrintWriter/**
 * <p>
 * The actions and template data in a JSP page is written using the JspWriter
 * object that is referenced by the implicit variable out which is initialized
 * automatically using methods in the PageContext object.
 *<p>
 * This abstract class emulates some of the functionality found in the
 * java.io.BufferedWriter and java.io.PrintWriter classes, however it differs in
 * that it throws java.io.IOException from the print methods while PrintWriter
 * does not.
 * <p>
 * <B>Buffering</B>
 * <p>
 * The initial JspWriter object is associated with the PrintWriter object of the
 * ServletResponse in a way that depends on whether the page is or is not
 * buffered. If the page is not buffered, output written to this JspWriter
 * object will be written through to the PrintWriter directly, which will be
 * created if necessary by invoking the getWriter() method on the response
 * object. But if the page is buffered, the PrintWriter object will not be
 * created until the buffer is flushed and operations like setContentType() are
 * legal. Since this flexibility simplifies programming substantially, buffering
 * is the default for JSP pages.
 * <p>
 * Buffering raises the issue of what to do when the buffer is exceeded. Two
 * approaches can be taken:
 * <ul>
 * <li>Exceeding the buffer is not a fatal error; when the buffer is exceeded,
 * just flush the output.
 * <li>Exceeding the buffer is a fatal error; when the buffer is exceeded, raise
 * an exception.
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * Both approaches are valid, and thus both are supported in the JSP technology.
 * The behavior of a page is controlled by the autoFlush attribute, which
 * defaults to true. In general, JSP pages that need to be sure that correct and
 * complete data has been sent to their client may want to set autoFlush to
 * false, with a typical case being that where the client is an application
 * itself. On the other hand, JSP pages that send data that is meaningful even
 * when partially constructed may want to set autoFlush to true; such as when
 * the data is sent for immediate display through a browser. Each application
 * will need to consider their specific needs.
 * <p>
 * An alternative considered was to make the buffer size unbounded; but, this
 * had the disadvantage that runaway computations would consume an unbounded
 * amount of resources.
 * <p>
 * The "out" implicit variable of a JSP implementation class is of this type. If
 * the page directive selects autoflush="true" then all the I/O operations on
 * this class shall automatically flush the contents of the buffer if an
 * overflow condition would result if the current operation were performed
 * without a flush. If autoflush="false" then all the I/O operations on this
 * class shall throw an IOException if performing the current operation would
 * result in a buffer overflow condition.
 *
 * @see java.io.Writer
 * @see java.io.BufferedWriter
 * @see java.io.PrintWriter
 */
public abstract class JspWriter extends java.io.Writer {

    
Constant indicating that the Writer is not buffering output.
/**
     * Constant indicating that the Writer is not buffering output.
     */
    public static final int NO_BUFFER = 0;

    
Constant indicating that the Writer is buffered and is using the
implementation default buffer size.
/**
     * Constant indicating that the Writer is buffered and is using the
     * implementation default buffer size.
     */
    public static final int DEFAULT_BUFFER = -1;

    
Constant indicating that the Writer is buffered and is unbounded; this is
used in BodyContent.
/**
     * Constant indicating that the Writer is buffered and is unbounded; this is
     * used in BodyContent.
     */
    public static final int UNBOUNDED_BUFFER = -2;

    
Protected constructor.
Params:
bufferSize – 
           the size of the buffer to be used by the JspWriter
autoFlush – 
           whether the JspWriter should be autoflushing/**
     * Protected constructor.
     *
     * @param bufferSize
     *            the size of the buffer to be used by the JspWriter
     * @param autoFlush
     *            whether the JspWriter should be autoflushing
     */
    protected JspWriter(int bufferSize, boolean autoFlush) {
        this.bufferSize = bufferSize;
        this.autoFlush = autoFlush;
    }

