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 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
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/*
 * (C) Copyright Taligent, Inc. 1996, 1997 - All Rights Reserved
 * (C) Copyright IBM Corp. 1996 - 1998 - All Rights Reserved
 *
 * The original version of this source code and documentation
 * is copyrighted and owned by Taligent, Inc., a wholly-owned
 * subsidiary of IBM. These materials are provided under terms
 * of a License Agreement between Taligent and Sun. This technology
 * is protected by multiple US and International patents.
 *
 * This notice and attribution to Taligent may not be removed.
 * Taligent is a registered trademark of Taligent, Inc.
 *
 */

package java.util;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.ObjectStreamField;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.spi.LocaleNameProvider;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction;
import sun.util.locale.BaseLocale;
import sun.util.locale.InternalLocaleBuilder;
import sun.util.locale.LanguageTag;
import sun.util.locale.LocaleExtensions;
import sun.util.locale.LocaleMatcher;
import sun.util.locale.LocaleObjectCache;
import sun.util.locale.LocaleSyntaxException;
import sun.util.locale.LocaleUtils;
import sun.util.locale.ParseStatus;
import sun.util.locale.provider.LocaleProviderAdapter;
import sun.util.locale.provider.LocaleResources;
import sun.util.locale.provider.LocaleServiceProviderPool;
import sun.util.locale.provider.TimeZoneNameUtility;

A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region. An operation that requires a Locale to perform its task is called locale-sensitive and uses the Locale to tailor information for the user. For example, displaying a number is a locale-sensitive operation— the number should be formatted according to the customs and conventions of the user's native country, region, or culture. 
 The Locale class implements IETF BCP 47 which is composed of RFC 4647 "Matching of Language
Tags" and RFC 5646 "Tags
for Identifying Languages" with support for the LDML (UTS#35, "Unicode
Locale Data Markup Language") BCP 47-compatible extensions for locale data
exchange.
 A Locale object logically consists of the fields described below. 

  
language
  
ISO 639 alpha-2 or alpha-3 language code, or registered language subtags up to 8 alpha letters (for future enhancements). When a language has both an alpha-2 code and an alpha-3 code, the alpha-2 code must be used. You can find a full list of valid language codes in the IANA Language Subtag Registry (search for "Type: language"). The language field is case insensitive, but Locale always canonicalizes to lower case.
  
Well-formed language values have the form
  [a-zA-Z]{2,8}.  Note that this is not the full
  BCP47 language production, since it excludes extlang.  They are
  not needed since modern three-letter language codes replace
  them.
  
Example: "en" (English), "ja" (Japanese), "kok" (Konkani)
  
script
  
ISO 15924 alpha-4 script code. You can find a full list of valid script codes in the IANA Language Subtag Registry (search for "Type: script"). The script field is case insensitive, but Locale always canonicalizes to title case (the first letter is upper case and the rest of the letters are lower case).
  
Well-formed script values have the form
  [a-zA-Z]{4}
  
Example: "Latn" (Latin), "Cyrl" (Cyrillic)
  
country (region)
  
ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code or UN M.49 numeric-3 area code. You can find a full list of valid country and region codes in the IANA Language Subtag Registry (search for "Type: region"). The country (region) field is case insensitive, but Locale always canonicalizes to upper case.
  
Well-formed country/region values have
  the form [a-zA-Z]{2} | [0-9]{3}
  
Example: "US" (United States), "FR" (France), "029"
  (Caribbean)
  
variant
  
Any arbitrary value used to indicate a variation of a Locale. Where there are two or more variant values each indicating its own semantics, these values should be ordered by importance, with most important first, separated by underscore('_'). The variant field is case sensitive.
  
Note: IETF BCP 47 places syntactic restrictions on variant
  subtags.  Also BCP 47 subtags are strictly used to indicate
  additional variations that define a language or its dialects that
  are not covered by any combinations of language, script and
  region subtags.  You can find a full list of valid variant codes
  in the IANA Language Subtag Registry (search for "Type: variant").
  
However, the variant field in Locale has historically been used for any kind of variation, not just language variations. For example, some supported variants available in Java SE Runtime Environments indicate alternative cultural behaviors such as calendar type or number script. In BCP 47 this kind of information, which does not identify the language, is supported by extension subtags or private use subtags.
  
Well-formed variant values have the form SUBTAG
  (('_'|'-') SUBTAG)* where SUBTAG =
  [0-9][0-9a-zA-Z]{3} | [0-9a-zA-Z]{5,8}. (Note: BCP 47 only
  uses hyphen ('-') as a delimiter, this is more lenient).
  
Example: "polyton" (Polytonic Greek), "POSIX"
  
extensions
  
A map from single character keys to string values, indicating extensions apart from language identification. The extensions in Locale implement the semantics and syntax of BCP 47 extension subtags and private use subtags. The extensions are case insensitive, but Locale canonicalizes all extension keys and values to lower case. Note that extensions cannot have empty values.
  
Well-formed keys are single characters from the set [0-9a-zA-Z]. Well-formed values have the form SUBTAG ('-' SUBTAG)* where for the key 'x' SUBTAG = [0-9a-zA-Z]{1,8} and for other keys
  SUBTAG = [0-9a-zA-Z]{2,8} (that is, 'x' allows
  single-character subtags).
  
Example: key="u"/value="ca-japanese" (Japanese Calendar),
  key="x"/value="java-1-7"

Note: Although BCP 47 requires field values to be registered in the IANA Language Subtag Registry, the Locale class does not provide any validation features. The Builder only checks if an individual field satisfies the syntactic requirement (is well-formed), but does not validate the value itself. See Builder for details. 
Unicode locale/language extension
UTS#35, "Unicode Locale Data Markup Language" defines optional
attributes and keywords to override or refine the default behavior
associated with a locale.  A keyword is represented by a pair of
key and type.  For example, "nu-thai" indicates that Thai local
digits (value:"thai") should be used for formatting numbers
(key:"nu").
The keywords are mapped to a BCP 47 extension value using the extension key 'u' (UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION). The above example, "nu-thai", becomes the extension "u-nu-thai". 
Thus, when a Locale object contains Unicode locale attributes and keywords, getExtension(UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION) will return a String representing this information, for example, "nu-thai". The Locale class also provides getUnicodeLocaleAttributes, getUnicodeLocaleKeys, and getUnicodeLocaleType which allow you to access Unicode locale attributes and key/type pairs directly. When represented as a string, the Unicode Locale Extension lists attributes alphabetically, followed by key/type sequences with keys listed alphabetically (the order of subtags comprising a key's type is fixed when the type is defined) 
A well-formed locale key has the form
[0-9a-zA-Z]{2}.  A well-formed locale type has the
form "" | [0-9a-zA-Z]{3,8} ('-' [0-9a-zA-Z]{3,8})* (it
can be empty, or a series of subtags 3-8 alphanums in length).  A
well-formed locale attribute has the form
[0-9a-zA-Z]{3,8} (it is a single subtag with the same
form as a locale type subtag).
The Unicode locale extension specifies optional behavior in
locale-sensitive services.  Although the LDML specification defines
various keys and values, actual locale-sensitive service
implementations in a Java Runtime Environment might not support any
particular Unicode locale attributes or key/type pairs.
Creating a Locale
There are several different ways to create a Locale object. 
Builder
Using Builder you can construct a Locale object that conforms to BCP 47 syntax. 
Constructors
The Locale class provides three constructors: 

 Locale(String language) Locale(String language, String country) Locale(String language, String country, String variant) 
 These constructors allow you to create a Locale object with language, country and variant, but you cannot specify script or extensions. 
Factory Methods
The method forLanguageTag creates a Locale object for a well-formed BCP 47 language tag. 
Locale Constants
The Locale class provides a number of convenient constants that you can use to create Locale objects for commonly used locales. For example, the following creates a Locale object for the United States: 

    Locale.US


Locale Matching
If an application or a system is internationalized and provides localized
resources for multiple locales, it sometimes needs to find one or more
locales (or language tags) which meet each user's specific preferences. Note
that a term "language tag" is used interchangeably with "locale" in this
locale matching documentation.
In order to do matching a user's preferred locales to a set of language
tags, RFC 4647 Matching of
Language Tags defines two mechanisms: filtering and lookup.
Filtering is used to get all matching locales, whereas
lookup is to choose the best matching locale.
Matching is done case-insensitively. These matching mechanisms are described
in the following sections.
A user's preference is called a Language Priority List and is expressed as a list of language ranges. There are syntactically two types of language ranges: basic and extended. See Locale.LanguageRange for details. 
Filtering
The filtering operation returns all matching language tags. It is defined
in RFC 4647 as follows:
"In filtering, each language range represents the least specific language
tag (that is, the language tag with fewest number of subtags) that is an
acceptable match. All of the language tags in the matching set of tags will
have an equal or greater number of subtags than the language range. Every
non-wildcard subtag in the language range will appear in every one of the
matching language tags."
There are two types of filtering: filtering for basic language ranges (called "basic filtering") and filtering for extended language ranges (called "extended filtering"). They may return different results by what kind of language ranges are included in the given Language Priority List. FilteringMode is a parameter to specify how filtering should be done. 
Lookup
The lookup operation returns the best matching language tags. It is
defined in RFC 4647 as follows:
"By contrast with filtering, each language range represents the most
specific tag that is an acceptable match.  The first matching tag found,
according to the user's priority, is considered the closest match and is the
item returned."
For example, if a Language Priority List consists of two language ranges, "zh-Hant-TW" and "en-US", in prioritized order, lookup method progressively searches the language tags below in order to find the best matching language tag. 

   1. zh-Hant-TW
   2. zh-Hant
   3. zh
   4. en-US
   5. en


If there is a language tag which matches completely to a language range
above, the language tag is returned.
"*" is the special language range, and it is ignored in lookup. 
If multiple language tags match as a result of the subtag '*' included in a language range, the first matching language tag returned by an Iterator over a Collection of language tags is treated as the best matching one. 
Use of Locale
Once you've created a Locale you can query it for information about itself. Use getCountry to get the country (or region) code and getLanguage to get the language code. You can use getDisplayCountry to get the name of the country suitable for displaying to the user. Similarly, you can use getDisplayLanguage to get the name of the language suitable for displaying to the user. Interestingly, the getDisplayXXX methods are themselves locale-sensitive and have two versions: one that uses the default DISPLAY locale and one that uses the locale specified as an argument. 
The Java Platform provides a number of classes that perform locale-sensitive operations. For example, the NumberFormat class formats numbers, currency, and percentages in a locale-sensitive manner. Classes such as NumberFormat have several convenience methods for creating a default object of that type. For example, the NumberFormat class provides these three convenience methods for creating a default NumberFormat object: 

    NumberFormat.getInstance()
    NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance()
    NumberFormat.getPercentInstance()

 Each of these methods has two variants; one with an explicit locale and one without; the latter uses the default FORMAT locale: 

    NumberFormat.getInstance(myLocale)
    NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(myLocale)
    NumberFormat.getPercentInstance(myLocale)

