/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.commons.math3.complex;

import java.io.Serializable;
import org.apache.commons.math3.util.FastMath;
import org.apache.commons.math3.util.MathUtils;
import org.apache.commons.math3.util.Precision;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.DimensionMismatchException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.ZeroException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.util.LocalizedFormats;

This class implements 
quaternions (Hamilton's hypercomplex numbers).


Instance of this class are guaranteed to be immutable.
Since:
3.1/**
 * This class implements <a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Quaternion.html">
 * quaternions</a> (Hamilton's hypercomplex numbers).
 * <br/>
 * Instance of this class are guaranteed to be immutable.
 *
 * @since 3.1
 */
public final class Quaternion implements Serializable {
    
Identity quaternion. /** Identity quaternion. */
    public static final Quaternion IDENTITY = new Quaternion(1, 0, 0, 0);
    
Zero quaternion. /** Zero quaternion. */
    public static final Quaternion ZERO = new Quaternion(0, 0, 0, 0);
    
i /** i */
    public static final Quaternion I = new Quaternion(0, 1, 0, 0);
    
j /** j */
    public static final Quaternion J = new Quaternion(0, 0, 1, 0);
    
k /** k */
    public static final Quaternion K = new Quaternion(0, 0, 0, 1);

    
Serializable version identifier. /** Serializable version identifier. */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 20092012L;

    
First component (scalar part). /** First component (scalar part). */
    private final double q0;
    
Second component (first vector part). /** Second component (first vector part). */
    private final double q1;
    
Third component (second vector part). /** Third component (second vector part). */
    private final double q2;
    
Fourth component (third vector part). /** Fourth component (third vector part). */
    private final double q3;

    
Builds a quaternion from its components.
Params:
a – Scalar component.
b – First vector component.
c – Second vector component.
d – Third vector component./**
     * Builds a quaternion from its components.
     *
     * @param a Scalar component.
     * @param b First vector component.
     * @param c Second vector component.
     * @param d Third vector component.
     */
    public Quaternion(final double a,
                      final double b,
                      final double c,
                      final double d) {
        this.q0 = a;
        this.q1 = b;
        this.q2 = c;
        this.q3 = d;
    }

    
Builds a quaternion from scalar and vector parts.
Params:
scalar – Scalar part of the quaternion.
v – Components of the vector part of the quaternion.
Throws:
DimensionMismatchException – if the array length is not 3./**
     * Builds a quaternion from scalar and vector parts.
     *
     * @param scalar Scalar part of the quaternion.
     * @param v Components of the vector part of the quaternion.
     *
     * @throws DimensionMismatchException if the array length is not 3.
     */
    public Quaternion(final double scalar,
                      final double[] v)
        throws DimensionMismatchException {
        if (v.length != 3) {
            throw new DimensionMismatchException(v.length, 3);
        }
        this.q0 = scalar;
        this.q1 = v[0];
        this.q2 = v[1];
        this.q3 = v[2];
    }

    
Builds a pure quaternion from a vector (assuming that the scalar
part is zero).
Params:
v – Components of the vector part of the pure quaternion./**
     * Builds a pure quaternion from a vector (assuming that the scalar
     * part is zero).
     *
     * @param v Components of the vector part of the pure quaternion.
     */
    public Quaternion(final double[] v) {
        this(0, v);
    }

    
Returns the conjugate quaternion of the instance.
Returns:
the conjugate quaternion/**
     * Returns the conjugate quaternion of the instance.
     *
     * @return the conjugate quaternion
     */
    public Quaternion getConjugate() {
        return new Quaternion(q0, -q1, -q2, -q3);
    }

    
Returns the Hamilton product of two quaternions.
Params:
q1 – First quaternion.
q2 – Second quaternion.
Returns:
the product q1 and q2, in that order./**
     * Returns the Hamilton product of two quaternions.
     *
     * @param q1 First quaternion.
     * @param q2 Second quaternion.
     * @return the product {@code q1} and {@code q2}, in that order.
     */
    public static Quaternion multiply(final Quaternion q1, final Quaternion q2) {
        // Components of the first quaternion.
        final double q1a = q1.getQ0();
        final double q1b = q1.getQ1();
        final double q1c = q1.getQ2();
        final double q1d = q1.getQ3();