    
Write a line separator. The line separator string is defined by the
system property line.separator, and is not necessarily a
single newline ('\n') character.
Throws:
IOException – 
               If an I/O error occurs/**
     * Write a line separator. The line separator string is defined by the
     * system property <code>line.separator</code>, and is not necessarily a
     * single newline ('\n') character.
     *
     * @exception IOException
     *                If an I/O error occurs
     */
    public abstract void newLine() throws IOException;

    
Print a boolean value. The string produced by String.valueOf(boolean)
is written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly
to the underlying writer.
Params:
b – 
           The boolean to be printed
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print a boolean value. The string produced by <code>{@link
     * java.lang.String#valueOf(boolean)}</code>
     * is written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly
     * to the underlying writer.
     *
     * @param b
     *            The <code>boolean</code> to be printed
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void print(boolean b) throws IOException;

    
Print a character. The character is written to the JspWriter's buffer or,
if no buffer is used, directly to the underlying writer.
Params:
c – 
           The char to be printed
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print a character. The character is written to the JspWriter's buffer or,
     * if no buffer is used, directly to the underlying writer.
     *
     * @param c
     *            The <code>char</code> to be printed
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void print(char c) throws IOException;

    
Print an integer. The string produced by String.valueOf(int)
is written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly
to the underlying writer.
Params:
i – 
           The int to be printed
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing
See Also:
Integer.toString(int)/**
     * Print an integer. The string produced by <code>{@link
     * java.lang.String#valueOf(int)}</code>
     * is written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly
     * to the underlying writer.
     *
     * @param i
     *            The <code>int</code> to be printed
     * @see java.lang.Integer#toString(int)
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void print(int i) throws IOException;

    
Print a long integer. The string produced by String.valueOf(long)
is written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly
to the underlying writer.
Params:
l – 
           The long to be printed
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing
See Also:
Long.toString(long)/**
     * Print a long integer. The string produced by <code>{@link
     * java.lang.String#valueOf(long)}</code>
     * is written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly
     * to the underlying writer.
     *
     * @param l
     *            The <code>long</code> to be printed
     * @see java.lang.Long#toString(long)
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void print(long l) throws IOException;

    
Print a floating-point number. The string produced by String.valueOf(float)
is written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly
to the underlying writer.
Params:
f – 
           The float to be printed
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing
See Also:
Float.toString(float)/**
     * Print a floating-point number. The string produced by <code>{@link
     * java.lang.String#valueOf(float)}</code>
     * is written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly
     * to the underlying writer.
     *
     * @param f
     *            The <code>float</code> to be printed
     * @see java.lang.Float#toString(float)
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void print(float f) throws IOException;

    
Print a double-precision floating-point number. The string produced by
String.valueOf(double) is written to the
JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly to the underlying
writer.
Params:
d – 
           The double to be printed
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing
See Also:
Double.toString(double)/**
     * Print a double-precision floating-point number. The string produced by
     * <code>{@link java.lang.String#valueOf(double)}</code> is written to the
     * JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly to the underlying
     * writer.
     *
     * @param d
     *            The <code>double</code> to be printed
     * @see java.lang.Double#toString(double)
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void print(double d) throws IOException;

    
Print an array of characters. The characters are written to the
JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly to the underlying
writer.
Params:
s – 
           The array of chars to be printed
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
            If s is null
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print an array of characters. The characters are written to the
     * JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly to the underlying
     * writer.
     *
     * @param s
     *            The array of chars to be printed
     * @throws NullPointerException
     *             If <code>s</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void print(char s[]) throws IOException;

    
Print a string. If the argument is null then the string
"null" is printed. Otherwise, the string's characters are
written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly to
the underlying writer.
Params:
s – 
           The String to be printed
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print a string. If the argument is <code>null</code> then the string
     * <code>"null"</code> is printed. Otherwise, the string's characters are
     * written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used, directly to
     * the underlying writer.
     *
     * @param s
     *            The <code>String</code> to be printed
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void print(String s) throws IOException;