 A Locale is the mechanism for identifying the kind of object (NumberFormat) that you would like to get. The locale is just a mechanism for identifying objects,
not a container for the objects themselves.
Compatibility
In order to maintain compatibility with existing usage, Locale's constructors retain their behavior prior to the Java Runtime Environment version 1.7. The same is largely true for the toString method. Thus Locale objects can continue to be used as they were. In particular, clients who parse the output of toString into language, country, and variant fields can continue to do so (although this is strongly discouraged), although the variant field will have additional information in it if script or extensions are present. 
In addition, BCP 47 imposes syntax restrictions that are not imposed by Locale's constructors. This means that conversions between some Locales and BCP 47 language tags cannot be made without losing information. Thus toLanguageTag cannot represent the state of locales whose language, country, or variant do not conform to BCP 47. 
Because of these issues, it is recommended that clients migrate away from constructing non-conforming locales and use the forLanguageTag and Locale.Builder APIs instead. Clients desiring a string representation of the complete locale can then always rely on toLanguageTag for this purpose. 
Special cases
For compatibility reasons, two
non-conforming locales are treated as special cases.  These are
ja_JP_JP and th_TH_TH. These are ill-formed
in BCP 47 since the variants are too short. To ease migration to BCP 47,
these are treated specially during construction.  These two cases (and only
these) cause a constructor to generate an extension, all other values behave
exactly as they did prior to Java 7.
Java has used ja_JP_JP to represent Japanese as used in Japan together with the Japanese Imperial calendar. This is now representable using a Unicode locale extension, by specifying the Unicode locale key ca (for "calendar") and type japanese. When the Locale constructor is called with the arguments "ja", "JP", "JP", the extension "u-ca-japanese" is automatically added. 
Java has used th_TH_TH to represent Thai as used in Thailand together with Thai digits. This is also now representable using a Unicode locale extension, by specifying the Unicode locale key nu (for "number") and value thai. When the Locale constructor is called with the arguments "th", "TH", "TH", the extension "u-nu-thai" is automatically added. 
Serialization
During serialization, writeObject writes all fields to the output
stream, including extensions.
During deserialization, readResolve adds extensions as described
in Special Cases, only
for the two cases th_TH_TH and ja_JP_JP.
Legacy language codes
Locale's constructor has always converted three language codes to their earlier, obsoleted forms: he maps to iw, yi maps to ji, and id maps to in. This continues to be the case, in order to not break backwards compatibility. 
The APIs added in 1.7 map between the old and new language codes, maintaining the old codes internal to Locale (so that getLanguage and toString reflect the old code), but using the new codes in the BCP 47 language tag APIs (so that toLanguageTag reflects the new one). This preserves the equivalence between Locales no matter which code or API is used to construct them. Java's default resource bundle lookup mechanism also implements this mapping, so that resources can be named using either convention, see Control. 
Three-letter language/country(region) codes
The Locale constructors have always specified that the language
and the country param be two characters in length, although in
practice they have accepted any length.  The specification has now
been relaxed to allow language codes of two to eight characters and
country (region) codes of two to three characters, and in
particular, three-letter language codes and three-digit region
codes as specified in the IANA Language Subtag Registry.  For
compatibility, the implementation still does not impose a length
constraint.
Author:
Mark Davis
See Also:
Builder
ResourceBundle
Format
NumberFormat
Collator
Since:
1.1/**
 * A {@code Locale} object represents a specific geographical, political,
 * or cultural region. An operation that requires a {@code Locale} to perform
 * its task is called <em>locale-sensitive</em> and uses the {@code Locale}
 * to tailor information for the user. For example, displaying a number
 * is a locale-sensitive operation&mdash; the number should be formatted
 * according to the customs and conventions of the user's native country,
 * region, or culture.
 *
 * <p> The {@code Locale} class implements IETF BCP 47 which is composed of
 * <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4647">RFC 4647 "Matching of Language
 * Tags"</a> and <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5646">RFC 5646 "Tags
 * for Identifying Languages"</a> with support for the LDML (UTS#35, "Unicode
 * Locale Data Markup Language") BCP 47-compatible extensions for locale data
 * exchange.
 *
 * <p> A {@code Locale} object logically consists of the fields
 * described below.
 *
 * <dl>
 *   <dt><a id="def_language"><b>language</b></a></dt>
 *
 *   <dd>ISO 639 alpha-2 or alpha-3 language code, or registered
 *   language subtags up to 8 alpha letters (for future enhancements).
 *   When a language has both an alpha-2 code and an alpha-3 code, the
 *   alpha-2 code must be used.  You can find a full list of valid
 *   language codes in the IANA Language Subtag Registry (search for
 *   "Type: language").  The language field is case insensitive, but
 *   {@code Locale} always canonicalizes to lower case.</dd>
 *
 *   <dd>Well-formed language values have the form
 *   <code>[a-zA-Z]{2,8}</code>.  Note that this is not the full
 *   BCP47 language production, since it excludes extlang.  They are
 *   not needed since modern three-letter language codes replace
 *   them.</dd>
 *
 *   <dd>Example: "en" (English), "ja" (Japanese), "kok" (Konkani)</dd>
 *
 *   <dt><a id="def_script"><b>script</b></a></dt>
 *
 *   <dd>ISO 15924 alpha-4 script code.  You can find a full list of
 *   valid script codes in the IANA Language Subtag Registry (search
 *   for "Type: script").  The script field is case insensitive, but
 *   {@code Locale} always canonicalizes to title case (the first
 *   letter is upper case and the rest of the letters are lower
 *   case).</dd>
 *
 *   <dd>Well-formed script values have the form
 *   <code>[a-zA-Z]{4}</code></dd>
 *
 *   <dd>Example: "Latn" (Latin), "Cyrl" (Cyrillic)</dd>
 *
 *   <dt><a id="def_region"><b>country (region)</b></a></dt>
 *
 *   <dd>ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code or UN M.49 numeric-3 area code.
 *   You can find a full list of valid country and region codes in the
 *   IANA Language Subtag Registry (search for "Type: region").  The
 *   country (region) field is case insensitive, but
 *   {@code Locale} always canonicalizes to upper case.</dd>
 *
 *   <dd>Well-formed country/region values have
 *   the form <code>[a-zA-Z]{2} | [0-9]{3}</code></dd>
 *
 *   <dd>Example: "US" (United States), "FR" (France), "029"
 *   (Caribbean)</dd>
 *
 *   <dt><a id="def_variant"><b>variant</b></a></dt>
 *
 *   <dd>Any arbitrary value used to indicate a variation of a
 *   {@code Locale}.  Where there are two or more variant values
 *   each indicating its own semantics, these values should be ordered
 *   by importance, with most important first, separated by
 *   underscore('_').  The variant field is case sensitive.</dd>
 *
 *   <dd>Note: IETF BCP 47 places syntactic restrictions on variant
 *   subtags.  Also BCP 47 subtags are strictly used to indicate
 *   additional variations that define a language or its dialects that
 *   are not covered by any combinations of language, script and
 *   region subtags.  You can find a full list of valid variant codes
 *   in the IANA Language Subtag Registry (search for "Type: variant").
 *
 *   <p>However, the variant field in {@code Locale} has
 *   historically been used for any kind of variation, not just
 *   language variations.  For example, some supported variants
 *   available in Java SE Runtime Environments indicate alternative
 *   cultural behaviors such as calendar type or number script.  In
 *   BCP 47 this kind of information, which does not identify the
 *   language, is supported by extension subtags or private use
 *   subtags.</dd>
 *
 *   <dd>Well-formed variant values have the form <code>SUBTAG
 *   (('_'|'-') SUBTAG)*</code> where <code>SUBTAG =
 *   [0-9][0-9a-zA-Z]{3} | [0-9a-zA-Z]{5,8}</code>. (Note: BCP 47 only
 *   uses hyphen ('-') as a delimiter, this is more lenient).</dd>
 *
 *   <dd>Example: "polyton" (Polytonic Greek), "POSIX"</dd>
 *
 *   <dt><a id="def_extensions"><b>extensions</b></a></dt>
 *
 *   <dd>A map from single character keys to string values, indicating
 *   extensions apart from language identification.  The extensions in
 *   {@code Locale} implement the semantics and syntax of BCP 47
 *   extension subtags and private use subtags. The extensions are
 *   case insensitive, but {@code Locale} canonicalizes all
 *   extension keys and values to lower case. Note that extensions
 *   cannot have empty values.</dd>
 *
 *   <dd>Well-formed keys are single characters from the set
 *   {@code [0-9a-zA-Z]}.  Well-formed values have the form
 *   {@code SUBTAG ('-' SUBTAG)*} where for the key 'x'
 *   <code>SUBTAG = [0-9a-zA-Z]{1,8}</code> and for other keys
 *   <code>SUBTAG = [0-9a-zA-Z]{2,8}</code> (that is, 'x' allows
 *   single-character subtags).</dd>
 *
 *   <dd>Example: key="u"/value="ca-japanese" (Japanese Calendar),
 *   key="x"/value="java-1-7"</dd>
 * </dl>
 *
 * <b>Note:</b> Although BCP 47 requires field values to be registered
 * in the IANA Language Subtag Registry, the {@code Locale} class
 * does not provide any validation features.  The {@code Builder}
 * only checks if an individual field satisfies the syntactic
 * requirement (is well-formed), but does not validate the value
 * itself.  See {@link Builder} for details.
 *
 * <h2><a id="def_locale_extension">Unicode locale/language extension</a></h2>
 *
 * <p>UTS#35, "Unicode Locale Data Markup Language" defines optional
 * attributes and keywords to override or refine the default behavior
 * associated with a locale.  A keyword is represented by a pair of
 * key and type.  For example, "nu-thai" indicates that Thai local
 * digits (value:"thai") should be used for formatting numbers
 * (key:"nu").
 *
 * <p>The keywords are mapped to a BCP 47 extension value using the
 * extension key 'u' ({@link #UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION}).  The above
 * example, "nu-thai", becomes the extension "u-nu-thai".
 *
 * <p>Thus, when a {@code Locale} object contains Unicode locale
 * attributes and keywords,
 * {@code getExtension(UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION)} will return a
 * String representing this information, for example, "nu-thai".  The
 * {@code Locale} class also provides {@link
 * #getUnicodeLocaleAttributes}, {@link #getUnicodeLocaleKeys}, and
 * {@link #getUnicodeLocaleType} which allow you to access Unicode
 * locale attributes and key/type pairs directly.  When represented as
 * a string, the Unicode Locale Extension lists attributes
 * alphabetically, followed by key/type sequences with keys listed
 * alphabetically (the order of subtags comprising a key's type is
 * fixed when the type is defined)
 *
 * <p>A well-formed locale key has the form
 * <code>[0-9a-zA-Z]{2}</code>.  A well-formed locale type has the
 * form <code>"" | [0-9a-zA-Z]{3,8} ('-' [0-9a-zA-Z]{3,8})*</code> (it
 * can be empty, or a series of subtags 3-8 alphanums in length).  A
 * well-formed locale attribute has the form
 * <code>[0-9a-zA-Z]{3,8}</code> (it is a single subtag with the same
 * form as a locale type subtag).
 *
 * <p>The Unicode locale extension specifies optional behavior in
 * locale-sensitive services.  Although the LDML specification defines
 * various keys and values, actual locale-sensitive service
 * implementations in a Java Runtime Environment might not support any
 * particular Unicode locale attributes or key/type pairs.
 *
 * <h3>Creating a Locale</h3>
 *
 * <p>There are several different ways to create a {@code Locale}
 * object.
 *
 * <h4>Builder</h4>
 *
 * <p>Using {@link Builder} you can construct a {@code Locale} object
 * that conforms to BCP 47 syntax.
 *
 * <h4>Constructors</h4>
 *
 * <p>The {@code Locale} class provides three constructors:
 * <blockquote>
 * <pre>
 *     {@link #Locale(String language)}
 *     {@link #Locale(String language, String country)}
 *     {@link #Locale(String language, String country, String variant)}
 * </pre>
 * </blockquote>
 * These constructors allow you to create a {@code Locale} object
 * with language, country and variant, but you cannot specify
 * script or extensions.
 *
 * <h4>Factory Methods</h4>
 *
 * <p>The method {@link #forLanguageTag} creates a {@code Locale}
 * object for a well-formed BCP 47 language tag.
 *
 * <h4>Locale Constants</h4>
 *
 * <p>The {@code Locale} class provides a number of convenient constants
 * that you can use to create {@code Locale} objects for commonly used
 * locales. For example, the following creates a {@code Locale} object
 * for the United States:
 * <blockquote>
 * <pre>
 *     Locale.US
 * </pre>
 * </blockquote>
 *
 * <h3><a id="LocaleMatching">Locale Matching</a></h3>
 *
 * <p>If an application or a system is internationalized and provides localized
 * resources for multiple locales, it sometimes needs to find one or more
 * locales (or language tags) which meet each user's specific preferences. Note
 * that a term "language tag" is used interchangeably with "locale" in this
 * locale matching documentation.
 *
 * <p>In order to do matching a user's preferred locales to a set of language
 * tags, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4647">RFC 4647 Matching of
 * Language Tags</a> defines two mechanisms: filtering and lookup.
 * <em>Filtering</em> is used to get all matching locales, whereas
 * <em>lookup</em> is to choose the best matching locale.
 * Matching is done case-insensitively. These matching mechanisms are described
 * in the following sections.
 *
 * <p>A user's preference is called a <em>Language Priority List</em> and is
 * expressed as a list of language ranges. There are syntactically two types of
 * language ranges: basic and extended. See
 * {@link Locale.LanguageRange Locale.LanguageRange} for details.
 *
 * <h4>Filtering</h4>
 *
 * <p>The filtering operation returns all matching language tags. It is defined
 * in RFC 4647 as follows:
 * "In filtering, each language range represents the least specific language
 * tag (that is, the language tag with fewest number of subtags) that is an
 * acceptable match. All of the language tags in the matching set of tags will
 * have an equal or greater number of subtags than the language range. Every
 * non-wildcard subtag in the language range will appear in every one of the
 * matching language tags."
 *
 * <p>There are two types of filtering: filtering for basic language ranges
 * (called "basic filtering") and filtering for extended language ranges
 * (called "extended filtering"). They may return different results by what
 * kind of language ranges are included in the given Language Priority List.
 * {@link Locale.FilteringMode} is a parameter to specify how filtering should
 * be done.
 *
 * <h4>Lookup</h4>
 *
 * <p>The lookup operation returns the best matching language tags. It is
 * defined in RFC 4647 as follows:
 * "By contrast with filtering, each language range represents the most
 * specific tag that is an acceptable match.  The first matching tag found,
 * according to the user's priority, is considered the closest match and is the
 * item returned."
 *
 * <p>For example, if a Language Priority List consists of two language ranges,
 * {@code "zh-Hant-TW"} and {@code "en-US"}, in prioritized order, lookup
 * method progressively searches the language tags below in order to find the
 * best matching language tag.
 * <blockquote>
 * <pre>
 *    1. zh-Hant-TW
 *    2. zh-Hant
 *    3. zh
 *    4. en-US
 *    5. en
 * </pre>
 * </blockquote>
 * If there is a language tag which matches completely to a language range
 * above, the language tag is returned.
 *
 * <p>{@code "*"} is the special language range, and it is ignored in lookup.
 *
 * <p>If multiple language tags match as a result of the subtag {@code '*'}
 * included in a language range, the first matching language tag returned by
 * an {@link Iterator} over a {@link Collection} of language tags is treated as
 * the best matching one.
 *
 * <h3>Use of Locale</h3>
 *
 * <p>Once you've created a {@code Locale} you can query it for information
 * about itself. Use {@code getCountry} to get the country (or region)
 * code and {@code getLanguage} to get the language code.
 * You can use {@code getDisplayCountry} to get the
 * name of the country suitable for displaying to the user. Similarly,
 * you can use {@code getDisplayLanguage} to get the name of
 * the language suitable for displaying to the user. Interestingly,
 * the {@code getDisplayXXX} methods are themselves locale-sensitive
 * and have two versions: one that uses the default
 * {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale and one
 * that uses the locale specified as an argument.
 *
 * <p>The Java Platform provides a number of classes that perform locale-sensitive
 * operations. For example, the {@code NumberFormat} class formats
 * numbers, currency, and percentages in a locale-sensitive manner. Classes
 * such as {@code NumberFormat} have several convenience methods
 * for creating a default object of that type. For example, the
 * {@code NumberFormat} class provides these three convenience methods
 * for creating a default {@code NumberFormat} object:
 * <blockquote>
 * <pre>
 *     NumberFormat.getInstance()
 *     NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance()
 *     NumberFormat.getPercentInstance()
 * </pre>
 * </blockquote>
 * Each of these methods has two variants; one with an explicit locale
 * and one without; the latter uses the default
 * {@link Locale.Category#FORMAT FORMAT} locale:
 * <blockquote>
 * <pre>
 *     NumberFormat.getInstance(myLocale)
 *     NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(myLocale)
 *     NumberFormat.getPercentInstance(myLocale)
 * </pre>
 * </blockquote>
 * A {@code Locale} is the mechanism for identifying the kind of object
 * ({@code NumberFormat}) that you would like to get. The locale is
 * <STRONG>just</STRONG> a mechanism for identifying objects,
 * <STRONG>not</STRONG> a container for the objects themselves.
 *
 * <h3>Compatibility</h3>
 *
 * <p>In order to maintain compatibility with existing usage, Locale's
 * constructors retain their behavior prior to the Java Runtime
 * Environment version 1.7.  The same is largely true for the
 * {@code toString} method. Thus Locale objects can continue to
 * be used as they were. In particular, clients who parse the output
 * of toString into language, country, and variant fields can continue
 * to do so (although this is strongly discouraged), although the
 * variant field will have additional information in it if script or
 * extensions are present.
 *
 * <p>In addition, BCP 47 imposes syntax restrictions that are not
 * imposed by Locale's constructors. This means that conversions
 * between some Locales and BCP 47 language tags cannot be made without
 * losing information. Thus {@code toLanguageTag} cannot
 * represent the state of locales whose language, country, or variant
 * do not conform to BCP 47.
 *
 * <p>Because of these issues, it is recommended that clients migrate
 * away from constructing non-conforming locales and use the
 * {@code forLanguageTag} and {@code Locale.Builder} APIs instead.
 * Clients desiring a string representation of the complete locale can
 * then always rely on {@code toLanguageTag} for this purpose.
 *
 * <h4><a id="special_cases_constructor">Special cases</a></h4>
 *
 * <p>For compatibility reasons, two
 * non-conforming locales are treated as special cases.  These are
 * <b>{@code ja_JP_JP}</b> and <b>{@code th_TH_TH}</b>. These are ill-formed
 * in BCP 47 since the variants are too short. To ease migration to BCP 47,
 * these are treated specially during construction.  These two cases (and only
 * these) cause a constructor to generate an extension, all other values behave
 * exactly as they did prior to Java 7.
 *
 * <p>Java has used {@code ja_JP_JP} to represent Japanese as used in
 * Japan together with the Japanese Imperial calendar. This is now
 * representable using a Unicode locale extension, by specifying the
 * Unicode locale key {@code ca} (for "calendar") and type
 * {@code japanese}. When the Locale constructor is called with the
 * arguments "ja", "JP", "JP", the extension "u-ca-japanese" is
 * automatically added.
 *
 * <p>Java has used {@code th_TH_TH} to represent Thai as used in
 * Thailand together with Thai digits. This is also now representable using
 * a Unicode locale extension, by specifying the Unicode locale key
 * {@code nu} (for "number") and value {@code thai}. When the Locale
 * constructor is called with the arguments "th", "TH", "TH", the
 * extension "u-nu-thai" is automatically added.
 *
 * <h4>Serialization</h4>
 *
 * <p>During serialization, writeObject writes all fields to the output
 * stream, including extensions.
 *
 * <p>During deserialization, readResolve adds extensions as described
 * in <a href="#special_cases_constructor">Special Cases</a>, only
 * for the two cases th_TH_TH and ja_JP_JP.
 *
 * <h4>Legacy language codes</h4>
 *
 * <p>Locale's constructor has always converted three language codes to
 * their earlier, obsoleted forms: {@code he} maps to {@code iw},
 * {@code yi} maps to {@code ji}, and {@code id} maps to
 * {@code in}.  This continues to be the case, in order to not break
 * backwards compatibility.
 *
 * <p>The APIs added in 1.7 map between the old and new language codes,
 * maintaining the old codes internal to Locale (so that
 * {@code getLanguage} and {@code toString} reflect the old
 * code), but using the new codes in the BCP 47 language tag APIs (so
 * that {@code toLanguageTag} reflects the new one). This
 * preserves the equivalence between Locales no matter which code or
 * API is used to construct them. Java's default resource bundle
 * lookup mechanism also implements this mapping, so that resources
 * can be named using either convention, see {@link ResourceBundle.Control}.
 *
 * <h4>Three-letter language/country(region) codes</h4>
 *
 * <p>The Locale constructors have always specified that the language
 * and the country param be two characters in length, although in
 * practice they have accepted any length.  The specification has now
 * been relaxed to allow language codes of two to eight characters and
 * country (region) codes of two to three characters, and in
 * particular, three-letter language codes and three-digit region
 * codes as specified in the IANA Language Subtag Registry.  For
 * compatibility, the implementation still does not impose a length
 * constraint.
 *
 * @see Builder
 * @see ResourceBundle
 * @see java.text.Format
 * @see java.text.NumberFormat
 * @see java.text.Collator
 * @author Mark Davis
 * @since 1.1
 */
public final class Locale implements Cloneable, Serializable {

