https://tomcat.apache.org/: Tomcat Connectors and HTTP parser 
/*
 *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 *  contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 *  this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 *  The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 *  (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 *  the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.tomcat.util.http;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.util.Enumeration;

import org.apache.tomcat.util.buf.MessageBytes;
import org.apache.tomcat.util.res.StringManager;

/**
 * This class is used to contain standard internet message headers,
 * used for SMTP (RFC822) and HTTP (RFC2068) messages as well as for
 * MIME (RFC 2045) applications such as transferring typed data and
 * grouping related items in multipart message bodies.
 *
 * <P> Message headers, as specified in RFC822, include a field name
 * and a field body.  Order has no semantic significance, and several
 * fields with the same name may exist.  However, most fields do not
 * (and should not) exist more than once in a header.
 *
 * <P> Many kinds of field body must conform to a specified syntax,
 * including the standard parenthesized comment syntax.  This class
 * supports only two simple syntaxes, for dates and integers.
 *
 * <P> When processing headers, care must be taken to handle the case of
 * multiple same-name fields correctly.  The values of such fields are
 * only available as strings.  They may be accessed by index (treating
 * the header as an array of fields), or by name (returning an array
 * of string values).
 */

/* Headers are first parsed and stored in the order they are
   received. This is based on the fact that most servlets will not
   directly access all headers, and most headers are single-valued.
   ( the alternative - a hash or similar data structure - will add
   an overhead that is not needed in most cases )

   Apache seems to be using a similar method for storing and manipulating
   headers.

   Future enhancements:
   - hash the headers the first time a header is requested ( i.e. if the
   servlet needs direct access to headers).
   - scan "common" values ( length, cookies, etc ) during the parse
   ( addHeader hook )

*/



 Memory-efficient repository for Mime Headers. When the object is recycled, it
 will keep the allocated headers[] and all the MimeHeaderField - no GC is generated.
 For input headers it is possible to use the MessageByte for Fields - so no GC
 will be generated.
 The only garbage is generated when using the String for header names/values -
 this can't be avoided when the servlet calls header methods, but is easy
 to avoid inside tomcat. The goal is to use _only_ MessageByte-based Fields,
 and reduce to 0 the memory overhead of tomcat.
 TODO:
 XXX one-buffer parsing - for http ( other protocols don't need that )
 XXX remove unused methods
 XXX External enumerations, with 0 GC.
 XXX use HeaderName ID

Author:dac@eng.sun.com, James Todd [gonzo@eng.sun.com], Costin Manolache, kevin seguin
/**
 *  Memory-efficient repository for Mime Headers. When the object is recycled, it
 *  will keep the allocated headers[] and all the MimeHeaderField - no GC is generated.
 *
 *  For input headers it is possible to use the MessageByte for Fields - so no GC
 *  will be generated.
 *
 *  The only garbage is generated when using the String for header names/values -
 *  this can't be avoided when the servlet calls header methods, but is easy
 *  to avoid inside tomcat. The goal is to use _only_ MessageByte-based Fields,
 *  and reduce to 0 the memory overhead of tomcat.
 *
 *  TODO:
 *  XXX one-buffer parsing - for http ( other protocols don't need that )
 *  XXX remove unused methods
 *  XXX External enumerations, with 0 GC.
 *  XXX use HeaderName ID
 *
 *
 * @author dac@eng.sun.com
 * @author James Todd [gonzo@eng.sun.com]
 * @author Costin Manolache
 * @author kevin seguin
 */
public class MimeHeaders {
    
Initial size - should be == average number of headers per request
 XXX  make it configurable ( fine-tuning of web-apps )

/** Initial size - should be == average number of headers per request
     *  XXX  make it configurable ( fine-tuning of web-apps )
     */
    public static final int DEFAULT_HEADER_SIZE=8;

    private static final StringManager sm =
            StringManager.getManager("org.apache.tomcat.util.http");

    
The header fields.