    
Print an object. The string produced by the String.valueOf(Object)
method is written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used,
directly to the underlying writer.
Params:
obj – 
           The Object to be printed
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing
See Also:
Object.toString()/**
     * Print an object. The string produced by the <code>{@link
     * java.lang.String#valueOf(Object)}</code>
     * method is written to the JspWriter's buffer or, if no buffer is used,
     * directly to the underlying writer.
     *
     * @param obj
     *            The <code>Object</code> to be printed
     * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void print(Object obj) throws IOException;

    
Terminate the current line by writing the line separator string. The line
separator string is defined by the system property
line.separator, and is not necessarily a single newline
character ('\n').
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Terminate the current line by writing the line separator string. The line
     * separator string is defined by the system property
     * <code>line.separator</code>, and is not necessarily a single newline
     * character (<code>'\n'</code>).
     *
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void println() throws IOException;

    
Print a boolean value and then terminate the line. This method behaves as
though it invokes print(boolean) and then
println().
Params:
x – 
           the boolean to write
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print a boolean value and then terminate the line. This method behaves as
     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(boolean)}</code> and then
     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
     *
     * @param x
     *            the boolean to write
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void println(boolean x) throws IOException;

    
Print a character and then terminate the line. This method behaves as
though it invokes print(char) and then println()
.
Params:
x – 
           the char to write
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print a character and then terminate the line. This method behaves as
     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(char)}</code> and then <code>{@link
     * #println()}</code>
     * .
     *
     * @param x
     *            the char to write
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void println(char x) throws IOException;

    
Print an integer and then terminate the line. This method behaves as
though it invokes print(int) and then println()
.
Params:
x – 
           the int to write
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print an integer and then terminate the line. This method behaves as
     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(int)}</code> and then <code>{@link
     * #println()}</code>
     * .
     *
     * @param x
     *            the int to write
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void println(int x) throws IOException;

    
Print a long integer and then terminate the line. This method behaves as
though it invokes print(long) and then
println().
Params:
x – 
           the long to write
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print a long integer and then terminate the line. This method behaves as
     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(long)}</code> and then
     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
     *
     * @param x
     *            the long to write
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void println(long x) throws IOException;

    
Print a floating-point number and then terminate the line. This method
behaves as though it invokes print(float) and then
println().
Params:
x – 
           the float to write
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print a floating-point number and then terminate the line. This method
     * behaves as though it invokes <code>{@link #print(float)}</code> and then
     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
     *
     * @param x
     *            the float to write
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void println(float x) throws IOException;

    
Print a double-precision floating-point number and then terminate the
line. This method behaves as though it invokes print(double) and
then println().
Params:
x – 
           the double to write
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print a double-precision floating-point number and then terminate the
     * line. This method behaves as though it invokes <code>{@link
     * #print(double)}</code> and
     * then <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
     *
     * @param x
     *            the double to write
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void println(double x) throws IOException;

    
Print an array of characters and then terminate the line. This method
behaves as though it invokes print(char[]) and then
println().
Params:
x – 
           the char[] to write
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print an array of characters and then terminate the line. This method
     * behaves as though it invokes <code>print(char[])</code> and then
     * <code>println()</code>.
     *
     * @param x
     *            the char[] to write
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void println(char x[]) throws IOException;

    
Print a String and then terminate the line. This method behaves as though
it invokes print(String) and then
println().
Params:
x – 
           the String to write
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print a String and then terminate the line. This method behaves as though
     * it invokes <code>{@link #print(String)}</code> and then
     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
     *
     * @param x
     *            the String to write
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void println(String x) throws IOException;

    
Print an Object and then terminate the line. This method behaves as
though it invokes print(Object) and then
println().
Params:
x – 
           the Object to write
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an error occurred while writing/**
     * Print an Object and then terminate the line. This method behaves as
     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(Object)}</code> and then
     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
     *
     * @param x
     *            the Object to write
     * @throws java.io.IOException
     *             If an error occurred while writing
     */
    public abstract void println(Object x) throws IOException;

