/*
 * Copyright (c) 2010, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

package jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime;

import static jdk.nashorn.internal.codegen.CompilerConstants.staticCall;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.codegen.CompilerConstants.staticCallNoLookup;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.ECMAErrors.rangeError;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.ECMAErrors.referenceError;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.ECMAErrors.syntaxError;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.ECMAErrors.typeError;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.JSType.isRepresentableAsInt;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.JSType.isString;

import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
import java.lang.invoke.SwitchPoint;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Objects;
import jdk.dynalink.beans.BeansLinker;
import jdk.dynalink.beans.StaticClass;
import jdk.nashorn.api.scripting.JSObject;
import jdk.nashorn.api.scripting.ScriptObjectMirror;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.codegen.ApplySpecialization;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.codegen.CompilerConstants;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.codegen.CompilerConstants.Call;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.ir.debug.JSONWriter;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.AbstractIterator;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.Global;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.NativeObject;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.NativeJava;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.NativeArray;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.Lexer;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.arrays.ArrayIndex;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.linker.Bootstrap;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.linker.InvokeByName;

Utilities to be called by JavaScript runtime API and generated classes.
/**
 * Utilities to be called by JavaScript runtime API and generated classes.
 */

public final class ScriptRuntime {
    private ScriptRuntime() {
    }

    
Singleton representing the empty array object '[]' /** Singleton representing the empty array object '[]' */
    public static final Object[] EMPTY_ARRAY = new Object[0];

    
Unique instance of undefined. /** Unique instance of undefined. */
    public static final Undefined UNDEFINED = Undefined.getUndefined();

    
Unique instance of undefined used to mark empty array slots.
Can't escape the array.
/**
     * Unique instance of undefined used to mark empty array slots.
     * Can't escape the array.
     */
    public static final Undefined EMPTY = Undefined.getEmpty();

    
Method handle to generic + operator, operating on objects /** Method handle to generic + operator, operating on objects */
    public static final Call ADD = staticCallNoLookup(ScriptRuntime.class, "ADD", Object.class, Object.class, Object.class);

    
Method handle to generic === operator, operating on objects /** Method handle to generic === operator, operating on objects */
    public static final Call EQ_STRICT = staticCallNoLookup(ScriptRuntime.class, "EQ_STRICT", boolean.class, Object.class, Object.class);

    
Method handle used to enter a with scope at runtime. /** Method handle used to enter a {@code with} scope at runtime. */
    public static final Call OPEN_WITH = staticCallNoLookup(ScriptRuntime.class, "openWith", ScriptObject.class, ScriptObject.class, Object.class);

    
Method used to place a scope's variable into the Global scope, which has to be done for the
properties declared at outermost script level.
/**
     * Method used to place a scope's variable into the Global scope, which has to be done for the
     * properties declared at outermost script level.
     */
    public static final Call MERGE_SCOPE = staticCallNoLookup(ScriptRuntime.class, "mergeScope", ScriptObject.class, ScriptObject.class);

    
Return an appropriate iterator for the elements in a for-in construct
/**
     * Return an appropriate iterator for the elements in a for-in construct
     */
    public static final Call TO_PROPERTY_ITERATOR = staticCallNoLookup(ScriptRuntime.class, "toPropertyIterator", Iterator.class, Object.class);

    
Return an appropriate iterator for the elements in a for-each construct
/**
     * Return an appropriate iterator for the elements in a for-each construct
     */
    public static final Call TO_VALUE_ITERATOR = staticCallNoLookup(ScriptRuntime.class, "toValueIterator", Iterator.class, Object.class);

    
Return an appropriate iterator for the elements in a ES6 for-of loop
/**
     * Return an appropriate iterator for the elements in a ES6 for-of loop
     */
    public static final Call TO_ES6_ITERATOR = staticCallNoLookup(ScriptRuntime.class, "toES6Iterator", Iterator.class, Object.class);

    
Method handle for apply. Used from ScriptFunction for looking up calls to call sites that are known to be megamorphic. Using an invoke dynamic here would lead to the JVM deoptimizing itself to death /**
      * Method handle for apply. Used from {@link ScriptFunction} for looking up calls to
      * call sites that are known to be megamorphic. Using an invoke dynamic here would
      * lead to the JVM deoptimizing itself to death
      */
    public static final Call APPLY = staticCall(MethodHandles.lookup(), ScriptRuntime.class, "apply", Object.class, ScriptFunction.class, Object.class, Object[].class);

    
Throws a reference error for an undefined variable.
/**
     * Throws a reference error for an undefined variable.
     */
    public static final Call THROW_REFERENCE_ERROR = staticCall(MethodHandles.lookup(), ScriptRuntime.class, "throwReferenceError", void.class, String.class);

    
Throws a reference error for an undefined variable.
/**
     * Throws a reference error for an undefined variable.
     */
    public static final Call THROW_CONST_TYPE_ERROR = staticCall(MethodHandles.lookup(), ScriptRuntime.class, "throwConstTypeError", void.class, String.class);

    
Used to invalidate builtin names, e.g "Function" mapping to all properties in Function.prototype and Function.prototype itself.
/**
     * Used to invalidate builtin names, e.g "Function" mapping to all properties in Function.prototype and Function.prototype itself.
     */
    public static final Call INVALIDATE_RESERVED_BUILTIN_NAME = staticCallNoLookup(ScriptRuntime.class, "invalidateReservedBuiltinName", void.class, String.class);

    
Converts a switch tag value to a simple integer. deflt value if it can't.
Params:
tag –   Switch statement tag value.
deflt – default to use if not convertible.
Returns:
int tag value (or deflt.)/**
     * Converts a switch tag value to a simple integer. deflt value if it can't.
     *
     * @param tag   Switch statement tag value.
     * @param deflt default to use if not convertible.
     * @return int tag value (or deflt.)
     */
    public static int switchTagAsInt(final Object tag, final int deflt) {
        if (tag instanceof Number) {
            final double d = ((Number)tag).doubleValue();
            if (isRepresentableAsInt(d)) {
                return (int)d;
            }
        }
        return deflt;
    }