    
Useful constant for language.
/** Useful constant for language.
     */
    public static final Locale ENGLISH;

    
Useful constant for language.
/** Useful constant for language.
     */
    public static final Locale FRENCH;

    
Useful constant for language.
/** Useful constant for language.
     */
    public static final Locale GERMAN;

    
Useful constant for language.
/** Useful constant for language.
     */
    public static final Locale ITALIAN;

    
Useful constant for language.
/** Useful constant for language.
     */
    public static final Locale JAPANESE;

    
Useful constant for language.
/** Useful constant for language.
     */
    public static final Locale KOREAN;

    
Useful constant for language.
/** Useful constant for language.
     */
    public static final Locale CHINESE;

    
Useful constant for language.
/** Useful constant for language.
     */
    public static final Locale SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE;

    
Useful constant for language.
/** Useful constant for language.
     */
    public static final Locale TRADITIONAL_CHINESE;

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale FRANCE;

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale GERMANY;

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale ITALY;

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale JAPAN;

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale KOREA;

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale UK;

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale US;

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale CANADA;

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale CANADA_FRENCH;

    
Useful constant for the root locale.  The root locale is the locale whose
language, country, and variant are empty ("") strings.  This is regarded
as the base locale of all locales, and is used as the language/country
neutral locale for the locale sensitive operations.
Since:
1.6/**
     * Useful constant for the root locale.  The root locale is the locale whose
     * language, country, and variant are empty ("") strings.  This is regarded
     * as the base locale of all locales, and is used as the language/country
     * neutral locale for the locale sensitive operations.
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static final Locale ROOT;

    private static final Map<BaseLocale, Locale> CONSTANT_LOCALES = new HashMap<>();

    static {
        ENGLISH = createConstant(BaseLocale.ENGLISH);
        FRENCH = createConstant(BaseLocale.FRENCH);
        GERMAN = createConstant(BaseLocale.GERMAN);
        ITALIAN = createConstant(BaseLocale.ITALIAN);
        JAPANESE = createConstant(BaseLocale.JAPANESE);
        KOREAN = createConstant(BaseLocale.KOREAN);
        CHINESE = createConstant(BaseLocale.CHINESE);
        SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE = createConstant(BaseLocale.SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE);
        TRADITIONAL_CHINESE = createConstant(BaseLocale.TRADITIONAL_CHINESE);
        FRANCE = createConstant(BaseLocale.FRANCE);
        GERMANY = createConstant(BaseLocale.GERMANY);
        ITALY = createConstant(BaseLocale.ITALY);
        JAPAN = createConstant(BaseLocale.JAPAN);
        KOREA = createConstant(BaseLocale.KOREA);
        UK = createConstant(BaseLocale.UK);
        US = createConstant(BaseLocale.US);
        CANADA = createConstant(BaseLocale.CANADA);
        CANADA_FRENCH = createConstant(BaseLocale.CANADA_FRENCH);
        ROOT = createConstant(BaseLocale.ROOT);
    }

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale CHINA = SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE;

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale PRC = SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE;

    
Useful constant for country.
/** Useful constant for country.
     */
    public static final Locale TAIWAN = TRADITIONAL_CHINESE;

    
This method must be called only for creating the Locale.*
constants due to making shortcuts.
/**
     * This method must be called only for creating the Locale.*
     * constants due to making shortcuts.
     */
    private static Locale createConstant(byte baseType) {
        BaseLocale base = BaseLocale.constantBaseLocales[baseType];
        Locale locale = new Locale(base, null);
        CONSTANT_LOCALES.put(base, locale);
        return locale;
    }

    
The key for the private use extension ('x').
See Also:
getExtension(char)
Builder.setExtension(char, String)
Since:
1.7/**
     * The key for the private use extension ('x').
     *
     * @see #getExtension(char)
     * @see Builder#setExtension(char, String)
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public static final char PRIVATE_USE_EXTENSION = 'x';

    
The key for Unicode locale extension ('u').
See Also:
getExtension(char)
Builder.setExtension(char, String)
Since:
1.7/**
     * The key for Unicode locale extension ('u').
     *
     * @see #getExtension(char)
     * @see Builder#setExtension(char, String)
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public static final char UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION = 'u';

    
serialization ID
/** serialization ID
     */
    @java.io.Serial
    static final long serialVersionUID = 9149081749638150636L;

    
Enum for specifying the type defined in ISO 3166. This enum is used to
retrieve the two-letter ISO3166-1 alpha-2, three-letter ISO3166-1
alpha-3, four-letter ISO3166-3 country codes.
See Also:
getISOCountries(IsoCountryCode)
Since:
9/**
     * Enum for specifying the type defined in ISO 3166. This enum is used to
     * retrieve the two-letter ISO3166-1 alpha-2, three-letter ISO3166-1
     * alpha-3, four-letter ISO3166-3 country codes.
     *
     * @see #getISOCountries(Locale.IsoCountryCode)
     * @since 9
     */
    public static enum IsoCountryCode {
        
PART1_ALPHA2 is used to represent the ISO3166-1 alpha-2 two letter
country codes.
/**
         * PART1_ALPHA2 is used to represent the ISO3166-1 alpha-2 two letter
         * country codes.
         */
        PART1_ALPHA2 {
            @Override
            Set<String> createCountryCodeSet() {
                return Set.of(Locale.getISOCountries());
            }
        },

        
PART1_ALPHA3 is used to represent the ISO3166-1 alpha-3 three letter
country codes.
/**
         *
         * PART1_ALPHA3 is used to represent the ISO3166-1 alpha-3 three letter
         * country codes.
         */
        PART1_ALPHA3 {
            @Override
            Set<String> createCountryCodeSet() {
                return LocaleISOData.computeISO3166_1Alpha3Countries();
            }
        },

        
PART3 is used to represent the ISO3166-3 four letter country codes.
/**
         * PART3 is used to represent the ISO3166-3 four letter country codes.
         */
        PART3 {
            @Override
            Set<String> createCountryCodeSet() {
                return Set.of(LocaleISOData.ISO3166_3);
            }
        };

        
Concrete implementation of this method attempts to compute value
for iso3166CodesMap for each IsoCountryCode type key.
/**
         * Concrete implementation of this method attempts to compute value
         * for iso3166CodesMap for each IsoCountryCode type key.
         */
        abstract Set<String> createCountryCodeSet();

        
Map to hold country codes for each ISO3166 part.
/**
         * Map to hold country codes for each ISO3166 part.
         */
        private static Map<IsoCountryCode, Set<String>> iso3166CodesMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

        
This method is called from Locale class to retrieve country code set
for getISOCountries(type)
/**
         * This method is called from Locale class to retrieve country code set
         * for getISOCountries(type)
         */
        static Set<String> retrieveISOCountryCodes(IsoCountryCode type) {
            return iso3166CodesMap.computeIfAbsent(type, IsoCountryCode::createCountryCodeSet);
        }
    }

    
Display types for retrieving localized names from the name providers.
/**
     * Display types for retrieving localized names from the name providers.
     */
    private static final int DISPLAY_LANGUAGE  = 0;
    private static final int DISPLAY_COUNTRY   = 1;
    private static final int DISPLAY_VARIANT   = 2;
    private static final int DISPLAY_SCRIPT    = 3;
    private static final int DISPLAY_UEXT_KEY  = 4;
    private static final int DISPLAY_UEXT_TYPE = 5;

    
Private constructor used by getInstance method
/**
     * Private constructor used by getInstance method
     */
    private Locale(BaseLocale baseLocale, LocaleExtensions extensions) {
        this.baseLocale = baseLocale;
        this.localeExtensions = extensions;
    }

    
Construct a locale from language, country and variant.
This constructor normalizes the language value to lowercase and
the country value to uppercase.

