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package javax.sound.midi;

A ShortMessage contains a MIDI message that has at most two data bytes following its status byte. The types of MIDI message that satisfy this criterion are channel voice, channel mode, system common, and system real-time--in other words, everything except system exclusive and meta-events. The ShortMessage class provides methods for getting and setting the contents of the MIDI message.

A number of ShortMessage methods have integer parameters by which you specify a MIDI status or data byte. If you know the numeric value, you can express it directly. For system common and system real-time messages, you can often use the corresponding fields of ShortMessage, such as SYSTEM_RESET. For channel messages, the upper four bits of the status byte are specified by a command value and the lower four bits are specified by a MIDI channel number. To convert incoming MIDI data bytes that are in the form of Java's signed bytes, you can use the conversion code given in the MidiMessage class description.

Author:David Rivas, Kara Kytle, Florian Bomers
See Also:
/** * A <code>ShortMessage</code> contains a MIDI message that has at most * two data bytes following its status byte. The types of MIDI message * that satisfy this criterion are channel voice, channel mode, system common, * and system real-time--in other words, everything except system exclusive * and meta-events. The <code>ShortMessage</code> class provides methods * for getting and setting the contents of the MIDI message. * <p> * A number of <code>ShortMessage</code> methods have integer parameters by which * you specify a MIDI status or data byte. If you know the numeric value, you * can express it directly. For system common and system real-time messages, * you can often use the corresponding fields of <code>ShortMessage</code>, such as * {@link #SYSTEM_RESET SYSTEM_RESET}. For channel messages, * the upper four bits of the status byte are specified by a command value and * the lower four bits are specified by a MIDI channel number. To * convert incoming MIDI data bytes that are in the form of Java's signed bytes, * you can use the <A HREF="MidiMessage.html#integersVsBytes">conversion code</A> * given in the <code>{@link MidiMessage}</code> class description. * * @see SysexMessage * @see MetaMessage * * @author David Rivas * @author Kara Kytle * @author Florian Bomers */
public class ShortMessage extends MidiMessage { // Status byte defines // System common messages
Status byte for MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame message (0xF1, or 241).
See Also:
  • getStatus.getStatus
/** * Status byte for MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame message (0xF1, or 241). * @see MidiMessage#getStatus */
public static final int MIDI_TIME_CODE = 0xF1; // 241
Status byte for Song Position Pointer message (0xF2, or 242).
See Also:
  • getStatus.getStatus
/** * Status byte for Song Position Pointer message (0xF2, or 242). * @see MidiMessage#getStatus */
public static final int SONG_POSITION_POINTER = 0xF2; // 242
Status byte for MIDI Song Select message (0xF3, or 243).
See Also:
  • getStatus.getStatus
/** * Status byte for MIDI Song Select message (0xF3, or 243). * @see MidiMessage#getStatus */
public static final int SONG_SELECT = 0xF3; // 243
Status byte for Tune Request message (0xF6, or 246).
See Also:
  • getStatus.getStatus
/** * Status byte for Tune Request message (0xF6, or 246). * @see MidiMessage#getStatus */
public static final int TUNE_REQUEST = 0xF6; // 246
Status byte for End of System Exclusive message (0xF7, or 247).
See Also:
  • getStatus.getStatus
/** * Status byte for End of System Exclusive message (0xF7, or 247). * @see MidiMessage#getStatus */
public static final int END_OF_EXCLUSIVE = 0xF7; // 247 // System real-time messages
Status byte for Timing Clock messagem (0xF8, or 248).
See Also:
  • getStatus.getStatus
/** * Status byte for Timing Clock messagem (0xF8, or 248). * @see MidiMessage#getStatus */
public static final int TIMING_CLOCK = 0xF8; // 248
Status byte for Start message (0xFA, or 250).
See Also:
  • getStatus.getStatus
/** * Status byte for Start message (0xFA, or 250). * @see MidiMessage#getStatus */
public static final int START = 0xFA; // 250
Status byte for Continue message (0xFB, or 251).
See Also:
  • getStatus.getStatus
/** * Status byte for Continue message (0xFB, or 251). * @see MidiMessage#getStatus */
public static final int CONTINUE = 0xFB; // 251
Status byte for Stop message (0xFC, or 252).
See Also:
  • getStatus.getStatus
/** * Status byte for Stop message (0xFC, or 252). * @see MidiMessage#getStatus */
public static final int STOP = 0xFC; //252
Status byte for Active Sensing message (0xFE, or 254).
See Also:
  • getStatus.getStatus
/** * Status byte for Active Sensing message (0xFE, or 254). * @see MidiMessage#getStatus */
public static final int ACTIVE_SENSING = 0xFE; // 254
Status byte for System Reset message (0xFF, or 255).