        // Components of the second quaternion.
        final double q2a = q2.getQ0();
        final double q2b = q2.getQ1();
        final double q2c = q2.getQ2();
        final double q2d = q2.getQ3();

        // Components of the product.
        final double w = q1a * q2a - q1b * q2b - q1c * q2c - q1d * q2d;
        final double x = q1a * q2b + q1b * q2a + q1c * q2d - q1d * q2c;
        final double y = q1a * q2c - q1b * q2d + q1c * q2a + q1d * q2b;
        final double z = q1a * q2d + q1b * q2c - q1c * q2b + q1d * q2a;

        return new Quaternion(w, x, y, z);
    }

    
Returns the Hamilton product of the instance by a quaternion.
Params:
q – Quaternion.
Returns:
the product of this instance with q, in that order./**
     * Returns the Hamilton product of the instance by a quaternion.
     *
     * @param q Quaternion.
     * @return the product of this instance with {@code q}, in that order.
     */
    public Quaternion multiply(final Quaternion q) {
        return multiply(this, q);
    }

    
Computes the sum of two quaternions.
Params:
q1 – Quaternion.
q2 – Quaternion.
Returns:
the sum of q1 and q2./**
     * Computes the sum of two quaternions.
     *
     * @param q1 Quaternion.
     * @param q2 Quaternion.
     * @return the sum of {@code q1} and {@code q2}.
     */
    public static Quaternion add(final Quaternion q1,
                                 final Quaternion q2) {
        return new Quaternion(q1.getQ0() + q2.getQ0(),
                              q1.getQ1() + q2.getQ1(),
                              q1.getQ2() + q2.getQ2(),
                              q1.getQ3() + q2.getQ3());
    }

    
Computes the sum of the instance and another quaternion.
Params:
q – Quaternion.
Returns:
the sum of this instance and q/**
     * Computes the sum of the instance and another quaternion.
     *
     * @param q Quaternion.
     * @return the sum of this instance and {@code q}
     */
    public Quaternion add(final Quaternion q) {
        return add(this, q);
    }

    
Subtracts two quaternions.
Params:
q1 – First Quaternion.
q2 – Second quaternion.
Returns:
the difference between q1 and q2./**
     * Subtracts two quaternions.
     *
     * @param q1 First Quaternion.
     * @param q2 Second quaternion.
     * @return the difference between {@code q1} and {@code q2}.
     */
    public static Quaternion subtract(final Quaternion q1,
                                      final Quaternion q2) {
        return new Quaternion(q1.getQ0() - q2.getQ0(),
                              q1.getQ1() - q2.getQ1(),
                              q1.getQ2() - q2.getQ2(),
                              q1.getQ3() - q2.getQ3());
    }

    
Subtracts a quaternion from the instance.
Params:
q – Quaternion.
Returns:
the difference between this instance and q./**
     * Subtracts a quaternion from the instance.
     *
     * @param q Quaternion.
     * @return the difference between this instance and {@code q}.
     */
    public Quaternion subtract(final Quaternion q) {
        return subtract(this, q);
    }

    
Computes the dot-product of two quaternions.
Params:
q1 – Quaternion.
q2 – Quaternion.
Returns:
the dot product of q1 and q2./**
     * Computes the dot-product of two quaternions.
     *
     * @param q1 Quaternion.
     * @param q2 Quaternion.
     * @return the dot product of {@code q1} and {@code q2}.
     */
    public static double dotProduct(final Quaternion q1,
                                    final Quaternion q2) {
        return q1.getQ0() * q2.getQ0() +
            q1.getQ1() * q2.getQ1() +
            q1.getQ2() * q2.getQ2() +
            q1.getQ3() * q2.getQ3();
    }