Note:

ISO 639 is not a stable standard; some of the language codes it defines
(specifically "iw", "ji", and "in") have changed.  This constructor accepts both the
old codes ("iw", "ji", and "in") and the new codes ("he", "yi", and "id"), but all other
API on Locale will return only the OLD codes.
For backward compatibility reasons, this constructor does not make
any syntactic checks on the input.
The two cases ("ja", "JP", "JP") and ("th", "TH", "TH") are handled specially,
see Special Cases for more information.

Params:
language – An ISO 639 alpha-2 or alpha-3 language code, or a language subtag up to 8 characters in length. See the Locale class description about valid language values.
country – An ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code or a UN M.49 numeric-3 area code. See the Locale class description about valid country values.
variant – Any arbitrary value used to indicate a variation of a Locale. See the Locale class description for the details.
Throws:
NullPointerException – thrown if any argument is null./**
     * Construct a locale from language, country and variant.
     * This constructor normalizes the language value to lowercase and
     * the country value to uppercase.
     * <p>
     * <b>Note:</b>
     * <ul>
     * <li>ISO 639 is not a stable standard; some of the language codes it defines
     * (specifically "iw", "ji", and "in") have changed.  This constructor accepts both the
     * old codes ("iw", "ji", and "in") and the new codes ("he", "yi", and "id"), but all other
     * API on Locale will return only the OLD codes.
     * <li>For backward compatibility reasons, this constructor does not make
     * any syntactic checks on the input.
     * <li>The two cases ("ja", "JP", "JP") and ("th", "TH", "TH") are handled specially,
     * see <a href="#special_cases_constructor">Special Cases</a> for more information.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param language An ISO 639 alpha-2 or alpha-3 language code, or a language subtag
     * up to 8 characters in length.  See the {@code Locale} class description about
     * valid language values.
     * @param country An ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code or a UN M.49 numeric-3 area code.
     * See the {@code Locale} class description about valid country values.
     * @param variant Any arbitrary value used to indicate a variation of a {@code Locale}.
     * See the {@code Locale} class description for the details.
     * @throws    NullPointerException thrown if any argument is null.
     */
    public Locale(String language, String country, String variant) {
        if (language == null || country == null || variant == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        baseLocale = BaseLocale.getInstance(convertOldISOCodes(language), "", country, variant);
        localeExtensions = getCompatibilityExtensions(language, "", country, variant);
    }

    
Construct a locale from language and country.
This constructor normalizes the language value to lowercase and
the country value to uppercase.

Note:

ISO 639 is not a stable standard; some of the language codes it defines
(specifically "iw", "ji", and "in") have changed.  This constructor accepts both the
old codes ("iw", "ji", and "in") and the new codes ("he", "yi", and "id"), but all other
API on Locale will return only the OLD codes.
For backward compatibility reasons, this constructor does not make
any syntactic checks on the input.

Params:
language – An ISO 639 alpha-2 or alpha-3 language code, or a language subtag up to 8 characters in length. See the Locale class description about valid language values.
country – An ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code or a UN M.49 numeric-3 area code. See the Locale class description about valid country values.
Throws:
NullPointerException – thrown if either argument is null./**
     * Construct a locale from language and country.
     * This constructor normalizes the language value to lowercase and
     * the country value to uppercase.
     * <p>
     * <b>Note:</b>
     * <ul>
     * <li>ISO 639 is not a stable standard; some of the language codes it defines
     * (specifically "iw", "ji", and "in") have changed.  This constructor accepts both the
     * old codes ("iw", "ji", and "in") and the new codes ("he", "yi", and "id"), but all other
     * API on Locale will return only the OLD codes.
     * <li>For backward compatibility reasons, this constructor does not make
     * any syntactic checks on the input.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param language An ISO 639 alpha-2 or alpha-3 language code, or a language subtag
     * up to 8 characters in length.  See the {@code Locale} class description about
     * valid language values.
     * @param country An ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code or a UN M.49 numeric-3 area code.
     * See the {@code Locale} class description about valid country values.
     * @throws    NullPointerException thrown if either argument is null.
     */
    public Locale(String language, String country) {
        this(language, country, "");
    }

    
Construct a locale from a language code.
This constructor normalizes the language value to lowercase.

Note:

ISO 639 is not a stable standard; some of the language codes it defines
(specifically "iw", "ji", and "in") have changed.  This constructor accepts both the
old codes ("iw", "ji", and "in") and the new codes ("he", "yi", and "id"), but all other
API on Locale will return only the OLD codes.
For backward compatibility reasons, this constructor does not make
any syntactic checks on the input.

Params:
language – An ISO 639 alpha-2 or alpha-3 language code, or a language subtag up to 8 characters in length. See the Locale class description about valid language values.
Throws:
NullPointerException – thrown if argument is null.
Since:
1.4/**
     * Construct a locale from a language code.
     * This constructor normalizes the language value to lowercase.
     * <p>
     * <b>Note:</b>
     * <ul>
     * <li>ISO 639 is not a stable standard; some of the language codes it defines
     * (specifically "iw", "ji", and "in") have changed.  This constructor accepts both the
     * old codes ("iw", "ji", and "in") and the new codes ("he", "yi", and "id"), but all other
     * API on Locale will return only the OLD codes.
     * <li>For backward compatibility reasons, this constructor does not make
     * any syntactic checks on the input.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param language An ISO 639 alpha-2 or alpha-3 language code, or a language subtag
     * up to 8 characters in length.  See the {@code Locale} class description about
     * valid language values.
     * @throws    NullPointerException thrown if argument is null.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public Locale(String language) {
        this(language, "", "");
    }

    
Returns a Locale constructed from the given language, country and variant. If the same Locale instance is available in the cache, then that instance is returned. Otherwise, a new Locale instance is created and cached. 
Params:
language – lowercase 2 to 8 language code.
country – uppercase two-letter ISO-3166 code and numeric-3 UN M.49 area code.
variant – vendor and browser specific code. See class description.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if any argument is null.
Returns:
the Locale instance requested/**
     * Returns a {@code Locale} constructed from the given
     * {@code language}, {@code country} and
     * {@code variant}. If the same {@code Locale} instance
     * is available in the cache, then that instance is
     * returned. Otherwise, a new {@code Locale} instance is
     * created and cached.
     *
     * @param language lowercase 2 to 8 language code.
     * @param country uppercase two-letter ISO-3166 code and numeric-3 UN M.49 area code.
     * @param variant vendor and browser specific code. See class description.
     * @return the {@code Locale} instance requested
     * @throws    NullPointerException if any argument is null.
     */
    static Locale getInstance(String language, String country, String variant) {
        return getInstance(language, "", country, variant, null);
    }

    static Locale getInstance(String language, String script, String country,
                                      String variant, LocaleExtensions extensions) {
        if (language== null || script == null || country == null || variant == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }

        if (extensions == null) {
            extensions = getCompatibilityExtensions(language, script, country, variant);
        }

        BaseLocale baseloc = BaseLocale.getInstance(convertOldISOCodes(language), script, country, variant);
        return getInstance(baseloc, extensions);
    }

    static Locale getInstance(BaseLocale baseloc, LocaleExtensions extensions) {
        if (extensions == null) {
            Locale locale = CONSTANT_LOCALES.get(baseloc);
            if (locale != null) {
                return locale;
            }
            return Cache.LOCALECACHE.get(baseloc);
        } else {
            LocaleKey key = new LocaleKey(baseloc, extensions);
            return Cache.LOCALECACHE.get(key);
        }
    }

    private static class Cache extends LocaleObjectCache<Object, Locale> {

        private static final Cache LOCALECACHE = new Cache();

        private Cache() {
        }

        @Override
        protected Locale createObject(Object key) {
            if (key instanceof BaseLocale) {
                return new Locale((BaseLocale)key, null);
            } else {
                LocaleKey lk = (LocaleKey)key;
                return new Locale(lk.base, lk.exts);
            }
        }
    }

    private static final class LocaleKey {
        private final BaseLocale base;
        private final LocaleExtensions exts;
        private final int hash;

        private LocaleKey(BaseLocale baseLocale, LocaleExtensions extensions) {
            base = baseLocale;
            exts = extensions;

            // Calculate the hash value here because it's always used.
            int h = base.hashCode();
            if (exts != null) {
                h ^= exts.hashCode();
            }
            hash = h;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
            if (this == obj) {
                return true;
            }
            if (!(obj instanceof LocaleKey)) {
                return false;
            }
            LocaleKey other = (LocaleKey)obj;
            if (hash != other.hash || !base.equals(other.base)) {
                return false;
            }
            if (exts == null) {
                return other.exts == null;
            }
            return exts.equals(other.exts);
        }

        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            return hash;
        }
    }

    
Gets the current value of the default locale for this instance
of the Java Virtual Machine.
 The Java Virtual Machine sets the default locale during startup based on the host environment. It is used by many locale-sensitive methods if no locale is explicitly specified. It can be changed using the setDefault method. 
Returns:
the default locale for this instance of the Java Virtual Machine/**
     * Gets the current value of the default locale for this instance
     * of the Java Virtual Machine.
     * <p>
     * The Java Virtual Machine sets the default locale during startup
     * based on the host environment. It is used by many locale-sensitive
     * methods if no locale is explicitly specified.
     * It can be changed using the
     * {@link #setDefault(java.util.Locale) setDefault} method.
     *
     * @return the default locale for this instance of the Java Virtual Machine
     */
    public static Locale getDefault() {
        // do not synchronize this method - see 4071298
        return defaultLocale;
    }

    
Gets the current value of the default locale for the specified Category
for this instance of the Java Virtual Machine.