    
Converts a switch tag value to a simple integer. deflt value if it can't.
Params:
tag –   Switch statement tag value.
deflt – default to use if not convertible.
Returns:
int tag value (or deflt.)/**
     * Converts a switch tag value to a simple integer. deflt value if it can't.
     *
     * @param tag   Switch statement tag value.
     * @param deflt default to use if not convertible.
     * @return int tag value (or deflt.)
     */
    public static int switchTagAsInt(final boolean tag, final int deflt) {
        return deflt;
    }

    
Converts a switch tag value to a simple integer. deflt value if it can't.
Params:
tag –   Switch statement tag value.
deflt – default to use if not convertible.
Returns:
int tag value (or deflt.)/**
     * Converts a switch tag value to a simple integer. deflt value if it can't.
     *
     * @param tag   Switch statement tag value.
     * @param deflt default to use if not convertible.
     * @return int tag value (or deflt.)
     */
    public static int switchTagAsInt(final long tag, final int deflt) {
        return isRepresentableAsInt(tag) ? (int)tag : deflt;
    }

    
Converts a switch tag value to a simple integer. deflt value if it can't.
Params:
tag –   Switch statement tag value.
deflt – default to use if not convertible.
Returns:
int tag value (or deflt.)/**
     * Converts a switch tag value to a simple integer. deflt value if it can't.
     *
     * @param tag   Switch statement tag value.
     * @param deflt default to use if not convertible.
     * @return int tag value (or deflt.)
     */
    public static int switchTagAsInt(final double tag, final int deflt) {
        return isRepresentableAsInt(tag) ? (int)tag : deflt;
    }

    
This is the builtin implementation of Object.prototype.toString 
Params:
self – reference
Returns:
string representation as object/**
     * This is the builtin implementation of {@code Object.prototype.toString}
     * @param self reference
     * @return string representation as object
     */
    public static String builtinObjectToString(final Object self) {
        String className;
        // Spec tells us to convert primitives by ToObject..
        // But we don't need to -- all we need is the right class name
        // of the corresponding primitive wrapper type.

        final JSType type = JSType.ofNoFunction(self);

        switch (type) {
        case BOOLEAN:
            className = "Boolean";
            break;
        case NUMBER:
            className = "Number";
            break;
        case STRING:
            className = "String";
            break;
        // special case of null and undefined
        case NULL:
            className = "Null";
            break;
        case UNDEFINED:
            className = "Undefined";
            break;
        case OBJECT:
            if (self instanceof ScriptObject) {
                className = ((ScriptObject)self).getClassName();
            } else if (self instanceof JSObject) {
                className = ((JSObject)self).getClassName();
            } else {
                className = self.getClass().getName();
            }
            break;
        default:
            // Nashorn extension: use Java class name
            className = self.getClass().getName();
            break;
        }

        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.append("[object ");
        sb.append(className);
        sb.append(']');

        return sb.toString();
    }

    
This is called whenever runtime wants to throw an error and wants to provide
meaningful information about an object. We don't want to call toString which
ends up calling "toString" from script world which may itself throw error.
When we want to throw an error, we don't additional error from script land
-- which may sometimes lead to infinite recursion.
Params:
obj – Object to converted to String safely (without calling user script)
Returns:
safe String representation of the given object/**
     * This is called whenever runtime wants to throw an error and wants to provide
     * meaningful information about an object. We don't want to call toString which
     * ends up calling "toString" from script world which may itself throw error.
     * When we want to throw an error, we don't additional error from script land
     * -- which may sometimes lead to infinite recursion.
     *
     * @param obj Object to converted to String safely (without calling user script)
     * @return safe String representation of the given object
     */
    public static String safeToString(final Object obj) {
        return JSType.toStringImpl(obj, true);
    }

    
Returns an iterator over property identifiers used in the for...in statement. Note that the ECMAScript 5.1 specification, chapter 12.6.4. uses the terminology "property names", which seems to imply that the property identifiers are expected to be strings, but this is not actually spelled out anywhere, and Nashorn will in some cases deviate from this. Namely, we guarantee to always return an iterator over String values for any built-in JavaScript object. We will however return an iterator over Integer objects for native Java arrays and List objects, as well as arbitrary objects representing keys of a Map. Therefore, the expression typeof i within a for(i in obj) statement can return something other than string when iterating over native Java arrays, List, and Map objects. 
Params:
obj – object to iterate on.
Returns:
iterator over the object's property names./**
     * Returns an iterator over property identifiers used in the {@code for...in} statement. Note that the ECMAScript
     * 5.1 specification, chapter 12.6.4. uses the terminology "property names", which seems to imply that the property
     * identifiers are expected to be strings, but this is not actually spelled out anywhere, and Nashorn will in some
     * cases deviate from this. Namely, we guarantee to always return an iterator over {@link String} values for any
     * built-in JavaScript object. We will however return an iterator over {@link Integer} objects for native Java
     * arrays and {@link List} objects, as well as arbitrary objects representing keys of a {@link Map}. Therefore, the
     * expression {@code typeof i} within a {@code for(i in obj)} statement can return something other than
     * {@code string} when iterating over native Java arrays, {@code List}, and {@code Map} objects.
     * @param obj object to iterate on.
     * @return iterator over the object's property names.
     */
    public static Iterator<?> toPropertyIterator(final Object obj) {
        if (obj instanceof ScriptObject) {
            return ((ScriptObject)obj).propertyIterator();
        }

        if (obj != null && obj.getClass().isArray()) {
            return new RangeIterator(Array.getLength(obj));
        }

        if (obj instanceof JSObject) {
            return ((JSObject)obj).keySet().iterator();
        }

        if (obj instanceof List) {
            return new RangeIterator(((List<?>)obj).size());
        }

        if (obj instanceof Map) {
            return ((Map<?,?>)obj).keySet().iterator();
        }

        final Object wrapped = Global.instance().wrapAsObject(obj);
        if (wrapped instanceof ScriptObject) {
            return ((ScriptObject)wrapped).propertyIterator();
        }

        return Collections.emptyIterator();
    }

    private static final class RangeIterator implements Iterator<Integer> {
        private final int length;
        private int index;