See Also:
  • getStatus.getStatus
/** * Status byte for System Reset message (0xFF, or 255). * @see MidiMessage#getStatus */
public static final int SYSTEM_RESET = 0xFF; // 255 // Channel voice message upper nibble defines
Command value for Note Off message (0x80, or 128)
/** * Command value for Note Off message (0x80, or 128) */
public static final int NOTE_OFF = 0x80; // 128
Command value for Note On message (0x90, or 144)
/** * Command value for Note On message (0x90, or 144) */
public static final int NOTE_ON = 0x90; // 144
Command value for Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch) message (0xA0, or 160)
/** * Command value for Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch) message (0xA0, or 160) */
public static final int POLY_PRESSURE = 0xA0; // 160
Command value for Control Change message (0xB0, or 176)
/** * Command value for Control Change message (0xB0, or 176) */
public static final int CONTROL_CHANGE = 0xB0; // 176
Command value for Program Change message (0xC0, or 192)
/** * Command value for Program Change message (0xC0, or 192) */
public static final int PROGRAM_CHANGE = 0xC0; // 192
Command value for Channel Pressure (Aftertouch) message (0xD0, or 208)
/** * Command value for Channel Pressure (Aftertouch) message (0xD0, or 208) */
public static final int CHANNEL_PRESSURE = 0xD0; // 208
Command value for Pitch Bend message (0xE0, or 224)
/** * Command value for Pitch Bend message (0xE0, or 224) */
public static final int PITCH_BEND = 0xE0; // 224 // Instance variables
Constructs a new ShortMessage. The contents of the new message are guaranteed to specify a valid MIDI message. Subsequently, you may set the contents of the message using one of the setMessage methods.
See Also:
  • setMessage
/** * Constructs a new <code>ShortMessage</code>. The * contents of the new message are guaranteed to specify * a valid MIDI message. Subsequently, you may set the * contents of the message using one of the <code>setMessage</code> * methods. * @see #setMessage */
public ShortMessage() { this(new byte[3]); // Default message data: NOTE_ON on Channel 0 with max volume data[0] = (byte) (NOTE_ON & 0xFF); data[1] = (byte) 64; data[2] = (byte) 127; length = 3; }
Constructs a new ShortMessage.
Params:
  • data – an array of bytes containing the complete message. The message data may be changed using the setMessage method.
See Also:
/** * Constructs a new <code>ShortMessage</code>. * @param data an array of bytes containing the complete message. * The message data may be changed using the <code>setMessage</code> * method. * @see #setMessage */
// $$fb this should throw an Exception in case of an illegal message! protected ShortMessage(byte[] data) { // $$fb this may set an invalid message. // Can't correct without compromising compatibility super(data); }
Sets the parameters for a MIDI message that takes no data bytes.
Params:
  • status – the MIDI status byte
Throws:
  • InvalidMidiDataException if status does not – specify a valid MIDI status byte for a message that requires no data bytes.
See Also:
/** * Sets the parameters for a MIDI message that takes no data bytes. * @param status the MIDI status byte * @throws <code>InvalidMidiDataException</code> if <code>status</code> does not * specify a valid MIDI status byte for a message that requires no data bytes. * @see #setMessage(int, int, int) * @see #setMessage(int, int, int, int) */
public void setMessage(int status) throws InvalidMidiDataException { // check for valid values int dataLength = getDataLength(status); // can throw InvalidMidiDataException if (dataLength != 0) { throw new InvalidMidiDataException("Status byte; " + status + " requires " + dataLength + " data bytes"); } setMessage(status, 0, 0); }
Sets the parameters for a MIDI message that takes one or two data bytes. If the message takes only one data byte, the second data byte is ignored; if the message does not take any data bytes, both data bytes are ignored.
Params:
  • status – the MIDI status byte
  • data1 – the first data byte
  • data2 – the second data byte
Throws:
  • InvalidMidiDataException if the – the status byte, or all data bytes belonging to the message, do not specify a valid MIDI message.
See Also:
/** * Sets the parameters for a MIDI message that takes one or two data * bytes. If the message takes only one data byte, the second data * byte is ignored; if the message does not take any data bytes, both * data bytes are ignored. * * @param status the MIDI status byte * @param data1 the first data byte * @param data2 the second data byte * @throws <code>InvalidMidiDataException</code> if the * the status byte, or all data bytes belonging to the message, do * not specify a valid MIDI message. * @see #setMessage(int, int, int, int) * @see #setMessage(int) */
public void setMessage(int status, int data1, int data2) throws InvalidMidiDataException { // check for valid values int dataLength = getDataLength(status); // can throw InvalidMidiDataException if (dataLength > 0) { if (data1 < 0 || data1 > 127) { throw new InvalidMidiDataException("data1 out of range: " + data1); } if (dataLength > 1) { if (data2 < 0 || data2 > 127) { throw new InvalidMidiDataException("data2 out of range: " + data2); } } } // set the length length = dataLength + 1; // re-allocate array if ShortMessage(byte[]) constructor gave array with fewer elements if (data == null || data.length < length) { data = new byte[3]; } // set the data data[0] = (byte) (status & 0xFF); if (length > 1) { data[1] = (byte) (data1 & 0xFF); if (length > 2) { data[2] = (byte) (data2 & 0xFF); } } }
Sets the short message parameters for a channel message which takes up to two data bytes. If the message only takes one data byte, the second data byte is ignored; if the message does not take any data bytes, both data bytes are ignored.