The Java Virtual Machine sets the default locale during startup based
on the host environment. It is used by many locale-sensitive methods
if no locale is explicitly specified. It can be changed using the
setDefault(Locale.Category, Locale) method.
Params:
category – the specified category to get the default locale
Throws:
NullPointerException – if category is null
See Also:
setDefault(Category, Locale)
Returns:
the default locale for the specified Category for this instance
    of the Java Virtual Machine
Since:
1.7/**
     * Gets the current value of the default locale for the specified Category
     * for this instance of the Java Virtual Machine.
     * <p>
     * The Java Virtual Machine sets the default locale during startup based
     * on the host environment. It is used by many locale-sensitive methods
     * if no locale is explicitly specified. It can be changed using the
     * setDefault(Locale.Category, Locale) method.
     *
     * @param category the specified category to get the default locale
     * @throws NullPointerException if category is null
     * @return the default locale for the specified Category for this instance
     *     of the Java Virtual Machine
     * @see #setDefault(Locale.Category, Locale)
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public static Locale getDefault(Locale.Category category) {
        // do not synchronize this method - see 4071298
        switch (category) {
        case DISPLAY:
            if (defaultDisplayLocale == null) {
                synchronized(Locale.class) {
                    if (defaultDisplayLocale == null) {
                        defaultDisplayLocale = initDefault(category);
                    }
                }
            }
            return defaultDisplayLocale;
        case FORMAT:
            if (defaultFormatLocale == null) {
                synchronized(Locale.class) {
                    if (defaultFormatLocale == null) {
                        defaultFormatLocale = initDefault(category);
                    }
                }
            }
            return defaultFormatLocale;
        default:
            assert false: "Unknown Category";
        }
        return getDefault();
    }

    private static Locale initDefault() {
        String language, region, script, country, variant;
        Properties props = GetPropertyAction.privilegedGetProperties();
        language = props.getProperty("user.language", "en");
        // for compatibility, check for old user.region property
        region = props.getProperty("user.region");
        if (region != null) {
            // region can be of form country, country_variant, or _variant
            int i = region.indexOf('_');
            if (i >= 0) {
                country = region.substring(0, i);
                variant = region.substring(i + 1);
            } else {
                country = region;
                variant = "";
            }
            script = "";
        } else {
            script = props.getProperty("user.script", "");
            country = props.getProperty("user.country", "");
            variant = props.getProperty("user.variant", "");
        }

        return getInstance(language, script, country, variant,
                getDefaultExtensions(props.getProperty("user.extensions", ""))
                    .orElse(null));
    }

    private static Locale initDefault(Locale.Category category) {
        Properties props = GetPropertyAction.privilegedGetProperties();

        return getInstance(
            props.getProperty(category.languageKey,
                    defaultLocale.getLanguage()),
            props.getProperty(category.scriptKey,
                    defaultLocale.getScript()),
            props.getProperty(category.countryKey,
                    defaultLocale.getCountry()),
            props.getProperty(category.variantKey,
                    defaultLocale.getVariant()),
            getDefaultExtensions(props.getProperty(category.extensionsKey, ""))
                .orElse(defaultLocale.getLocaleExtensions()));
    }

    private static Optional<LocaleExtensions> getDefaultExtensions(String extensionsProp) {
        if (LocaleUtils.isEmpty(extensionsProp)) {
            return Optional.empty();
        }

        LocaleExtensions exts = null;
        try {
            exts = new InternalLocaleBuilder()
                .setExtensions(extensionsProp)
                .getLocaleExtensions();
        } catch (LocaleSyntaxException e) {
            // just ignore this incorrect property
        }

        return Optional.ofNullable(exts);
    }

    
Sets the default locale for this instance of the Java Virtual Machine.
This does not affect the host locale.
 If there is a security manager, its checkPermission method is called with a PropertyPermission("user.language", "write") permission before the default locale is changed. 

The Java Virtual Machine sets the default locale during startup
based on the host environment. It is used by many locale-sensitive
methods if no locale is explicitly specified.

Since changing the default locale may affect many different areas
of functionality, this method should only be used if the caller
is prepared to reinitialize locale-sensitive code running
within the same Java Virtual Machine.

By setting the default locale with this method, all of the default
locales for each Category are also set to the specified default locale.
Params:
newLocale – the new default locale
Throws:
SecurityException –  if a security manager exists and its checkPermission method doesn't allow the operation.
NullPointerException – if newLocale is null
See Also:
SecurityManager.checkPermission
PropertyPermission/**
     * Sets the default locale for this instance of the Java Virtual Machine.
     * This does not affect the host locale.
     * <p>
     * If there is a security manager, its {@code checkPermission}
     * method is called with a {@code PropertyPermission("user.language", "write")}
     * permission before the default locale is changed.
     * <p>
     * The Java Virtual Machine sets the default locale during startup
     * based on the host environment. It is used by many locale-sensitive
     * methods if no locale is explicitly specified.
     * <p>
     * Since changing the default locale may affect many different areas
     * of functionality, this method should only be used if the caller
     * is prepared to reinitialize locale-sensitive code running
     * within the same Java Virtual Machine.
     * <p>
     * By setting the default locale with this method, all of the default
     * locales for each Category are also set to the specified default locale.
     *
     * @throws SecurityException
     *        if a security manager exists and its
     *        {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow the operation.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code newLocale} is null
     * @param newLocale the new default locale
     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
     * @see java.util.PropertyPermission
     */
    public static synchronized void setDefault(Locale newLocale) {
        setDefault(Category.DISPLAY, newLocale);
        setDefault(Category.FORMAT, newLocale);
        defaultLocale = newLocale;
    }

    
Sets the default locale for the specified Category for this instance
of the Java Virtual Machine. This does not affect the host locale.

If there is a security manager, its checkPermission method is called
with a PropertyPermission("user.language", "write") permission before
the default locale is changed.

The Java Virtual Machine sets the default locale during startup based
on the host environment. It is used by many locale-sensitive methods
if no locale is explicitly specified.

Since changing the default locale may affect many different areas of
functionality, this method should only be used if the caller is
prepared to reinitialize locale-sensitive code running within the
same Java Virtual Machine.
Params:
category – the specified category to set the default locale
newLocale – the new default locale
Throws:
SecurityException – if a security manager exists and its
    checkPermission method doesn't allow the operation.
NullPointerException – if category and/or newLocale is null
See Also:
SecurityManager.checkPermission(Permission)
PropertyPermission
getDefault(Category)
Since:
1.7/**
     * Sets the default locale for the specified Category for this instance
     * of the Java Virtual Machine. This does not affect the host locale.
     * <p>
     * If there is a security manager, its checkPermission method is called
     * with a PropertyPermission("user.language", "write") permission before
     * the default locale is changed.
     * <p>
     * The Java Virtual Machine sets the default locale during startup based
     * on the host environment. It is used by many locale-sensitive methods
     * if no locale is explicitly specified.
     * <p>
     * Since changing the default locale may affect many different areas of
     * functionality, this method should only be used if the caller is
     * prepared to reinitialize locale-sensitive code running within the
     * same Java Virtual Machine.
     *
     * @param category the specified category to set the default locale
     * @param newLocale the new default locale
     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and its
     *     checkPermission method doesn't allow the operation.
     * @throws NullPointerException if category and/or newLocale is null
     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission(java.security.Permission)
     * @see PropertyPermission
     * @see #getDefault(Locale.Category)
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public static synchronized void setDefault(Locale.Category category,
        Locale newLocale) {
        if (category == null)
            throw new NullPointerException("Category cannot be NULL");
        if (newLocale == null)
            throw new NullPointerException("Can't set default locale to NULL");

        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm != null) sm.checkPermission(new PropertyPermission
                        ("user.language", "write"));
        switch (category) {
        case DISPLAY:
            defaultDisplayLocale = newLocale;
            break;
        case FORMAT:
            defaultFormatLocale = newLocale;
            break;
        default:
            assert false: "Unknown Category";
        }
    }

    
Returns an array of all installed locales. The returned array represents the union of locales supported by the Java runtime environment and by installed LocaleServiceProvider implementations. It must contain at least a Locale instance equal to Locale.US. 
Returns:
An array of installed locales./**
     * Returns an array of all installed locales.
     * The returned array represents the union of locales supported
     * by the Java runtime environment and by installed
     * {@link java.util.spi.LocaleServiceProvider LocaleServiceProvider}
     * implementations.  It must contain at least a {@code Locale}
     * instance equal to {@link java.util.Locale#US Locale.US}.
     *
     * @return An array of installed locales.
     */
    public static Locale[] getAvailableLocales() {
        return LocaleServiceProviderPool.getAllAvailableLocales();
    }

    
Returns a list of all 2-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166. Can be used to create Locales. This method is equivalent to getISOCountries(IsoCountryCode type) with type IsoCountryCode.PART1_ALPHA2. 

Note: The Locale class also supports other codes for country (region), such as 3-letter numeric UN M.49 area codes. Therefore, the list returned by this method does not contain ALL valid codes that can be used to create Locales. 
 Note that this method does not return obsolete 2-letter country codes. ISO3166-3 codes which designate country codes for those obsolete codes, can be retrieved from getISOCountries(IsoCountryCode type) with type IsoCountryCode.PART3. 
Returns:
An array of ISO 3166 two-letter country codes./**
     * Returns a list of all 2-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166.
     * Can be used to create Locales.
     * This method is equivalent to {@link #getISOCountries(Locale.IsoCountryCode type)}
     * with {@code type}  {@link IsoCountryCode#PART1_ALPHA2}.
     * <p>
     * <b>Note:</b> The {@code Locale} class also supports other codes for
     * country (region), such as 3-letter numeric UN M.49 area codes.
     * Therefore, the list returned by this method does not contain ALL valid
     * codes that can be used to create Locales.
     * <p>
     * Note that this method does not return obsolete 2-letter country codes.
     * ISO3166-3 codes which designate country codes for those obsolete codes,
     * can be retrieved from {@link #getISOCountries(Locale.IsoCountryCode type)} with
     * {@code type}  {@link IsoCountryCode#PART3}.
     * @return An array of ISO 3166 two-letter country codes.
     */
    public static String[] getISOCountries() {
        if (isoCountries == null) {
            isoCountries = getISO2Table(LocaleISOData.isoCountryTable);
        }
        String[] result = new String[isoCountries.length];
        System.arraycopy(isoCountries, 0, result, 0, isoCountries.length);
        return result;
    }

    
Returns a Set of ISO3166 country codes for the specified type. 
Params:
type – IsoCountryCode specified ISO code type.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if type is null
See Also:
IsoCountryCode
Returns:
a Set of ISO country codes for the specified type.
Since:
9/**
     * Returns a {@code Set} of ISO3166 country codes for the specified type.
     *
     * @param type {@link Locale.IsoCountryCode} specified ISO code type.
     * @see java.util.Locale.IsoCountryCode
     * @throws NullPointerException if type is null
     * @return a {@code Set} of ISO country codes for the specified type.
     * @since 9
     */
    public static Set<String> getISOCountries(IsoCountryCode type) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(type);
        return IsoCountryCode.retrieveISOCountryCodes(type);
    }

    
Returns a list of all 2-letter language codes defined in ISO 639.
Can be used to create Locales.

Note:

ISO 639 is not a stable standard— some languages' codes have changed.
The list this function returns includes both the new and the old codes for the
languages whose codes have changed.
The Locale class also supports language codes up to 8 characters in length. Therefore, the list returned by this method does not contain ALL valid codes that can be used to create Locales. 
Returns:
An array of ISO 639 two-letter language codes./**
     * Returns a list of all 2-letter language codes defined in ISO 639.
     * Can be used to create Locales.
     * <p>
     * <b>Note:</b>
     * <ul>
     * <li>ISO 639 is not a stable standard&mdash; some languages' codes have changed.
     * The list this function returns includes both the new and the old codes for the
     * languages whose codes have changed.
     * <li>The {@code Locale} class also supports language codes up to
     * 8 characters in length.  Therefore, the list returned by this method does
     * not contain ALL valid codes that can be used to create Locales.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @return An array of ISO 639 two-letter language codes.
     */
    public static String[] getISOLanguages() {
        if (isoLanguages == null) {
            isoLanguages = getISO2Table(LocaleISOData.isoLanguageTable);
        }
        String[] result = new String[isoLanguages.length];
        System.arraycopy(isoLanguages, 0, result, 0, isoLanguages.length);
        return result;
    }

    private static String[] getISO2Table(String table) {
        int len = table.length() / 5;
        String[] isoTable = new String[len];
        for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < len; i++, j += 5) {
            isoTable[i] = table.substring(j, j + 2);
        }
        return isoTable;
    }

    
Returns the language code of this Locale.
Note: ISO 639 is not a stable standard— some languages' codes have changed.
Locale's constructor recognizes both the new and the old codes for the languages
whose codes have changed, but this function always returns the old code.  If you
want to check for a specific language whose code has changed, don't do
if (locale.getLanguage().equals("he")) // BAD!
   ...

Instead, do
if (locale.getLanguage().equals(new Locale("he").getLanguage()))
   ...