        RangeIterator(final int length) {
            this.length = length;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean hasNext() {
            return index < length;
        }

        @Override
        public Integer next() {
            return index++;
        }

        @Override
        public void remove() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("remove");
        }
    }

    // value Iterator for important Java objects - arrays, maps, iterables.
    private static Iterator<?> iteratorForJavaArrayOrList(final Object obj) {
        if (obj != null && obj.getClass().isArray()) {
            final Object array  = obj;
            final int    length = Array.getLength(obj);

            return new Iterator<Object>() {
                private int index = 0;

                @Override
                public boolean hasNext() {
                    return index < length;
                }

                @Override
                public Object next() {
                    if (index >= length) {
                        throw new NoSuchElementException();
                    }
                    return Array.get(array, index++);
                }

                @Override
                public void remove() {
                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("remove");
                }
            };
        }

        if (obj instanceof Iterable) {
            return ((Iterable<?>)obj).iterator();
        }

        return null;
    }

    
Returns an iterator over property values used in the for each...in statement. Aside from built-in JS objects, it also operates on Java arrays, any Iterable, as well as on Map objects, iterating over map values. 
Params:
obj – object to iterate on.
Returns:
iterator over the object's property values./**
     * Returns an iterator over property values used in the {@code for each...in} statement. Aside from built-in JS
     * objects, it also operates on Java arrays, any {@link Iterable}, as well as on {@link Map} objects, iterating over
     * map values.
     * @param obj object to iterate on.
     * @return iterator over the object's property values.
     */
    public static Iterator<?> toValueIterator(final Object obj) {
        if (obj instanceof ScriptObject) {
            return ((ScriptObject)obj).valueIterator();
        }

        if (obj instanceof JSObject) {
            return ((JSObject)obj).values().iterator();
        }

        final Iterator<?> itr = iteratorForJavaArrayOrList(obj);
        if (itr != null) {
            return itr;
        }

        if (obj instanceof Map) {
            return ((Map<?,?>)obj).values().iterator();
        }

        final Object wrapped = Global.instance().wrapAsObject(obj);
        if (wrapped instanceof ScriptObject) {
            return ((ScriptObject)wrapped).valueIterator();
        }

        return Collections.emptyIterator();
    }

    
Returns an iterator over property values used in the for ... of statement. The iterator uses the Iterator interface defined in version 6 of the ECMAScript specification. 
Params:
obj – object to iterate on.
Returns:
iterator based on the ECMA 6 Iterator interface./**
     * Returns an iterator over property values used in the {@code for ... of} statement. The iterator uses the
     * Iterator interface defined in version 6 of the ECMAScript specification.
     *
     * @param obj object to iterate on.
     * @return iterator based on the ECMA 6 Iterator interface.
     */
    public static Iterator<?> toES6Iterator(final Object obj) {
        // if not a ScriptObject, try convenience iterator for Java objects!
        if (!(obj instanceof ScriptObject)) {
            final Iterator<?> itr = iteratorForJavaArrayOrList(obj);
            if (itr != null) {
                return itr;
            }

        if (obj instanceof Map) {
            return new Iterator<Object>() {
                private Iterator<?> iter = ((Map<?,?>)obj).entrySet().iterator();

                @Override
                public boolean hasNext() {
                    return iter.hasNext();
                }

                @Override
                public Object next() {
                    Map.Entry<?,?> next = (Map.Entry)iter.next();
                    Object[] keyvalue = new Object[]{next.getKey(), next.getValue()};
                    NativeArray array = NativeJava.from(null, keyvalue);
                    return array;
                }

                @Override
                public void remove() {
                    iter.remove();
                }
            };
        }
        }

        final Global global = Global.instance();
        final Object iterator = AbstractIterator.getIterator(Global.toObject(obj), global);

        final InvokeByName nextInvoker = AbstractIterator.getNextInvoker(global);
        final MethodHandle doneInvoker = AbstractIterator.getDoneInvoker(global);
        final MethodHandle valueInvoker = AbstractIterator.getValueInvoker(global);

        return new Iterator<Object>() {

            private Object nextResult = nextResult();

            private Object nextResult() {
                try {
                    final Object next = nextInvoker.getGetter().invokeExact(iterator);
                    if (Bootstrap.isCallable(next)) {
                        return nextInvoker.getInvoker().invokeExact(next, iterator, (Object) null);
                    }
                } catch (final RuntimeException|Error r) {
                    throw r;
                } catch (final Throwable t) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(t);
                }
                return null;
            }

            @Override
            public boolean hasNext() {
                if (nextResult == null) {
                    return false;
                }
                try {
                    final Object done = doneInvoker.invokeExact(nextResult);
                    return !JSType.toBoolean(done);
                } catch (final RuntimeException|Error r) {
                    throw r;
                } catch (final Throwable t) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(t);
                }
            }

            @Override
            public Object next() {
                if (nextResult == null) {
                    return Undefined.getUndefined();
                }
                try {
                    final Object result = nextResult;
                    nextResult = nextResult();
                    return valueInvoker.invokeExact(result);
                } catch (final RuntimeException|Error r) {
                    throw r;
                } catch (final Throwable t) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(t);
                }
            }

            @Override
            public void remove() {
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("remove");
            }
        };
    }