/**
     * The header fields.
     */
    private MimeHeaderField[] headers = new
        MimeHeaderField[DEFAULT_HEADER_SIZE];

    
The current number of header fields.

/**
     * The current number of header fields.
     */
    private int count;

    
The limit on the number of header fields.

/**
     * The limit on the number of header fields.
     */
    private int limit = -1;

    
Creates a new MimeHeaders object using a default buffer size.

/**
     * Creates a new MimeHeaders object using a default buffer size.
     */
    public MimeHeaders() {
        // NO-OP
    }

    
Set limit on the number of header fields.

Params:
  • limit – The new limit
/**
     * Set limit on the number of header fields.
     * @param limit The new limit
     */
    public void setLimit(int limit) {
        this.limit = limit;
        if (limit > 0 && headers.length > limit && count < limit) {
            // shrink header list array
            MimeHeaderField tmp[] = new MimeHeaderField[limit];
            System.arraycopy(headers, 0, tmp, 0, count);
            headers = tmp;
        }
    }

    
Clears all header fields.

/**
     * Clears all header fields.
     */
    // [seguin] added for consistency -- most other objects have recycle().
    public void recycle() {
        clear();
    }

    
Clears all header fields.

/**
     * Clears all header fields.
     */
    public void clear() {
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            headers[i].recycle();
        }
        count = 0;
    }

    
EXPENSIVE!!!  only for debugging.

/**
     * EXPENSIVE!!!  only for debugging.
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(sw);
        pw.println("=== MimeHeaders ===");
        Enumeration<String> e = names();
        while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
            String n = e.nextElement();
            Enumeration<String> ev = values(n);
            while (ev.hasMoreElements()) {
                pw.print(n);
                pw.print(" = ");
                pw.println(ev.nextElement());
            }
        }
        return sw.toString();
    }


    public void duplicate(MimeHeaders source) throws IOException {
        for (int i = 0; i < source.size(); i++) {
            MimeHeaderField mhf = createHeader();
            mhf.getName().duplicate(source.getName(i));
            mhf.getValue().duplicate(source.getValue(i));
        }
    }


    // -------------------- Idx access to headers ----------

    
Returns:the current number of header fields.
/**
     * @return the current number of header fields.
     */
    public int size() {
        return count;
    }

    
Params:
  • n – The header index
Returns:the Nth header name, or null if there is no such header.
This may be used to iterate through all header fields.
/**
     * @param n The header index
     * @return the Nth header name, or null if there is no such header.
     * This may be used to iterate through all header fields.
     */
    public MessageBytes getName(int n) {
        return n >= 0 && n < count ? headers[n].getName() : null;
    }

    
Params:
  • n – The header index
Returns:the Nth header value, or null if there is no such header.
This may be used to iterate through all header fields.
/**
     * @param n The header index
     * @return the Nth header value, or null if there is no such header.
     * This may be used to iterate through all header fields.
     */
    public MessageBytes getValue(int n) {
        return n >= 0 && n < count ? headers[n].getValue() : null;
    }

    
Find the index of a header with the given name.

Params:
  • name – The header name
  • starting – Index on which to start looking
Returns:the header index
/**
     * Find the index of a header with the given name.
     * @param name The header name
     * @param starting Index on which to start looking
     * @return the header index
     */
    public int findHeader( String name, int starting ) {
        // We can use a hash - but it's not clear how much
        // benefit you can get - there is an  overhead
        // and the number of headers is small (4-5 ?)
        // Another problem is that we'll pay the overhead
        // of constructing the hashtable

        // A custom search tree may be better
        for (int i = starting; i < count; i++) {
            if (headers[i].getName().equalsIgnoreCase(name)) {
                return i;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    // -------------------- --------------------

    
Returns an enumeration of strings representing the header field names.
Field names may appear multiple times in this enumeration, indicating
that multiple fields with that name exist in this header.