    
Clear the contents of the buffer. If the buffer has been already been
flushed then the clear operation shall throw an IOException to signal the
fact that some data has already been irrevocably written to the client
response stream.
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an I/O error occurs/**
     * Clear the contents of the buffer. If the buffer has been already been
     * flushed then the clear operation shall throw an IOException to signal the
     * fact that some data has already been irrevocably written to the client
     * response stream.
     *
     * @throws IOException
     *             If an I/O error occurs
     */
    public abstract void clear() throws IOException;

    
Clears the current contents of the buffer. Unlike clear(), this method
will not throw an IOException if the buffer has already been flushed. It
merely clears the current content of the buffer and returns.
Throws:
IOException – 
            If an I/O error occurs/**
     * Clears the current contents of the buffer. Unlike clear(), this method
     * will not throw an IOException if the buffer has already been flushed. It
     * merely clears the current content of the buffer and returns.
     *
     * @throws IOException
     *             If an I/O error occurs
     */
    public abstract void clearBuffer() throws IOException;

    
Flush the stream. If the stream has saved any characters from the various
write() methods in a buffer, write them immediately to their intended
destination. Then, if that destination is another character or byte
stream, flush it. Thus one flush() invocation will flush all the buffers
in a chain of Writers and OutputStreams.

The method may be invoked indirectly if the buffer size is exceeded.

Once a stream has been closed, further write() or flush() invocations
will cause an IOException to be thrown.
Throws:
IOException – 
               If an I/O error occurs/**
     * Flush the stream. If the stream has saved any characters from the various
     * write() methods in a buffer, write them immediately to their intended
     * destination. Then, if that destination is another character or byte
     * stream, flush it. Thus one flush() invocation will flush all the buffers
     * in a chain of Writers and OutputStreams.
     * <p>
     * The method may be invoked indirectly if the buffer size is exceeded.
     * <p>
     * Once a stream has been closed, further write() or flush() invocations
     * will cause an IOException to be thrown.
     *
     * @exception IOException
     *                If an I/O error occurs
     */
    @Override
    public abstract void flush() throws IOException;

    
Close the stream, flushing it first.

This method needs not be invoked explicitly for the initial JspWriter as
the code generated by the JSP container will automatically include a call
to close().

Closing a previously-closed stream, unlike flush(), has no effect.
Throws:
IOException – 
               If an I/O error occurs/**
     * Close the stream, flushing it first.
     * <p>
     * This method needs not be invoked explicitly for the initial JspWriter as
     * the code generated by the JSP container will automatically include a call
     * to close().
     * <p>
     * Closing a previously-closed stream, unlike flush(), has no effect.
     *
     * @exception IOException
     *                If an I/O error occurs
     */
    @Override
    public abstract void close() throws IOException;

    
This method returns the size of the buffer used by the JspWriter.
Returns:
the size of the buffer in bytes, or 0 is unbuffered./**
     * This method returns the size of the buffer used by the JspWriter.
     *
     * @return the size of the buffer in bytes, or 0 is unbuffered.
     */
    public int getBufferSize() {
        return bufferSize;
    }

    
This method returns the number of unused bytes in the buffer.
Returns:
the number of bytes unused in the buffer/**
     * This method returns the number of unused bytes in the buffer.
     *
     * @return the number of bytes unused in the buffer
     */
    public abstract int getRemaining();

    
This method indicates whether the JspWriter is autoFlushing.
Returns:
if this JspWriter is auto flushing or throwing IOExceptions on
        buffer overflow conditions/**
     * This method indicates whether the JspWriter is autoFlushing.
     *
     * @return if this JspWriter is auto flushing or throwing IOExceptions on
     *         buffer overflow conditions
     */
    public boolean isAutoFlush() {
        return autoFlush;
    }

    /*
     * fields
     */

    
The size of the buffer used by the JspWriter.
/**
     * The size of the buffer used by the JspWriter.
     */
    protected int bufferSize;

    
Whether the JspWriter is autoflushing.
/**
     * Whether the JspWriter is autoflushing.
     */
    protected boolean autoFlush;
}