    
Merge a scope into its prototype's map.
Merge a scope into its prototype.
Params:
scope – Scope to merge.
Returns:
prototype object after merge/**
     * Merge a scope into its prototype's map.
     * Merge a scope into its prototype.
     *
     * @param scope Scope to merge.
     * @return prototype object after merge
     */
    public static ScriptObject mergeScope(final ScriptObject scope) {
        final ScriptObject parentScope = scope.getProto();
        parentScope.addBoundProperties(scope);
        return parentScope;
    }

    
Call a function given self and args. If the number of the arguments is known in advance, you can likely achieve better performance by creating a dynamic invoker using Bootstrap.createDynamicCallInvoker(Class<?>, Class<?>...) then using its MethodHandle.invokeExact(Object...) method instead. 
Params:
target – ScriptFunction object.
self –   Receiver in call.
args –   Call arguments.
Returns:
Call result./**
     * Call a function given self and args. If the number of the arguments is known in advance, you can likely achieve
     * better performance by creating a dynamic invoker using {@link Bootstrap#createDynamicCallInvoker(Class, Class...)}
     * then using its {@link MethodHandle#invokeExact(Object...)} method instead.
     *
     * @param target ScriptFunction object.
     * @param self   Receiver in call.
     * @param args   Call arguments.
     * @return Call result.
     */
    public static Object apply(final ScriptFunction target, final Object self, final Object... args) {
        try {
            return target.invoke(self, args);
        } catch (final RuntimeException | Error e) {
            throw e;
        } catch (final Throwable t) {
            throw new RuntimeException(t);
        }
    }

    
Throws a reference error for an undefined variable.
Params:
name – the variable name/**
     * Throws a reference error for an undefined variable.
     *
     * @param name the variable name
     */
    public static void throwReferenceError(final String name) {
        throw referenceError("not.defined", name);
    }

    
Throws a type error for an assignment to a const.
Params:
name – the const name/**
     * Throws a type error for an assignment to a const.
     *
     * @param name the const name
     */
    public static void throwConstTypeError(final String name) {
        throw typeError("assign.constant", name);
    }

    
Call a script function as a constructor with given args.
Params:
target – ScriptFunction object.
args –   Call arguments.
Returns:
Constructor call result./**
     * Call a script function as a constructor with given args.
     *
     * @param target ScriptFunction object.
     * @param args   Call arguments.
     * @return Constructor call result.
     */
    public static Object construct(final ScriptFunction target, final Object... args) {
        try {
            return target.construct(args);
        } catch (final RuntimeException | Error e) {
            throw e;
        } catch (final Throwable t) {
            throw new RuntimeException(t);
        }
    }

    
Generic implementation of ECMA 9.12 - SameValue algorithm
Params:
x – first value to compare
y – second value to compare
Returns:
true if both objects have the same value/**
     * Generic implementation of ECMA 9.12 - SameValue algorithm
     *
     * @param x first value to compare
     * @param y second value to compare
     *
     * @return true if both objects have the same value
     */
    public static boolean sameValue(final Object x, final Object y) {
        final JSType xType = JSType.ofNoFunction(x);
        final JSType yType = JSType.ofNoFunction(y);

        if (xType != yType) {
            return false;
        }

        if (xType == JSType.UNDEFINED || xType == JSType.NULL) {
            return true;
        }

        if (xType == JSType.NUMBER) {
            final double xVal = ((Number)x).doubleValue();
            final double yVal = ((Number)y).doubleValue();

            if (Double.isNaN(xVal) && Double.isNaN(yVal)) {
                return true;
            }

            // checking for xVal == -0.0 and yVal == +0.0 or vice versa
            if (xVal == 0.0 && Double.doubleToLongBits(xVal) != Double.doubleToLongBits(yVal)) {
                return false;
            }

            return xVal == yVal;
        }

        if (xType == JSType.STRING || yType == JSType.BOOLEAN) {
            return x.equals(y);
        }

        return x == y;
    }

    
Returns AST as JSON compatible string. This is used to
implement "parse" function in resources/parse.js script.
Params:
code – code to be parsed
name – name of the code source (used for location)
includeLoc – tells whether to include location information for nodes or not
Returns:
JSON string representation of AST of the supplied code/**
     * Returns AST as JSON compatible string. This is used to
     * implement "parse" function in resources/parse.js script.
     *
     * @param code code to be parsed
     * @param name name of the code source (used for location)
     * @param includeLoc tells whether to include location information for nodes or not
     * @return JSON string representation of AST of the supplied code
     */
    public static String parse(final String code, final String name, final boolean includeLoc) {
        return JSONWriter.parse(Context.getContextTrusted(), code, name, includeLoc);
    }

    
Test whether a char is valid JavaScript whitespace
Params:
ch – a char
Returns:
true if valid JavaScript whitespace/**
     * Test whether a char is valid JavaScript whitespace
     * @param ch a char
     * @return true if valid JavaScript whitespace
     */
    public static boolean isJSWhitespace(final char ch) {
        return Lexer.isJSWhitespace(ch);
    }

    
Entering a with node requires new scope. This is the implementation. When exiting the with statement, use ScriptObject.getProto() on the scope. 
Params:
scope –      existing scope
expression – expression in with
Returns:
WithObject that is the new scope/**
     * Entering a {@code with} node requires new scope. This is the implementation. When exiting the with statement,
     * use {@link ScriptObject#getProto()} on the scope.
     *
     * @param scope      existing scope
     * @param expression expression in with
     *
     * @return {@link WithObject} that is the new scope
     */
    public static ScriptObject openWith(final ScriptObject scope, final Object expression) {
        final Global global = Context.getGlobal();
        if (expression == UNDEFINED) {
            throw typeError(global, "cant.apply.with.to.undefined");
        } else if (expression == null) {
            throw typeError(global, "cant.apply.with.to.null");
        }