Returns:the enumeration
/**
     * Returns an enumeration of strings representing the header field names.
     * Field names may appear multiple times in this enumeration, indicating
     * that multiple fields with that name exist in this header.
     * @return the enumeration
     */
    public Enumeration<String> names() {
        return new NamesEnumerator(this);
    }

    public Enumeration<String> values(String name) {
        return new ValuesEnumerator(this, name);
    }

    // -------------------- Adding headers --------------------


    
Adds a partially constructed field to the header.  This
field has not had its name or value initialized.

/**
     * Adds a partially constructed field to the header.  This
     * field has not had its name or value initialized.
     */
    private MimeHeaderField createHeader() {
        if (limit > -1 && count >= limit) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(sm.getString(
                    "headers.maxCountFail", Integer.valueOf(limit)));
        }
        MimeHeaderField mh;
        int len = headers.length;
        if (count >= len) {
            // expand header list array
            int newLength = count * 2;
            if (limit > 0 && newLength > limit) {
                newLength = limit;
            }
            MimeHeaderField tmp[] = new MimeHeaderField[newLength];
            System.arraycopy(headers, 0, tmp, 0, len);
            headers = tmp;
        }
        if ((mh = headers[count]) == null) {
            headers[count] = mh = new MimeHeaderField();
        }
        count++;
        return mh;
    }

    
Create a new named header , return the MessageBytes
container for the new value

Params:
  • name – The header name
Returns:the message bytes container for the value
/**
     * Create a new named header , return the MessageBytes
     * container for the new value
     * @param name The header name
     * @return the message bytes container for the value
     */
    public MessageBytes addValue( String name ) {
        MimeHeaderField mh = createHeader();
        mh.getName().setString(name);
        return mh.getValue();
    }

    
Create a new named header using un-translated byte[].
The conversion to chars can be delayed until
encoding is known.

Params:
  • b – The header name bytes
  • startN – Offset
  • len – Length
Returns:the message bytes container for the value
/**
     * Create a new named header using un-translated byte[].
     * The conversion to chars can be delayed until
     * encoding is known.
     * @param b The header name bytes
     * @param startN Offset
     * @param len Length
     * @return the message bytes container for the value
     */
    public MessageBytes addValue(byte b[], int startN, int len) {
        MimeHeaderField mhf=createHeader();
        mhf.getName().setBytes(b, startN, len);
        return mhf.getValue();
    }

    
Allow "set" operations, which removes all current values
for this header.

Params:
  • name – The header name
Returns:the message bytes container for the value
/**
     * Allow "set" operations, which removes all current values
     * for this header.
     * @param name The header name
     * @return the message bytes container for the value
     */
    public MessageBytes setValue( String name ) {
        for ( int i = 0; i < count; i++ ) {
            if(headers[i].getName().equalsIgnoreCase(name)) {
                for ( int j=i+1; j < count; j++ ) {
                    if(headers[j].getName().equalsIgnoreCase(name)) {
                        removeHeader(j--);
                    }
                }
                return headers[i].getValue();
            }
        }
        MimeHeaderField mh = createHeader();
        mh.getName().setString(name);
        return mh.getValue();
    }

    //-------------------- Getting headers --------------------
    
Finds and returns a header field with the given name.  If no such
field exists, null is returned.  If more than one such field is
in the header, an arbitrary one is returned.

Params:
  • name – The header name
Returns:the value
/**
     * Finds and returns a header field with the given name.  If no such
     * field exists, null is returned.  If more than one such field is
     * in the header, an arbitrary one is returned.
     * @param name The header name
     * @return the value
     */
    public MessageBytes getValue(String name) {
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            if (headers[i].getName().equalsIgnoreCase(name)) {
                return headers[i].getValue();
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    
Finds and returns a unique header field with the given name. If no such field exists, null is returned. If the specified header field is not unique then an IllegalArgumentException is thrown. 
Params:
  • name – The header name
Throws:
Returns:the value if unique
/**
     * Finds and returns a unique header field with the given name. If no such
     * field exists, null is returned. If the specified header field is not
     * unique then an {@link IllegalArgumentException} is thrown.
     * @param name The header name
     * @return the value if unique
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the header has multiple values
     */
    public MessageBytes getUniqueValue(String name) {
        MessageBytes result = null;
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            if (headers[i].getName().equalsIgnoreCase(name)) {
                if (result == null) {
                    result = headers[i].getValue();
                } else {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException();
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    // bad shortcut - it'll convert to string ( too early probably,
    // encoding is guessed very late )
    public String getHeader(String name) {
        MessageBytes mh = getValue(name);
        return mh != null ? mh.toString() : null;
    }

    // -------------------- Removing --------------------
    
Removes a header field with the specified name.  Does nothing
if such a field could not be found.