    
Computes the dot-product of the instance by a quaternion.
Params:
q – Quaternion.
Returns:
the dot product of this instance and q./**
     * Computes the dot-product of the instance by a quaternion.
     *
     * @param q Quaternion.
     * @return the dot product of this instance and {@code q}.
     */
    public double dotProduct(final Quaternion q) {
        return dotProduct(this, q);
    }

    
Computes the norm of the quaternion.
Returns:
the norm./**
     * Computes the norm of the quaternion.
     *
     * @return the norm.
     */
    public double getNorm() {
        return FastMath.sqrt(q0 * q0 +
                             q1 * q1 +
                             q2 * q2 +
                             q3 * q3);
    }

    
Computes the normalized quaternion (the versor of the instance).
The norm of the quaternion must not be zero.
Throws:
ZeroException – if the norm of the quaternion is zero.
Returns:
a normalized quaternion./**
     * Computes the normalized quaternion (the versor of the instance).
     * The norm of the quaternion must not be zero.
     *
     * @return a normalized quaternion.
     * @throws ZeroException if the norm of the quaternion is zero.
     */
    public Quaternion normalize() {
        final double norm = getNorm();

        if (norm < Precision.SAFE_MIN) {
            throw new ZeroException(LocalizedFormats.NORM, norm);
        }

        return new Quaternion(q0 / norm,
                              q1 / norm,
                              q2 / norm,
                              q3 / norm);
    }

    
{@inheritDoc}
/**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object other) {
        if (this == other) {
            return true;
        }
        if (other instanceof Quaternion) {
            final Quaternion q = (Quaternion) other;
            return q0 == q.getQ0() &&
                q1 == q.getQ1() &&
                q2 == q.getQ2() &&
                q3 == q.getQ3();
        }

        return false;
    }

    
{@inheritDoc}
/**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        // "Effective Java" (second edition, p. 47).
        int result = 17;
        for (double comp : new double[] { q0, q1, q2, q3 }) {
            final int c = MathUtils.hash(comp);
            result = 31 * result + c;
        }
        return result;
    }

    
Checks whether this instance is equal to another quaternion
within a given tolerance.
Params:
q – Quaternion with which to compare the current quaternion.
eps – Tolerance.
Returns:
true if the each of the components are equal within the allowed absolute error./**
     * Checks whether this instance is equal to another quaternion
     * within a given tolerance.
     *
     * @param q Quaternion with which to compare the current quaternion.
     * @param eps Tolerance.
     * @return {@code true} if the each of the components are equal
     * within the allowed absolute error.
     */
    public boolean equals(final Quaternion q,
                          final double eps) {
        return Precision.equals(q0, q.getQ0(), eps) &&
            Precision.equals(q1, q.getQ1(), eps) &&
            Precision.equals(q2, q.getQ2(), eps) &&
            Precision.equals(q3, q.getQ3(), eps);
    }

    
Checks whether the instance is a unit quaternion within a given
tolerance.
Params:
eps – Tolerance (absolute error).
Returns:
true if the norm is 1 within the given tolerance, false otherwise/**
     * Checks whether the instance is a unit quaternion within a given
     * tolerance.
     *
     * @param eps Tolerance (absolute error).
     * @return {@code true} if the norm is 1 within the given tolerance,
     * {@code false} otherwise
     */
    public boolean isUnitQuaternion(double eps) {
        return Precision.equals(getNorm(), 1d, eps);
    }

    
Checks whether the instance is a pure quaternion within a given
tolerance.
Params:
eps – Tolerance (absolute error).
Returns:
true if the scalar part of the quaternion is zero./**
     * Checks whether the instance is a pure quaternion within a given
     * tolerance.
     *
     * @param eps Tolerance (absolute error).
     * @return {@code true} if the scalar part of the quaternion is zero.
     */
    public boolean isPureQuaternion(double eps) {
        return FastMath.abs(getQ0()) <= eps;
    }