        if (expression instanceof ScriptObjectMirror) {
            final Object unwrapped = ScriptObjectMirror.unwrap(expression, global);
            if (unwrapped instanceof ScriptObject) {
                return new WithObject(scope, (ScriptObject)unwrapped);
            }
            // foreign ScriptObjectMirror
            final ScriptObject exprObj = global.newObject();
            NativeObject.bindAllProperties(exprObj, (ScriptObjectMirror)expression);
            return new WithObject(scope, exprObj);
        }

        final Object wrappedExpr = JSType.toScriptObject(global, expression);
        if (wrappedExpr instanceof ScriptObject) {
            return new WithObject(scope, (ScriptObject)wrappedExpr);
        }

        throw typeError(global, "cant.apply.with.to.non.scriptobject");
    }

    
ECMA 11.6.1 - The addition operator (+) - generic implementation
Params:
x –  first term
y –  second term
Returns:
result of addition/**
     * ECMA 11.6.1 - The addition operator (+) - generic implementation
     *
     * @param x  first term
     * @param y  second term
     *
     * @return result of addition
     */
    public static Object ADD(final Object x, final Object y) {
        // This prefix code to handle Number special is for optimization.
        final boolean xIsNumber = x instanceof Number;
        final boolean yIsNumber = y instanceof Number;

        if (xIsNumber && yIsNumber) {
             return ((Number)x).doubleValue() + ((Number)y).doubleValue();
        }

        final boolean xIsUndefined = x == UNDEFINED;
        final boolean yIsUndefined = y == UNDEFINED;

        if (xIsNumber && yIsUndefined || xIsUndefined && yIsNumber || xIsUndefined && yIsUndefined) {
            return Double.NaN;
        }

        // code below is as per the spec.
        final Object xPrim = JSType.toPrimitive(x);
        final Object yPrim = JSType.toPrimitive(y);

        if (isString(xPrim) || isString(yPrim)) {
            try {
                return new ConsString(JSType.toCharSequence(xPrim), JSType.toCharSequence(yPrim));
            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException iae) {
                throw rangeError(iae, "concat.string.too.big");
            }
        }

        return JSType.toNumber(xPrim) + JSType.toNumber(yPrim);
    }

    
Debugger hook.
TODO: currently unimplemented
Returns:
undefined/**
     * Debugger hook.
     * TODO: currently unimplemented
     *
     * @return undefined
     */
    public static Object DEBUGGER() {
        return UNDEFINED;
    }

    
New hook
Params:
clazz – type for the clss
args –  constructor arguments
Returns:
undefined/**
     * New hook
     *
     * @param clazz type for the clss
     * @param args  constructor arguments
     *
     * @return undefined
     */
    public static Object NEW(final Object clazz, final Object... args) {
        return UNDEFINED;
    }

    
ECMA 11.4.3 The typeof Operator - generic implementation
Params:
object –   the object from which to retrieve property to type check
property – property in object to check
Returns:
type name/**
     * ECMA 11.4.3 The typeof Operator - generic implementation
     *
     * @param object   the object from which to retrieve property to type check
     * @param property property in object to check
     *
     * @return type name
     */
    public static Object TYPEOF(final Object object, final Object property) {
        Object obj = object;

        if (property != null) {
            if (obj instanceof ScriptObject) {
                // this is a scope identifier
                assert property instanceof String;
                final ScriptObject sobj = (ScriptObject) obj;

                final FindProperty find = sobj.findProperty(property, true, true, sobj);
                if (find != null) {
                    obj = find.getObjectValue();
                } else {
                    obj = sobj.invokeNoSuchProperty(property, false, UnwarrantedOptimismException.INVALID_PROGRAM_POINT);
                }

                if(Global.isLocationPropertyPlaceholder(obj)) {
                    if(CompilerConstants.__LINE__.name().equals(property)) {
                        obj = 0;
                    } else {
                        obj = "";
                    }
                }
            } else if (object instanceof Undefined) {
                obj = ((Undefined)obj).get(property);
            } else if (object == null) {
                throw typeError("cant.get.property", safeToString(property), "null");
            } else if (JSType.isPrimitive(obj)) {
                obj = ((ScriptObject)JSType.toScriptObject(obj)).get(property);
            } else if (obj instanceof JSObject) {
                obj = ((JSObject)obj).getMember(property.toString());
            } else {
                obj = UNDEFINED;
            }
        }

        return JSType.of(obj).typeName();
    }

    
Throw ReferenceError when LHS of assignment or increment/decrement
operator is not an assignable node (say a literal)
Params:
lhs – Evaluated LHS
rhs – Evaluated RHS
msg – Additional LHS info for error message
Returns:
undefined/**
     * Throw ReferenceError when LHS of assignment or increment/decrement
     * operator is not an assignable node (say a literal)
     *
     * @param lhs Evaluated LHS
     * @param rhs Evaluated RHS
     * @param msg Additional LHS info for error message
     * @return undefined
     */
    public static Object REFERENCE_ERROR(final Object lhs, final Object rhs, final Object msg) {
        throw referenceError("cant.be.used.as.lhs", Objects.toString(msg));
    }

    
ECMA 11.4.1 - delete operation, generic implementation
Params:
obj –       object with property to delete
property –  property to delete
strict –    are we in strict mode
Returns:
true if property was successfully found and deleted/**
     * ECMA 11.4.1 - delete operation, generic implementation
     *
     * @param obj       object with property to delete
     * @param property  property to delete
     * @param strict    are we in strict mode
     *
     * @return true if property was successfully found and deleted
     */
    public static boolean DELETE(final Object obj, final Object property, final Object strict) {
        if (obj instanceof ScriptObject) {
            return ((ScriptObject)obj).delete(property, Boolean.TRUE.equals(strict));
        }

        if (obj instanceof Undefined) {
            return ((Undefined)obj).delete(property, false);
        }

        if (obj == null) {
            throw typeError("cant.delete.property", safeToString(property), "null");
        }

        if (obj instanceof ScriptObjectMirror) {
            return ((ScriptObjectMirror)obj).delete(property);
        }

        if (JSType.isPrimitive(obj)) {
            return ((ScriptObject) JSType.toScriptObject(obj)).delete(property, Boolean.TRUE.equals(strict));
        }

        if (obj instanceof JSObject) {
            ((JSObject)obj).removeMember(Objects.toString(property));
            return true;
        }