Params:
  • command – the MIDI command represented by this message
  • channel – the channel associated with the message
  • data1 – the first data byte
  • data2 – the second data byte
Throws:
  • InvalidMidiDataException if the – status byte or all data bytes belonging to the message, do not specify a valid MIDI message
See Also:
/** * Sets the short message parameters for a channel message * which takes up to two data bytes. If the message only * takes one data byte, the second data byte is ignored; if * the message does not take any data bytes, both data bytes * are ignored. * * @param command the MIDI command represented by this message * @param channel the channel associated with the message * @param data1 the first data byte * @param data2 the second data byte * @throws <code>InvalidMidiDataException</code> if the * status byte or all data bytes belonging to the message, do * not specify a valid MIDI message * * @see #setMessage(int, int, int) * @see #setMessage(int) * @see #getCommand * @see #getChannel * @see #getData1 * @see #getData2 */
public void setMessage(int command, int channel, int data1, int data2) throws InvalidMidiDataException { // check for valid values if (command >= 0xF0 || command < 0x80) { throw new InvalidMidiDataException("command out of range: 0x" + Integer.toHexString(command)); } if ((channel & 0xFFFFFFF0) != 0) { // <=> (channel<0 || channel>15) throw new InvalidMidiDataException("channel out of range: " + channel); } setMessage((command & 0xF0) | (channel & 0x0F), data1, data2); }
Obtains the MIDI channel associated with this event. This method assumes that the event is a MIDI channel message; if not, the return value will not be meaningful.
See Also:
Returns:MIDI channel associated with the message.
/** * Obtains the MIDI channel associated with this event. This method * assumes that the event is a MIDI channel message; if not, the return * value will not be meaningful. * @return MIDI channel associated with the message. * @see #setMessage(int, int, int, int) */
public int getChannel() { // this returns 0 if an invalid message is set return (getStatus() & 0x0F); }
Obtains the MIDI command associated with this event. This method assumes that the event is a MIDI channel message; if not, the return value will not be meaningful.
See Also:
  • setMessage(int, int, int, int)
/** * Obtains the MIDI command associated with this event. This method * assumes that the event is a MIDI channel message; if not, the return * value will not be meaningful. * @see #setMessage(int, int, int, int) */
public int getCommand() { // this returns 0 if an invalid message is set return (getStatus() & 0xF0); }
Obtains the first data byte in the message.
See Also:
Returns:the value of the data1 field
/** * Obtains the first data byte in the message. * @return the value of the <code>data1</code> field * @see #setMessage(int, int, int) */
public int getData1() { if (length > 1) { return (data[1] & 0xFF); } return 0; }
Obtains the second data byte in the message.
See Also:
Returns:the value of the data2 field
/** * Obtains the second data byte in the message. * @return the value of the <code>data2</code> field * @see #setMessage(int, int, int) */
public int getData2() { if (length > 2) { return (data[2] & 0xFF); } return 0; }
Creates a new object of the same class and with the same contents as this object.
Returns:a clone of this instance.
/** * Creates a new object of the same class and with the same contents * as this object. * @return a clone of this instance. */
public Object clone() { byte[] newData = new byte[length]; System.arraycopy(data, 0, newData, 0, newData.length); ShortMessage msg = new ShortMessage(newData); return msg; }
Retrieves the number of data bytes associated with a particular status byte value.
Params:
  • status – status byte value, which must represent a short MIDI message
Throws:
  • InvalidMidiDataException if the – status argument does not represent the status byte for any short message
Returns:data length in bytes (0, 1, or 2)
/** * Retrieves the number of data bytes associated with a particular * status byte value. * @param status status byte value, which must represent a short MIDI message * @return data length in bytes (0, 1, or 2) * @throws <code>InvalidMidiDataException</code> if the * <code>status</code> argument does not represent the status byte for any * short message */
protected final int getDataLength(int status) throws InvalidMidiDataException { // system common and system real-time messages switch(status) { case 0xF6: // Tune Request case 0xF7: // EOX // System real-time messages case 0xF8: // Timing Clock case 0xF9: // Undefined case 0xFA: // Start case 0xFB: // Continue case 0xFC: // Stop case 0xFD: // Undefined case 0xFE: // Active Sensing case 0xFF: // System Reset return 0; case 0xF1: // MTC Quarter Frame case 0xF3: // Song Select return 1; case 0xF2: // Song Position Pointer return 2; default: } // channel voice and mode messages switch(status & 0xF0) { case 0x80: case 0x90: case 0xA0: case 0xB0: case 0xE0: return 2; case 0xC0: case 0xD0: return 1; default: throw new InvalidMidiDataException("Invalid status byte: " + status); } } }