    
Returns the polar form of the quaternion.
Returns:
the unit quaternion with positive scalar part./**
     * Returns the polar form of the quaternion.
     *
     * @return the unit quaternion with positive scalar part.
     */
    public Quaternion getPositivePolarForm() {
        if (getQ0() < 0) {
            final Quaternion unitQ = normalize();
            // The quaternion of rotation (normalized quaternion) q and -q
            // are equivalent (i.e. represent the same rotation).
            return new Quaternion(-unitQ.getQ0(),
                                  -unitQ.getQ1(),
                                  -unitQ.getQ2(),
                                  -unitQ.getQ3());
        } else {
            return this.normalize();
        }
    }

    
Returns the inverse of this instance.
The norm of the quaternion must not be zero.
Throws:
ZeroException – if the norm (squared) of the quaternion is zero.
Returns:
the inverse./**
     * Returns the inverse of this instance.
     * The norm of the quaternion must not be zero.
     *
     * @return the inverse.
     * @throws ZeroException if the norm (squared) of the quaternion is zero.
     */
    public Quaternion getInverse() {
        final double squareNorm = q0 * q0 + q1 * q1 + q2 * q2 + q3 * q3;
        if (squareNorm < Precision.SAFE_MIN) {
            throw new ZeroException(LocalizedFormats.NORM, squareNorm);
        }

        return new Quaternion(q0 / squareNorm,
                              -q1 / squareNorm,
                              -q2 / squareNorm,
                              -q3 / squareNorm);
    }

    
Gets the first component of the quaternion (scalar part).
Returns:
the scalar part./**
     * Gets the first component of the quaternion (scalar part).
     *
     * @return the scalar part.
     */
    public double getQ0() {
        return q0;
    }

    
Gets the second component of the quaternion (first component
of the vector part).
Returns:
the first component of the vector part./**
     * Gets the second component of the quaternion (first component
     * of the vector part).
     *
     * @return the first component of the vector part.
     */
    public double getQ1() {
        return q1;
    }

    
Gets the third component of the quaternion (second component
of the vector part).
Returns:
the second component of the vector part./**
     * Gets the third component of the quaternion (second component
     * of the vector part).
     *
     * @return the second component of the vector part.
     */
    public double getQ2() {
        return q2;
    }

    
Gets the fourth component of the quaternion (third component
of the vector part).
Returns:
the third component of the vector part./**
     * Gets the fourth component of the quaternion (third component
     * of the vector part).
     *
     * @return the third component of the vector part.
     */
    public double getQ3() {
        return q3;
    }

    
Gets the scalar part of the quaternion.
See Also:
getQ0()
Returns:
the scalar part./**
     * Gets the scalar part of the quaternion.
     *
     * @return the scalar part.
     * @see #getQ0()
     */
    public double getScalarPart() {
        return getQ0();
    }

    
Gets the three components of the vector part of the quaternion.
See Also:
getQ1()
getQ2()
getQ3()
Returns:
the vector part./**
     * Gets the three components of the vector part of the quaternion.
     *
     * @return the vector part.
     * @see #getQ1()
     * @see #getQ2()
     * @see #getQ3()
     */
    public double[] getVectorPart() {
        return new double[] { getQ1(), getQ2(), getQ3() };
    }

    
Multiplies the instance by a scalar.
Params:
alpha – Scalar factor.
Returns:
a scaled quaternion./**
     * Multiplies the instance by a scalar.
     *
     * @param alpha Scalar factor.
     * @return a scaled quaternion.
     */
    public Quaternion multiply(final double alpha) {
        return new Quaternion(alpha * q0,
                              alpha * q1,
                              alpha * q2,
                              alpha * q3);
    }

    
{@inheritDoc}
/**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        final String sp = " ";
        final StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
        s.append("[")
            .append(q0).append(sp)
            .append(q1).append(sp)
            .append(q2).append(sp)
            .append(q3)
            .append("]");

        return s.toString();
    }
}