        // if object is not reference type, vacuously delete is successful.
        return true;
    }

    
ECMA 11.4.1 - delete operator, implementation for slow scopes
This implementation of 'delete' walks the scope chain to find the scope that contains the
property to be deleted, then invokes delete on it.
Params:
obj –       top scope object
property –  property to delete
strict –    are we in strict mode
Returns:
true if property was successfully found and deleted/**
     * ECMA 11.4.1 - delete operator, implementation for slow scopes
     *
     * This implementation of 'delete' walks the scope chain to find the scope that contains the
     * property to be deleted, then invokes delete on it.
     *
     * @param obj       top scope object
     * @param property  property to delete
     * @param strict    are we in strict mode
     *
     * @return true if property was successfully found and deleted
     */
    public static boolean SLOW_DELETE(final Object obj, final Object property, final Object strict) {
        if (obj instanceof ScriptObject) {
            ScriptObject sobj = (ScriptObject) obj;
            final String key = property.toString();
            while (sobj != null && sobj.isScope()) {
                final FindProperty find = sobj.findProperty(key, false);
                if (find != null) {
                    return sobj.delete(key, Boolean.TRUE.equals(strict));
                }
                sobj = sobj.getProto();
            }
        }
        return DELETE(obj, property, strict);
    }

    
ECMA 11.4.1 - delete operator, special case
This is 'delete' that always fails. We have to check strict mode and throw error.
That is why this is a runtime function. Or else we could have inlined 'false'.
Params:
property –  property to delete
strict –    are we in strict mode
Returns:
false always/**
     * ECMA 11.4.1 - delete operator, special case
     *
     * This is 'delete' that always fails. We have to check strict mode and throw error.
     * That is why this is a runtime function. Or else we could have inlined 'false'.
     *
     * @param property  property to delete
     * @param strict    are we in strict mode
     *
     * @return false always
     */
    public static boolean FAIL_DELETE(final Object property, final Object strict) {
        if (Boolean.TRUE.equals(strict)) {
            throw syntaxError("strict.cant.delete", safeToString(property));
        }
        return false;
    }

    
ECMA 11.9.1 - The equals operator (==) - generic implementation
Params:
x – first object to compare
y – second object to compare
Returns:
true if type coerced versions of objects are equal/**
     * ECMA 11.9.1 - The equals operator (==) - generic implementation
     *
     * @param x first object to compare
     * @param y second object to compare
     *
     * @return true if type coerced versions of objects are equal
     */
    public static boolean EQ(final Object x, final Object y) {
        return equals(x, y);
    }

    
ECMA 11.9.2 - The does-not-equal operator (==) - generic implementation
Params:
x – first object to compare
y – second object to compare
Returns:
true if type coerced versions of objects are not equal/**
     * ECMA 11.9.2 - The does-not-equal operator (==) - generic implementation
     *
     * @param x first object to compare
     * @param y second object to compare
     *
     * @return true if type coerced versions of objects are not equal
     */
    public static boolean NE(final Object x, final Object y) {
        return !EQ(x, y);
    }

    
ECMA 11.9.3 The Abstract Equality Comparison Algorithm /** ECMA 11.9.3 The Abstract Equality Comparison Algorithm */
    private static boolean equals(final Object x, final Object y) {
        // We want to keep this method small so we skip reference equality check for numbers
        // as NaN should return false when compared to itself (JDK-8043608).
        if (x == y && !(x instanceof Number)) {
            return true;
        }
        if (x instanceof ScriptObject && y instanceof ScriptObject) {
            return false; // x != y
        }
        if (x instanceof ScriptObjectMirror || y instanceof ScriptObjectMirror) {
            return ScriptObjectMirror.identical(x, y);
        }
        return equalValues(x, y);
    }

    
Extracted portion of equals() that compares objects by value (or by reference, if no known value comparison applies). 
Params:
x – one value
y – another value
Returns:
true if they're equal according to 11.9.3/**
     * Extracted portion of {@code equals()} that compares objects by value (or by reference, if no known value
     * comparison applies).
     * @param x one value
     * @param y another value
     * @return true if they're equal according to 11.9.3
     */
    private static boolean equalValues(final Object x, final Object y) {
        final JSType xType = JSType.ofNoFunction(x);
        final JSType yType = JSType.ofNoFunction(y);

        if (xType == yType) {
            return equalSameTypeValues(x, y, xType);
        }

        return equalDifferentTypeValues(x, y, xType, yType);
    }

    
Extracted portion of equals(Object, Object) and strictEquals(Object, Object) that compares values belonging to the same JSType. 
Params:
x – one value
y – another value
type – the common type for the values
Returns:
true if they're equal/**
     * Extracted portion of {@link #equals(Object, Object)} and {@link #strictEquals(Object, Object)} that compares
     * values belonging to the same JSType.
     * @param x one value
     * @param y another value
     * @param type the common type for the values
     * @return true if they're equal
     */
    private static boolean equalSameTypeValues(final Object x, final Object y, final JSType type) {
        if (type == JSType.UNDEFINED || type == JSType.NULL) {
            return true;
        }

        if (type == JSType.NUMBER) {
            return ((Number)x).doubleValue() == ((Number)y).doubleValue();
        }

        if (type == JSType.STRING) {
            // String may be represented by ConsString
            return x.toString().equals(y.toString());
        }

        if (type == JSType.BOOLEAN) {
            return ((Boolean)x).booleanValue() == ((Boolean)y).booleanValue();
        }