Params:
  • name – the name of the header field to be removed
/**
     * Removes a header field with the specified name.  Does nothing
     * if such a field could not be found.
     * @param name the name of the header field to be removed
     */
    public void removeHeader(String name) {
        // XXX
        // warning: rather sticky code; heavily tuned

        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            if (headers[i].getName().equalsIgnoreCase(name)) {
                removeHeader(i--);
            }
        }
    }

    
reset and swap with last header

Params:
  • idx – the index of the header to remove.
/**
     * reset and swap with last header
     * @param idx the index of the header to remove.
     */
    public void removeHeader(int idx) {
        MimeHeaderField mh = headers[idx];

        mh.recycle();
        headers[idx] = headers[count - 1];
        headers[count - 1] = mh;
        count--;
    }

}


Enumerate the distinct header names.
Each nextElement() is O(n) ( a comparison is
done with all previous elements ).
This is less frequent than add() -
we want to keep add O(1).

/** Enumerate the distinct header names.
    Each nextElement() is O(n) ( a comparison is
    done with all previous elements ).

    This is less frequent than add() -
    we want to keep add O(1).
*/
class NamesEnumerator implements Enumeration<String> {
    private int pos;
    private final int size;
    private String next;
    private final MimeHeaders headers;

    public NamesEnumerator(MimeHeaders headers) {
        this.headers=headers;
        pos=0;
        size = headers.size();
        findNext();
    }

    private void findNext() {
        next=null;
        for(; pos< size; pos++ ) {
            next=headers.getName( pos ).toString();
            for( int j=0; j<pos ; j++ ) {
                if( headers.getName( j ).equalsIgnoreCase( next )) {
                    // duplicate.
                    next=null;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if( next!=null ) {
                // it's not a duplicate
                break;
            }
        }
        // next time findNext is called it will try the
        // next element
        pos++;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean hasMoreElements() {
        return next!=null;
    }

    @Override
    public String nextElement() {
        String current=next;
        findNext();
        return current;
    }
}


Enumerate the values for a (possibly ) multiple
value element.

/** Enumerate the values for a (possibly ) multiple
    value element.
*/
class ValuesEnumerator implements Enumeration<String> {
    private int pos;
    private final int size;
    private MessageBytes next;
    private final MimeHeaders headers;
    private final String name;

    ValuesEnumerator(MimeHeaders headers, String name) {
        this.name=name;
        this.headers=headers;
        pos=0;
        size = headers.size();
        findNext();
    }

    private void findNext() {
        next=null;
        for(; pos< size; pos++ ) {
            MessageBytes n1=headers.getName( pos );
            if( n1.equalsIgnoreCase( name )) {
                next=headers.getValue( pos );
                break;
            }
        }
        pos++;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean hasMoreElements() {
        return next!=null;
    }

    @Override
    public String nextElement() {
        MessageBytes current=next;
        findNext();
        return current.toString();
    }
}

class MimeHeaderField {

    private final MessageBytes nameB = MessageBytes.newInstance();
    private final MessageBytes valueB = MessageBytes.newInstance();

    
Creates a new, uninitialized header field.

/**
     * Creates a new, uninitialized header field.
     */
    public MimeHeaderField() {
        // NO-OP
    }

    public void recycle() {
        nameB.recycle();
        valueB.recycle();
    }

    public MessageBytes getName() {
        return nameB;
    }

    public MessageBytes getValue() {
        return valueB;
    }
}