See Also:
getDisplayLanguage
Returns:
The language code, or the empty string if none is defined./**
     * Returns the language code of this Locale.
     *
     * <p><b>Note:</b> ISO 639 is not a stable standard&mdash; some languages' codes have changed.
     * Locale's constructor recognizes both the new and the old codes for the languages
     * whose codes have changed, but this function always returns the old code.  If you
     * want to check for a specific language whose code has changed, don't do
     * <pre>
     * if (locale.getLanguage().equals("he")) // BAD!
     *    ...
     * </pre>
     * Instead, do
     * <pre>
     * if (locale.getLanguage().equals(new Locale("he").getLanguage()))
     *    ...
     * </pre>
     * @return The language code, or the empty string if none is defined.
     * @see #getDisplayLanguage
     */
    public String getLanguage() {
        return baseLocale.getLanguage();
    }

    
Returns the script for this locale, which should
either be the empty string or an ISO 15924 4-letter script
code. The first letter is uppercase and the rest are
lowercase, for example, 'Latn', 'Cyrl'.
See Also:
getDisplayScript
Returns:
The script code, or the empty string if none is defined.
Since:
1.7/**
     * Returns the script for this locale, which should
     * either be the empty string or an ISO 15924 4-letter script
     * code. The first letter is uppercase and the rest are
     * lowercase, for example, 'Latn', 'Cyrl'.
     *
     * @return The script code, or the empty string if none is defined.
     * @see #getDisplayScript
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public String getScript() {
        return baseLocale.getScript();
    }

    
Returns the country/region code for this locale, which should
either be the empty string, an uppercase ISO 3166 2-letter code,
or a UN M.49 3-digit code.
See Also:
getDisplayCountry
Returns:
The country/region code, or the empty string if none is defined./**
     * Returns the country/region code for this locale, which should
     * either be the empty string, an uppercase ISO 3166 2-letter code,
     * or a UN M.49 3-digit code.
     *
     * @return The country/region code, or the empty string if none is defined.
     * @see #getDisplayCountry
     */
    public String getCountry() {
        return baseLocale.getRegion();
    }

    
Returns the variant code for this locale.
See Also:
getDisplayVariant
Returns:
The variant code, or the empty string if none is defined./**
     * Returns the variant code for this locale.
     *
     * @return The variant code, or the empty string if none is defined.
     * @see #getDisplayVariant
     */
    public String getVariant() {
        return baseLocale.getVariant();
    }

    
Returns true if this Locale has any 
extensions.
Returns:
true if this Locale has any extensions
Since:
1.8/**
     * Returns {@code true} if this {@code Locale} has any <a href="#def_extensions">
     * extensions</a>.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this {@code Locale} has any extensions
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public boolean hasExtensions() {
        return localeExtensions != null;
    }

    
Returns a copy of this Locale with no 
extensions. If this Locale has no extensions, this Locale is returned. 
Returns:
a copy of this Locale with no extensions, or this if this has no extensions
Since:
1.8/**
     * Returns a copy of this {@code Locale} with no <a href="#def_extensions">
     * extensions</a>. If this {@code Locale} has no extensions, this {@code Locale}
     * is returned.
     *
     * @return a copy of this {@code Locale} with no extensions, or {@code this}
     *         if {@code this} has no extensions
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public Locale stripExtensions() {
        return hasExtensions() ? Locale.getInstance(baseLocale, null) : this;
    }

    
Returns the extension (or private use) value associated with the specified key, or null if there is no extension associated with the key. To be well-formed, the key must be one of [0-9A-Za-z]. Keys are case-insensitive, so for example 'z' and 'Z' represent the same extension. 
Params:
key – the extension key
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if key is not well-formed
See Also:
PRIVATE_USE_EXTENSION
UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION
Returns:
The extension, or null if this locale defines no
extension for the specified key.
Since:
1.7/**
     * Returns the extension (or private use) value associated with
     * the specified key, or null if there is no extension
     * associated with the key. To be well-formed, the key must be one
     * of {@code [0-9A-Za-z]}. Keys are case-insensitive, so
     * for example 'z' and 'Z' represent the same extension.
     *
     * @param key the extension key
     * @return The extension, or null if this locale defines no
     * extension for the specified key.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if key is not well-formed
     * @see #PRIVATE_USE_EXTENSION
     * @see #UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public String getExtension(char key) {
        if (!LocaleExtensions.isValidKey(key)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Ill-formed extension key: " + key);
        }
        return hasExtensions() ? localeExtensions.getExtensionValue(key) : null;
    }

    
Returns the set of extension keys associated with this locale, or the
empty set if it has no extensions. The returned set is unmodifiable.
The keys will all be lower-case.
Returns:
The set of extension keys, or the empty set if this locale has
no extensions.
Since:
1.7/**
     * Returns the set of extension keys associated with this locale, or the
     * empty set if it has no extensions. The returned set is unmodifiable.
     * The keys will all be lower-case.
     *
     * @return The set of extension keys, or the empty set if this locale has
     * no extensions.
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public Set<Character> getExtensionKeys() {
        if (!hasExtensions()) {
            return Collections.emptySet();
        }
        return localeExtensions.getKeys();
    }

    
Returns the set of unicode locale attributes associated with
this locale, or the empty set if it has no attributes. The
returned set is unmodifiable.
Returns:
The set of attributes.
Since:
1.7/**
     * Returns the set of unicode locale attributes associated with
     * this locale, or the empty set if it has no attributes. The
     * returned set is unmodifiable.
     *
     * @return The set of attributes.
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public Set<String> getUnicodeLocaleAttributes() {
        if (!hasExtensions()) {
            return Collections.emptySet();
        }
        return localeExtensions.getUnicodeLocaleAttributes();
    }

    
Returns the Unicode locale type associated with the specified Unicode locale key
for this locale. Returns the empty string for keys that are defined with no type.
Returns null if the key is not defined. Keys are case-insensitive. The key must
be two alphanumeric characters ([0-9a-zA-Z]), or an IllegalArgumentException is
thrown.
Params:
key – the Unicode locale key
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if the key is not well-formed
NullPointerException – if key is null
Returns:
The Unicode locale type associated with the key, or null if the
locale does not define the key.
Since:
1.7/**
     * Returns the Unicode locale type associated with the specified Unicode locale key
     * for this locale. Returns the empty string for keys that are defined with no type.
     * Returns null if the key is not defined. Keys are case-insensitive. The key must
     * be two alphanumeric characters ([0-9a-zA-Z]), or an IllegalArgumentException is
     * thrown.
     *
     * @param key the Unicode locale key
     * @return The Unicode locale type associated with the key, or null if the
     * locale does not define the key.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the key is not well-formed
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code key} is null
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public String getUnicodeLocaleType(String key) {
        if (!isUnicodeExtensionKey(key)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Ill-formed Unicode locale key: " + key);
        }
        return hasExtensions() ? localeExtensions.getUnicodeLocaleType(key) : null;
    }

    
Returns the set of Unicode locale keys defined by this locale, or the empty set if
this locale has none.  The returned set is immutable.  Keys are all lower case.
Returns:
The set of Unicode locale keys, or the empty set if this locale has
no Unicode locale keywords.
Since:
1.7/**
     * Returns the set of Unicode locale keys defined by this locale, or the empty set if
     * this locale has none.  The returned set is immutable.  Keys are all lower case.
     *
     * @return The set of Unicode locale keys, or the empty set if this locale has
     * no Unicode locale keywords.
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public Set<String> getUnicodeLocaleKeys() {
        if (localeExtensions == null) {
            return Collections.emptySet();
        }
        return localeExtensions.getUnicodeLocaleKeys();
    }

    
Package locale method returning the Locale's BaseLocale,
used by ResourceBundle
Returns:
base locale of this Locale/**
     * Package locale method returning the Locale's BaseLocale,
     * used by ResourceBundle
     * @return base locale of this Locale
     */
    BaseLocale getBaseLocale() {
        return baseLocale;
    }

    
Package private method returning the Locale's LocaleExtensions,
used by ResourceBundle.
Returns:
locale extensions of this Locale, or null if no extensions are defined/**
     * Package private method returning the Locale's LocaleExtensions,
     * used by ResourceBundle.
     * @return locale extensions of this Locale,
     *         or {@code null} if no extensions are defined
     */
     LocaleExtensions getLocaleExtensions() {
         return localeExtensions;
     }

    
Returns a string representation of this Locale object, consisting of language, country, variant, script, and extensions as below: 

language + "_" + country + "_" + (variant + "_#" | "#") + script + "_" + extensions
 Language is always lower case, country is always upper case, script is always title case, and extensions are always lower case. Extensions and private use subtags will be in canonical order as explained in toLanguageTag. 
When the locale has neither script nor extensions, the result is the same as in
Java 6 and prior.
If both the language and country fields are missing, this function will return
the empty string, even if the variant, script, or extensions field is present (you
can't have a locale with just a variant, the variant must accompany a well-formed
language or country code).
If script or extensions are present and variant is missing, no underscore is
added before the "#".
This behavior is designed to support debugging and to be compatible with previous uses of toString that expected language, country, and variant fields only. To represent a Locale as a String for interchange purposes, use toLanguageTag. 
Examples: 

en
de_DE
_GB
en_US_WIN
de__POSIX
zh_CN_#Hans
zh_TW_#Hant_x-java
th_TH_TH_#u-nu-thai
See Also:
getDisplayName
toLanguageTag
Returns:
A string representation of the Locale, for debugging./**
     * Returns a string representation of this {@code Locale}
     * object, consisting of language, country, variant, script,
     * and extensions as below:
     * <blockquote>
     * language + "_" + country + "_" + (variant + "_#" | "#") + script + "_" + extensions
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * Language is always lower case, country is always upper case, script is always title
     * case, and extensions are always lower case.  Extensions and private use subtags
     * will be in canonical order as explained in {@link #toLanguageTag}.
     *
     * <p>When the locale has neither script nor extensions, the result is the same as in
     * Java 6 and prior.
     *
     * <p>If both the language and country fields are missing, this function will return
     * the empty string, even if the variant, script, or extensions field is present (you
     * can't have a locale with just a variant, the variant must accompany a well-formed
     * language or country code).
     *
     * <p>If script or extensions are present and variant is missing, no underscore is
     * added before the "#".
     *
     * <p>This behavior is designed to support debugging and to be compatible with
     * previous uses of {@code toString} that expected language, country, and variant
     * fields only.  To represent a Locale as a String for interchange purposes, use
     * {@link #toLanguageTag}.
     *
     * <p>Examples: <ul>
     * <li>{@code en}</li>
     * <li>{@code de_DE}</li>
     * <li>{@code _GB}</li>
     * <li>{@code en_US_WIN}</li>
     * <li>{@code de__POSIX}</li>
     * <li>{@code zh_CN_#Hans}</li>
     * <li>{@code zh_TW_#Hant_x-java}</li>
     * <li>{@code th_TH_TH_#u-nu-thai}</li></ul>
     *
     * @return A string representation of the Locale, for debugging.
     * @see #getDisplayName
     * @see #toLanguageTag
     */
    @Override
    public final String toString() {
        boolean l = !baseLocale.getLanguage().isEmpty();
        boolean s = !baseLocale.getScript().isEmpty();
        boolean r = !baseLocale.getRegion().isEmpty();
        boolean v = !baseLocale.getVariant().isEmpty();
        boolean e = localeExtensions != null && !localeExtensions.getID().isEmpty();

        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(baseLocale.getLanguage());
        if (r || (l && (v || s || e))) {
            result.append('_')
                .append(baseLocale.getRegion()); // This may just append '_'
        }
        if (v && (l || r)) {
            result.append('_')
                .append(baseLocale.getVariant());
        }

        if (s && (l || r)) {
            result.append("_#")
                .append(baseLocale.getScript());
        }

        if (e && (l || r)) {
            result.append('_');
            if (!s) {
                result.append('#');
            }
            result.append(localeExtensions.getID());
        }

        return result.toString();
    }

    
Returns a well-formed IETF BCP 47 language tag representing
this locale.
If this Locale has a language, country, or variant that does not satisfy the IETF BCP 47 language tag syntax requirements, this method handles these fields as described below: 
Language: If language is empty, or not well-formed (for example "a" or
"e2"), it will be emitted as "und" (Undetermined).
Country: If country is not well-formed (for example "12" or "USA"),
it will be omitted.
Variant: If variant is well-formed, each sub-segment
(delimited by '-' or '_') is emitted as a subtag.  Otherwise:

if all sub-segments match [0-9a-zA-Z]{1,8}
(for example "WIN" or "Oracle_JDK_Standard_Edition"), the first
ill-formed sub-segment and all following will be appended to
the private use subtag.  The first appended subtag will be
"lvariant", followed by the sub-segments in order, separated by
hyphen. For example, "x-lvariant-WIN",
"Oracle-x-lvariant-JDK-Standard-Edition".
if any sub-segment does not match
[0-9a-zA-Z]{1,8}, the variant will be truncated
and the problematic sub-segment and all following sub-segments
will be omitted.  If the remainder is non-empty, it will be
emitted as a private use subtag as above (even if the remainder
turns out to be well-formed).  For example,
"Solaris_isjustthecoolestthing" is emitted as
"x-lvariant-Solaris", not as "solaris".
Special Conversions: Java supports some old locale
representations, including deprecated ISO language codes,
for compatibility. This method performs the following
conversions:

Deprecated ISO language codes "iw", "ji", and "in" are
converted to "he", "yi", and "id", respectively.
A locale with language "no", country "NO", and variant
"NY", representing Norwegian Nynorsk (Norway), is converted
to a language tag "nn-NO".
Note: Although the language tag created by this
method is well-formed (satisfies the syntax requirements
defined by the IETF BCP 47 specification), it is not
necessarily a valid BCP 47 language tag.  For example,
  new Locale("xx", "YY").toLanguageTag();
will return "xx-YY", but the language subtag "xx" and the
region subtag "YY" are invalid because they are not registered
in the IANA Language Subtag Registry.
See Also:
forLanguageTag(String)
Returns:
a BCP47 language tag representing the locale
Since:
1.7/**
     * Returns a well-formed IETF BCP 47 language tag representing
     * this locale.
     *
     * <p>If this {@code Locale} has a language, country, or
     * variant that does not satisfy the IETF BCP 47 language tag
     * syntax requirements, this method handles these fields as
     * described below:
     *
     * <p><b>Language:</b> If language is empty, or not <a
     * href="#def_language" >well-formed</a> (for example "a" or
     * "e2"), it will be emitted as "und" (Undetermined).
     *
     * <p><b>Country:</b> If country is not <a
     * href="#def_region">well-formed</a> (for example "12" or "USA"),
     * it will be omitted.
     *
     * <p><b>Variant:</b> If variant <b>is</b> <a
     * href="#def_variant">well-formed</a>, each sub-segment
     * (delimited by '-' or '_') is emitted as a subtag.  Otherwise:
     * <ul>
     *
     * <li>if all sub-segments match <code>[0-9a-zA-Z]{1,8}</code>
     * (for example "WIN" or "Oracle_JDK_Standard_Edition"), the first
     * ill-formed sub-segment and all following will be appended to
     * the private use subtag.  The first appended subtag will be
     * "lvariant", followed by the sub-segments in order, separated by
     * hyphen. For example, "x-lvariant-WIN",
     * "Oracle-x-lvariant-JDK-Standard-Edition".
     *
     * <li>if any sub-segment does not match
     * <code>[0-9a-zA-Z]{1,8}</code>, the variant will be truncated
     * and the problematic sub-segment and all following sub-segments
     * will be omitted.  If the remainder is non-empty, it will be
     * emitted as a private use subtag as above (even if the remainder
     * turns out to be well-formed).  For example,
     * "Solaris_isjustthecoolestthing" is emitted as
     * "x-lvariant-Solaris", not as "solaris".</li></ul>
     *
     * <p><b>Special Conversions:</b> Java supports some old locale
     * representations, including deprecated ISO language codes,
     * for compatibility. This method performs the following
     * conversions:
     * <ul>
     *
     * <li>Deprecated ISO language codes "iw", "ji", and "in" are
     * converted to "he", "yi", and "id", respectively.
     *
     * <li>A locale with language "no", country "NO", and variant
     * "NY", representing Norwegian Nynorsk (Norway), is converted
     * to a language tag "nn-NO".</li></ul>
     *
     * <p><b>Note:</b> Although the language tag created by this
     * method is well-formed (satisfies the syntax requirements
     * defined by the IETF BCP 47 specification), it is not
     * necessarily a valid BCP 47 language tag.  For example,
     * <pre>
     *   new Locale("xx", "YY").toLanguageTag();</pre>
     *
     * will return "xx-YY", but the language subtag "xx" and the
     * region subtag "YY" are invalid because they are not registered
     * in the IANA Language Subtag Registry.
     *
     * @return a BCP47 language tag representing the locale
     * @see #forLanguageTag(String)
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public String toLanguageTag() {
        if (languageTag != null) {
            return languageTag;
        }

        LanguageTag tag = LanguageTag.parseLocale(baseLocale, localeExtensions);
        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();

        String subtag = tag.getLanguage();
        if (!subtag.isEmpty()) {
            buf.append(LanguageTag.canonicalizeLanguage(subtag));
        }

        subtag = tag.getScript();
        if (!subtag.isEmpty()) {
            buf.append(LanguageTag.SEP);
            buf.append(LanguageTag.canonicalizeScript(subtag));
        }

        subtag = tag.getRegion();
        if (!subtag.isEmpty()) {
            buf.append(LanguageTag.SEP);
            buf.append(LanguageTag.canonicalizeRegion(subtag));
        }

        List<String>subtags = tag.getVariants();
        for (String s : subtags) {
            buf.append(LanguageTag.SEP);
            // preserve casing
            buf.append(s);
        }

        subtags = tag.getExtensions();
        for (String s : subtags) {
            buf.append(LanguageTag.SEP);
            buf.append(LanguageTag.canonicalizeExtension(s));
        }

        subtag = tag.getPrivateuse();
        if (!subtag.isEmpty()) {
            if (buf.length() > 0) {
                buf.append(LanguageTag.SEP);
            }
            buf.append(LanguageTag.PRIVATEUSE).append(LanguageTag.SEP);
            // preserve casing
            buf.append(subtag);
        }

        String langTag = buf.toString();
        synchronized (this) {
            if (languageTag == null) {
                languageTag = langTag;
            }
        }
        return languageTag;
    }

    
Returns a locale for the specified IETF BCP 47 language tag string.
If the specified language tag contains any ill-formed subtags, the first such subtag and all following subtags are ignored. Compare to Builder.setLanguageTag which throws an exception in this case. 
The following conversions are performed:

The language code "und" is mapped to language "".
The language codes "he", "yi", and "id" are mapped to "iw",
"ji", and "in" respectively. (This is the same canonicalization
that's done in Locale's constructors.)
The portion of a private use subtag prefixed by "lvariant",
if any, is removed and appended to the variant field in the
result locale (without case normalization).  If it is then
empty, the private use subtag is discarded:
    Locale loc;
    loc = Locale.forLanguageTag("en-US-x-lvariant-POSIX");
    loc.getVariant(); // returns "POSIX"
    loc.getExtension('x'); // returns null
    loc = Locale.forLanguageTag("de-POSIX-x-URP-lvariant-Abc-Def");
    loc.getVariant(); // returns "POSIX_Abc_Def"
    loc.getExtension('x'); // returns "urp"

When the languageTag argument contains an extlang subtag,
the first such subtag is used as the language, and the primary
language subtag and other extlang subtags are ignored:
    Locale.forLanguageTag("ar-aao").getLanguage(); // returns "aao"
    Locale.forLanguageTag("en-abc-def-us").toString(); // returns "abc_US"

Case is normalized except for variant tags, which are left
unchanged.  Language is normalized to lower case, script to
title case, country to upper case, and extensions to lower
case.
If, after processing, the locale would exactly match either
ja_JP_JP or th_TH_TH with no extensions, the appropriate
extensions are added as though the constructor had been called:
   Locale.forLanguageTag("ja-JP-x-lvariant-JP").toLanguageTag();
   // returns "ja-JP-u-ca-japanese-x-lvariant-JP"
   Locale.forLanguageTag("th-TH-x-lvariant-TH").toLanguageTag();
   // returns "th-TH-u-nu-thai-x-lvariant-TH"

This implements the 'Language-Tag' production of BCP47, and
so supports grandfathered (regular and irregular) as well as
private use language tags.  Stand alone private use tags are
represented as empty language and extension 'x-whatever',
and grandfathered tags are converted to their canonical replacements
where they exist.
Grandfathered tags with canonical replacements are as follows:

Grandfathered tags with canonical replacements

grandfathered tag
modern replacement


art-lojban
jbo
i-ami
ami
i-bnn
bnn
i-hak
hak
i-klingon
tlh
i-lux
lb
i-navajo
nv
i-pwn
pwn
i-tao
tao
i-tay
tay
i-tsu
tsu
no-bok
nb
no-nyn
nn
sgn-BE-FR
sfb
sgn-BE-NL
vgt
sgn-CH-DE
sgg
zh-guoyu
cmn
zh-hakka
hak
zh-min-nan
nan
zh-xiang
hsn


Grandfathered tags with no modern replacement will be
converted as follows:

Grandfathered tags with no modern replacement

grandfathered tag
converts to


cel-gaulish
xtg-x-cel-gaulish
en-GB-oed
en-GB-x-oed
i-default
en-x-i-default
i-enochian
und-x-i-enochian
i-mingo
see-x-i-mingo
zh-min
nan-x-zh-min


For a list of all grandfathered tags, see the
IANA Language Subtag Registry (search for "Type: grandfathered").
Note: there is no guarantee that toLanguageTag and forLanguageTag will round-trip. 
Params:
languageTag – the language tag
Throws:
NullPointerException – if languageTag is null
See Also:
toLanguageTag()
Builder.setLanguageTag(String)
Returns:
The locale that best represents the language tag.
Since:
1.7/**
     * Returns a locale for the specified IETF BCP 47 language tag string.
     *
     * <p>If the specified language tag contains any ill-formed subtags,
     * the first such subtag and all following subtags are ignored.  Compare
     * to {@link Locale.Builder#setLanguageTag} which throws an exception
     * in this case.
     *
     * <p>The following <b>conversions</b> are performed:<ul>
     *
     * <li>The language code "und" is mapped to language "".
     *
     * <li>The language codes "he", "yi", and "id" are mapped to "iw",
     * "ji", and "in" respectively. (This is the same canonicalization
     * that's done in Locale's constructors.)
     *
     * <li>The portion of a private use subtag prefixed by "lvariant",
     * if any, is removed and appended to the variant field in the
     * result locale (without case normalization).  If it is then
     * empty, the private use subtag is discarded:
     *
     * <pre>
     *     Locale loc;
     *     loc = Locale.forLanguageTag("en-US-x-lvariant-POSIX");
     *     loc.getVariant(); // returns "POSIX"
     *     loc.getExtension('x'); // returns null
     *
     *     loc = Locale.forLanguageTag("de-POSIX-x-URP-lvariant-Abc-Def");
     *     loc.getVariant(); // returns "POSIX_Abc_Def"
     *     loc.getExtension('x'); // returns "urp"
     * </pre>
     *
     * <li>When the languageTag argument contains an extlang subtag,
     * the first such subtag is used as the language, and the primary
     * language subtag and other extlang subtags are ignored:
     *
     * <pre>
     *     Locale.forLanguageTag("ar-aao").getLanguage(); // returns "aao"
     *     Locale.forLanguageTag("en-abc-def-us").toString(); // returns "abc_US"
     * </pre>
     *
     * <li>Case is normalized except for variant tags, which are left
     * unchanged.  Language is normalized to lower case, script to
     * title case, country to upper case, and extensions to lower
     * case.
     *
     * <li>If, after processing, the locale would exactly match either
     * ja_JP_JP or th_TH_TH with no extensions, the appropriate
     * extensions are added as though the constructor had been called:
     *
     * <pre>
     *    Locale.forLanguageTag("ja-JP-x-lvariant-JP").toLanguageTag();
     *    // returns "ja-JP-u-ca-japanese-x-lvariant-JP"
     *    Locale.forLanguageTag("th-TH-x-lvariant-TH").toLanguageTag();
     *    // returns "th-TH-u-nu-thai-x-lvariant-TH"
     * </pre></ul>
     *
     * <p>This implements the 'Language-Tag' production of BCP47, and
     * so supports grandfathered (regular and irregular) as well as
     * private use language tags.  Stand alone private use tags are
     * represented as empty language and extension 'x-whatever',
     * and grandfathered tags are converted to their canonical replacements
     * where they exist.
     *
     * <p>Grandfathered tags with canonical replacements are as follows:
     *
     * <table class="striped">
     * <caption style="display:none">Grandfathered tags with canonical replacements</caption>
     * <thead style="text-align:center">
     * <tr><th scope="col" style="padding: 0 2px">grandfathered tag</th><th scope="col" style="padding: 0 2px">modern replacement</th></tr>
     * </thead>
     * <tbody style="text-align:center">
     * <tr><th scope="row">art-lojban</th><td>jbo</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-ami</th><td>ami</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-bnn</th><td>bnn</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-hak</th><td>hak</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-klingon</th><td>tlh</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-lux</th><td>lb</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-navajo</th><td>nv</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-pwn</th><td>pwn</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-tao</th><td>tao</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-tay</th><td>tay</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-tsu</th><td>tsu</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">no-bok</th><td>nb</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">no-nyn</th><td>nn</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">sgn-BE-FR</th><td>sfb</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">sgn-BE-NL</th><td>vgt</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">sgn-CH-DE</th><td>sgg</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">zh-guoyu</th><td>cmn</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">zh-hakka</th><td>hak</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">zh-min-nan</th><td>nan</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">zh-xiang</th><td>hsn</td></tr>
     * </tbody>
     * </table>
     *
     * <p>Grandfathered tags with no modern replacement will be
     * converted as follows:
     *
     * <table class="striped">
     * <caption style="display:none">Grandfathered tags with no modern replacement</caption>
     * <thead style="text-align:center">
     * <tr><th scope="col" style="padding: 0 2px">grandfathered tag</th><th scope="col" style="padding: 0 2px">converts to</th></tr>
     * </thead>
     * <tbody style="text-align:center">
     * <tr><th scope="row">cel-gaulish</th><td>xtg-x-cel-gaulish</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">en-GB-oed</th><td>en-GB-x-oed</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-default</th><td>en-x-i-default</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-enochian</th><td>und-x-i-enochian</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">i-mingo</th><td>see-x-i-mingo</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">zh-min</th><td>nan-x-zh-min</td></tr>
     * </tbody>
     * </table>
     *
     * <p>For a list of all grandfathered tags, see the
     * IANA Language Subtag Registry (search for "Type: grandfathered").
     *
     * <p><b>Note</b>: there is no guarantee that {@code toLanguageTag}
     * and {@code forLanguageTag} will round-trip.
     *
     * @param languageTag the language tag
     * @return The locale that best represents the language tag.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code languageTag} is {@code null}
     * @see #toLanguageTag()
     * @see java.util.Locale.Builder#setLanguageTag(String)
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public static Locale forLanguageTag(String languageTag) {
        LanguageTag tag = LanguageTag.parse(languageTag, null);
        InternalLocaleBuilder bldr = new InternalLocaleBuilder();
        bldr.setLanguageTag(tag);
        BaseLocale base = bldr.getBaseLocale();
        LocaleExtensions exts = bldr.getLocaleExtensions();
        if (exts == null && !base.getVariant().isEmpty()) {
            exts = getCompatibilityExtensions(base.getLanguage(), base.getScript(),
                                              base.getRegion(), base.getVariant());
        }
        return getInstance(base, exts);
    }