        return x == y;
    }

    
Extracted portion of equals(Object, Object) that compares values belonging to different JSTypes. 
Params:
x – one value
y – another value
xType – the type for the value x
yType – the type for the value y
Returns:
true if they're equal/**
     * Extracted portion of {@link #equals(Object, Object)} that compares values belonging to different JSTypes.
     * @param x one value
     * @param y another value
     * @param xType the type for the value x
     * @param yType the type for the value y
     * @return true if they're equal
     */
    private static boolean equalDifferentTypeValues(final Object x, final Object y, final JSType xType, final JSType yType) {
        if (isUndefinedAndNull(xType, yType) || isUndefinedAndNull(yType, xType)) {
            return true;
        } else if (isNumberAndString(xType, yType)) {
            return equalNumberToString(x, y);
        } else if (isNumberAndString(yType, xType)) {
            // Can reverse order as both are primitives
            return equalNumberToString(y, x);
        } else if (xType == JSType.BOOLEAN) {
            return equalBooleanToAny(x, y);
        } else if (yType == JSType.BOOLEAN) {
            // Can reverse order as y is primitive
            return equalBooleanToAny(y, x);
        } else if (isPrimitiveAndObject(xType, yType)) {
            return equalWrappedPrimitiveToObject(x, y);
        } else if (isPrimitiveAndObject(yType, xType)) {
            // Can reverse order as y is primitive
            return equalWrappedPrimitiveToObject(y, x);
        }

        return false;
    }

    private static boolean isUndefinedAndNull(final JSType xType, final JSType yType) {
        return xType == JSType.UNDEFINED && yType == JSType.NULL;
    }

    private static boolean isNumberAndString(final JSType xType, final JSType yType) {
        return xType == JSType.NUMBER && yType == JSType.STRING;
    }

    private static boolean isPrimitiveAndObject(final JSType xType, final JSType yType) {
        return (xType == JSType.NUMBER || xType == JSType.STRING || xType == JSType.SYMBOL) && yType == JSType.OBJECT;
    }

    private static boolean equalNumberToString(final Object num, final Object str) {
        // Specification says comparing a number to string should be done as "equals(num, JSType.toNumber(str))". We
        // can short circuit it to this as we know that "num" is a number, so it'll end up being a number-number
        // comparison.
        return ((Number)num).doubleValue() == JSType.toNumber(str.toString());
    }

    private static boolean equalBooleanToAny(final Object bool, final Object any) {
        return equals(JSType.toNumber((Boolean)bool), any);
    }

    private static boolean equalWrappedPrimitiveToObject(final Object numOrStr, final Object any) {
        return equals(numOrStr, JSType.toPrimitive(any));
    }

    
ECMA 11.9.4 - The strict equal operator (===) - generic implementation
Params:
x – first object to compare
y – second object to compare
Returns:
true if objects are equal/**
     * ECMA 11.9.4 - The strict equal operator (===) - generic implementation
     *
     * @param x first object to compare
     * @param y second object to compare
     *
     * @return true if objects are equal
     */
    public static boolean EQ_STRICT(final Object x, final Object y) {
        return strictEquals(x, y);
    }

    
ECMA 11.9.5 - The strict non equal operator (!==) - generic implementation
Params:
x – first object to compare
y – second object to compare
Returns:
true if objects are not equal/**
     * ECMA 11.9.5 - The strict non equal operator (!==) - generic implementation
     *
     * @param x first object to compare
     * @param y second object to compare
     *
     * @return true if objects are not equal
     */
    public static boolean NE_STRICT(final Object x, final Object y) {
        return !EQ_STRICT(x, y);
    }

    
ECMA 11.9.6 The Strict Equality Comparison Algorithm /** ECMA 11.9.6 The Strict Equality Comparison Algorithm */
    private static boolean strictEquals(final Object x, final Object y) {
        // NOTE: you might be tempted to do a quick x == y comparison. Remember, though, that any Double object having
        // NaN value is not equal to itself by value even though it is referentially.

        final JSType xType = JSType.ofNoFunction(x);
        final JSType yType = JSType.ofNoFunction(y);

        if (xType != yType) {
            return false;
        }

        return equalSameTypeValues(x, y, xType);
    }

    
ECMA 11.8.6 - The in operator - generic implementation
Params:
property – property to check for
obj – object in which to check for property
Returns:
true if objects are equal/**
     * ECMA 11.8.6 - The in operator - generic implementation
     *
     * @param property property to check for
     * @param obj object in which to check for property
     *
     * @return true if objects are equal
     */
    public static boolean IN(final Object property, final Object obj) {
        final JSType rvalType = JSType.ofNoFunction(obj);

        if (rvalType == JSType.OBJECT) {
            if (obj instanceof ScriptObject) {
                return ((ScriptObject)obj).has(property);
            }

            if (obj instanceof JSObject) {
                return ((JSObject)obj).hasMember(Objects.toString(property));
            }

            final Object key = JSType.toPropertyKey(property);

            if (obj instanceof StaticClass) {
                final Class<?> clazz = ((StaticClass) obj).getRepresentedClass();
                return BeansLinker.getReadableStaticPropertyNames(clazz).contains(Objects.toString(key))
                    || BeansLinker.getStaticMethodNames(clazz).contains(Objects.toString(key));
            } else {
                if (obj instanceof Map && ((Map) obj).containsKey(key)) {
                    return true;
                }

                final int index = ArrayIndex.getArrayIndex(key);
                if (index >= 0) {
                    if (obj instanceof List && index < ((List) obj).size()) {
                        return true;
                    }
                    if (obj.getClass().isArray() && index < Array.getLength(obj)) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }

                return BeansLinker.getReadableInstancePropertyNames(obj.getClass()).contains(Objects.toString(key))
                    || BeansLinker.getInstanceMethodNames(obj.getClass()).contains(Objects.toString(key));
            }
        }

        throw typeError("in.with.non.object", rvalType.toString().toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
    }

    
ECMA 11.8.6 - The strict instanceof operator - generic implementation
Params:
obj – first object to compare
clazz – type to check against
Returns:
true if obj is an instanceof clazz/**
     * ECMA 11.8.6 - The strict instanceof operator - generic implementation
     *
     * @param obj first object to compare
     * @param clazz type to check against
     *
     * @return true if {@code obj} is an instanceof {@code clazz}
     */
    public static boolean INSTANCEOF(final Object obj, final Object clazz) {
        if (clazz instanceof ScriptFunction) {
            if (obj instanceof ScriptObject) {
                return ((ScriptObject)clazz).isInstance((ScriptObject)obj);
            }
            return false;
        }

        if (clazz instanceof StaticClass) {
            return ((StaticClass)clazz).getRepresentedClass().isInstance(obj);
        }

        if (clazz instanceof JSObject) {
            return ((JSObject)clazz).isInstance(obj);
        }

        // provide for reverse hook
        if (obj instanceof JSObject) {
            return ((JSObject)obj).isInstanceOf(clazz);
        }

        throw typeError("instanceof.on.non.object");
    }

    
ECMA 11.8.1 - The less than operator (<) - generic implementation 
Params:
x – first object to compare
y – second object to compare
Returns:
true if x is less than y/**
     * ECMA 11.8.1 - The less than operator ({@literal <}) - generic implementation
     *
     * @param x first object to compare
     * @param y second object to compare
     *
     * @return true if x is less than y
     */
    public static boolean LT(final Object x, final Object y) {
        final Object px = JSType.toPrimitive(x, Number.class);
        final Object py = JSType.toPrimitive(y, Number.class);

        return areBothString(px, py) ? px.toString().compareTo(py.toString()) < 0 :
            JSType.toNumber(px) < JSType.toNumber(py);
    }

    private static boolean areBothString(final Object x, final Object y) {
        return isString(x) && isString(y);
    }

    
ECMA 11.8.2 - The greater than operator (>) - generic implementation 
Params:
x – first object to compare
y – second object to compare
Returns:
true if x is greater than y/**
     * ECMA 11.8.2 - The greater than operator ({@literal >}) - generic implementation
     *
     * @param x first object to compare
     * @param y second object to compare
     *
     * @return true if x is greater than y
     */
    public static boolean GT(final Object x, final Object y) {
        final Object px = JSType.toPrimitive(x, Number.class);
        final Object py = JSType.toPrimitive(y, Number.class);

        return areBothString(px, py) ? px.toString().compareTo(py.toString()) > 0 :
            JSType.toNumber(px) > JSType.toNumber(py);
    }

    
ECMA 11.8.3 - The less than or equal operator (<=) - generic implementation 
Params:
x – first object to compare
y – second object to compare
Returns:
true if x is less than or equal to y/**
     * ECMA 11.8.3 - The less than or equal operator ({@literal <=}) - generic implementation
     *
     * @param x first object to compare
     * @param y second object to compare
     *
     * @return true if x is less than or equal to y
     */
    public static boolean LE(final Object x, final Object y) {
        final Object px = JSType.toPrimitive(x, Number.class);
        final Object py = JSType.toPrimitive(y, Number.class);

        return areBothString(px, py) ? px.toString().compareTo(py.toString()) <= 0 :
            JSType.toNumber(px) <= JSType.toNumber(py);
    }

    
ECMA 11.8.4 - The greater than or equal operator (>=) - generic implementation 
Params:
x – first object to compare
y – second object to compare
Returns:
true if x is greater than or equal to y/**
     * ECMA 11.8.4 - The greater than or equal operator ({@literal >=}) - generic implementation
     *
     * @param x first object to compare
     * @param y second object to compare
     *
     * @return true if x is greater than or equal to y
     */
    public static boolean GE(final Object x, final Object y) {
        final Object px = JSType.toPrimitive(x, Number.class);
        final Object py = JSType.toPrimitive(y, Number.class);

        return areBothString(px, py) ? px.toString().compareTo(py.toString()) >= 0 :
            JSType.toNumber(px) >= JSType.toNumber(py);
    }

    
Tag a reserved name as invalidated - used when someone writes
to a property with this name - overly conservative, but link time
is too late to apply e.g. apply->call specialization
Params:
name – property name/**
     * Tag a reserved name as invalidated - used when someone writes
     * to a property with this name - overly conservative, but link time
     * is too late to apply e.g. apply-&gt;call specialization
     * @param name property name
     */
    public static void invalidateReservedBuiltinName(final String name) {
        final Context context = Context.getContextTrusted();
        final SwitchPoint sp = context.getBuiltinSwitchPoint(name);
        assert sp != null;
        context.getLogger(ApplySpecialization.class).info("Overwrote special name '" + name +"' - invalidating switchpoint");
        SwitchPoint.invalidateAll(new SwitchPoint[] { sp });
    }

    
ES6 12.2.9.3 Runtime Semantics: GetTemplateObject(templateLiteral).
Params:
rawStrings – array of template raw values
cookedStrings – array of template values
Returns:
template object/**
     * ES6 12.2.9.3 Runtime Semantics: GetTemplateObject(templateLiteral).
     *
     * @param rawStrings array of template raw values
     * @param cookedStrings array of template values
     * @return template object
     */
    public static ScriptObject GET_TEMPLATE_OBJECT(final Object rawStrings, final Object cookedStrings) {
        final ScriptObject template = (ScriptObject)cookedStrings;
        final ScriptObject rawObj = (ScriptObject)rawStrings;
        assert rawObj.getArray().length() == template.getArray().length();
        template.addOwnProperty("raw", Property.NOT_WRITABLE | Property.NOT_ENUMERABLE | Property.NOT_CONFIGURABLE, rawObj.freeze());
        template.freeze();
        return template;
    }
}