    
Returns a three-letter abbreviation of this locale's language.
If the language matches an ISO 639-1 two-letter code, the
corresponding ISO 639-2/T three-letter lowercase code is
returned.  The ISO 639-2 language codes can be found on-line,
see "Codes for the Representation of Names of Languages Part 2:
Alpha-3 Code".  If the locale specifies a three-letter
language, the language is returned as is.  If the locale does
not specify a language the empty string is returned.
Throws:
MissingResourceException – Throws MissingResourceException if
three-letter language abbreviation is not available for this locale.
Returns:
A three-letter abbreviation of this locale's language./**
     * Returns a three-letter abbreviation of this locale's language.
     * If the language matches an ISO 639-1 two-letter code, the
     * corresponding ISO 639-2/T three-letter lowercase code is
     * returned.  The ISO 639-2 language codes can be found on-line,
     * see "Codes for the Representation of Names of Languages Part 2:
     * Alpha-3 Code".  If the locale specifies a three-letter
     * language, the language is returned as is.  If the locale does
     * not specify a language the empty string is returned.
     *
     * @return A three-letter abbreviation of this locale's language.
     * @throws    MissingResourceException Throws MissingResourceException if
     * three-letter language abbreviation is not available for this locale.
     */
    public String getISO3Language() throws MissingResourceException {
        String lang = baseLocale.getLanguage();
        if (lang.length() == 3) {
            return lang;
        }

        String language3 = getISO3Code(lang, LocaleISOData.isoLanguageTable);
        if (language3 == null) {
            throw new MissingResourceException("Couldn't find 3-letter language code for "
                    + lang, "FormatData_" + toString(), "ShortLanguage");
        }
        return language3;
    }

    
Returns a three-letter abbreviation for this locale's country.
If the country matches an ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code, the
corresponding ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 uppercase code is returned.
If the locale doesn't specify a country, this will be the empty
string.
The ISO 3166-1 codes can be found on-line.
Throws:
MissingResourceException – Throws MissingResourceException if the
three-letter country abbreviation is not available for this locale.
Returns:
A three-letter abbreviation of this locale's country./**
     * Returns a three-letter abbreviation for this locale's country.
     * If the country matches an ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code, the
     * corresponding ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 uppercase code is returned.
     * If the locale doesn't specify a country, this will be the empty
     * string.
     *
     * <p>The ISO 3166-1 codes can be found on-line.
     *
     * @return A three-letter abbreviation of this locale's country.
     * @throws    MissingResourceException Throws MissingResourceException if the
     * three-letter country abbreviation is not available for this locale.
     */
    public String getISO3Country() throws MissingResourceException {
        String country3 = getISO3Code(baseLocale.getRegion(), LocaleISOData.isoCountryTable);
        if (country3 == null) {
            throw new MissingResourceException("Couldn't find 3-letter country code for "
                    + baseLocale.getRegion(), "FormatData_" + toString(), "ShortCountry");
        }
        return country3;
    }

    private static String getISO3Code(String iso2Code, String table) {
        int codeLength = iso2Code.length();
        if (codeLength == 0) {
            return "";
        }

        int tableLength = table.length();
        int index = tableLength;
        if (codeLength == 2) {
            char c1 = iso2Code.charAt(0);
            char c2 = iso2Code.charAt(1);
            for (index = 0; index < tableLength; index += 5) {
                if (table.charAt(index) == c1
                    && table.charAt(index + 1) == c2) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        return index < tableLength ? table.substring(index + 2, index + 5) : null;
    }

    
Returns a name for the locale's language that is appropriate for display to the user. If possible, the name returned will be localized for the default DISPLAY locale. For example, if the locale is fr_FR and the default DISPLAY locale is en_US, getDisplayLanguage() will return "French"; if the locale is en_US and the default DISPLAY locale is fr_FR, getDisplayLanguage() will return "anglais". If the name returned cannot be localized for the default DISPLAY locale, (say, we don't have a Japanese name for Croatian), this function falls back on the English name, and uses the ISO code as a last-resort value. If the locale doesn't specify a language, this function returns the empty string. 
Returns:
The name of the display language./**
     * Returns a name for the locale's language that is appropriate for display to the
     * user.
     * If possible, the name returned will be localized for the default
     * {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale.
     * For example, if the locale is fr_FR and the default
     * {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale
     * is en_US, getDisplayLanguage() will return "French"; if the locale is en_US and
     * the default {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale is fr_FR,
     * getDisplayLanguage() will return "anglais".
     * If the name returned cannot be localized for the default
     * {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale,
     * (say, we don't have a Japanese name for Croatian),
     * this function falls back on the English name, and uses the ISO code as a last-resort
     * value.  If the locale doesn't specify a language, this function returns the empty string.
     *
     * @return The name of the display language.
     */
    public final String getDisplayLanguage() {
        return getDisplayLanguage(getDefault(Category.DISPLAY));
    }

    
Returns a name for the locale's language that is appropriate for display to the
user.
If possible, the name returned will be localized according to inLocale.
For example, if the locale is fr_FR and inLocale
is en_US, getDisplayLanguage() will return "French"; if the locale is en_US and
inLocale is fr_FR, getDisplayLanguage() will return "anglais".
If the name returned cannot be localized according to inLocale,
(say, we don't have a Japanese name for Croatian),
this function falls back on the English name, and finally
on the ISO code as a last-resort value.  If the locale doesn't specify a language,
this function returns the empty string.
Params:
inLocale – The locale for which to retrieve the display language.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if inLocale is null
Returns:
The name of the display language appropriate to the given locale./**
     * Returns a name for the locale's language that is appropriate for display to the
     * user.
     * If possible, the name returned will be localized according to inLocale.
     * For example, if the locale is fr_FR and inLocale
     * is en_US, getDisplayLanguage() will return "French"; if the locale is en_US and
     * inLocale is fr_FR, getDisplayLanguage() will return "anglais".
     * If the name returned cannot be localized according to inLocale,
     * (say, we don't have a Japanese name for Croatian),
     * this function falls back on the English name, and finally
     * on the ISO code as a last-resort value.  If the locale doesn't specify a language,
     * this function returns the empty string.
     *
     * @param inLocale The locale for which to retrieve the display language.
     * @return The name of the display language appropriate to the given locale.
     * @throws    NullPointerException if {@code inLocale} is {@code null}
     */
    public String getDisplayLanguage(Locale inLocale) {
        return getDisplayString(baseLocale.getLanguage(), null, inLocale, DISPLAY_LANGUAGE);
    }

    
Returns a name for the locale's script that is appropriate for display to the user. If possible, the name will be localized for the default DISPLAY locale. Returns the empty string if this locale doesn't specify a script code. 
Returns:
the display name of the script code for the current default DISPLAY locale
Since:
1.7/**
     * Returns a name for the locale's script that is appropriate for display to
     * the user. If possible, the name will be localized for the default
     * {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale.  Returns
     * the empty string if this locale doesn't specify a script code.
     *
     * @return the display name of the script code for the current default
     *     {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public String getDisplayScript() {
        return getDisplayScript(getDefault(Category.DISPLAY));
    }

    
Returns a name for the locale's script that is appropriate
for display to the user. If possible, the name will be
localized for the given locale. Returns the empty string if
this locale doesn't specify a script code.
Params:
inLocale – The locale for which to retrieve the display script.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if inLocale is null
Returns:
the display name of the script code for the current default DISPLAY locale
Since:
1.7/**
     * Returns a name for the locale's script that is appropriate
     * for display to the user. If possible, the name will be
     * localized for the given locale. Returns the empty string if
     * this locale doesn't specify a script code.
     *
     * @param inLocale The locale for which to retrieve the display script.
     * @return the display name of the script code for the current default
     * {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code inLocale} is {@code null}
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public String getDisplayScript(Locale inLocale) {
        return getDisplayString(baseLocale.getScript(), null, inLocale, DISPLAY_SCRIPT);
    }

    
Returns a name for the locale's country that is appropriate for display to the user. If possible, the name returned will be localized for the default DISPLAY locale. For example, if the locale is fr_FR and the default DISPLAY locale is en_US, getDisplayCountry() will return "France"; if the locale is en_US and the default DISPLAY locale is fr_FR, getDisplayCountry() will return "Etats-Unis". If the name returned cannot be localized for the default DISPLAY locale, (say, we don't have a Japanese name for Croatia), this function falls back on the English name, and uses the ISO code as a last-resort value. If the locale doesn't specify a country, this function returns the empty string. 
Returns:
The name of the country appropriate to the locale./**
     * Returns a name for the locale's country that is appropriate for display to the
     * user.
     * If possible, the name returned will be localized for the default
     * {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale.
     * For example, if the locale is fr_FR and the default
     * {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale
     * is en_US, getDisplayCountry() will return "France"; if the locale is en_US and
     * the default {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale is fr_FR,
     * getDisplayCountry() will return "Etats-Unis".
     * If the name returned cannot be localized for the default
     * {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale,
     * (say, we don't have a Japanese name for Croatia),
     * this function falls back on the English name, and uses the ISO code as a last-resort
     * value.  If the locale doesn't specify a country, this function returns the empty string.
     *
     * @return The name of the country appropriate to the locale.
     */
    public final String getDisplayCountry() {
        return getDisplayCountry(getDefault(Category.DISPLAY));
    }

    
Returns a name for the locale's country that is appropriate for display to the
user.
If possible, the name returned will be localized according to inLocale.
For example, if the locale is fr_FR and inLocale
is en_US, getDisplayCountry() will return "France"; if the locale is en_US and
inLocale is fr_FR, getDisplayCountry() will return "Etats-Unis".
If the name returned cannot be localized according to inLocale.
(say, we don't have a Japanese name for Croatia),
this function falls back on the English name, and finally
on the ISO code as a last-resort value.  If the locale doesn't specify a country,
this function returns the empty string.
Params:
inLocale – The locale for which to retrieve the display country.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if inLocale is null
Returns:
The name of the country appropriate to the given locale./**
     * Returns a name for the locale's country that is appropriate for display to the
     * user.
     * If possible, the name returned will be localized according to inLocale.
     * For example, if the locale is fr_FR and inLocale
     * is en_US, getDisplayCountry() will return "France"; if the locale is en_US and
     * inLocale is fr_FR, getDisplayCountry() will return "Etats-Unis".
     * If the name returned cannot be localized according to inLocale.
     * (say, we don't have a Japanese name for Croatia),
     * this function falls back on the English name, and finally
     * on the ISO code as a last-resort value.  If the locale doesn't specify a country,
     * this function returns the empty string.
     *
     * @param inLocale The locale for which to retrieve the display country.
     * @return The name of the country appropriate to the given locale.
     * @throws    NullPointerException if {@code inLocale} is {@code null}
     */
    public String getDisplayCountry(Locale inLocale) {
        return getDisplayString(baseLocale.getRegion(), null, inLocale, DISPLAY_COUNTRY);
    }

    private String getDisplayString(String code, String cat, Locale inLocale, int type) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(inLocale);
        Objects.requireNonNull(code);

        if (code.isEmpty()) {
            return "";
        }

        LocaleServiceProviderPool pool =
            LocaleServiceProviderPool.getPool(LocaleNameProvider.class);
        String rbKey = (type == DISPLAY_VARIANT ? "%%"+code : code);
        String result = pool.getLocalizedObject(
                                LocaleNameGetter.INSTANCE,
                                inLocale, rbKey, type, code, cat);
        return result != null ? result : code;
    }

    
Returns a name for the locale's variant code that is appropriate for display to the user. If possible, the name will be localized for the default DISPLAY locale. If the locale doesn't specify a variant code, this function returns the empty string. 
Returns:
The name of the display variant code appropriate to the locale./**
     * Returns a name for the locale's variant code that is appropriate for display to the
     * user.  If possible, the name will be localized for the default
     * {@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY DISPLAY} locale.  If the locale
     * doesn't specify a variant code, this function returns the empty string.
     *
     * @return The name of the display variant code appropriate to the locale.
     */
    public final String getDisplayVariant() {
        return getDisplayVariant(getDefault(Category.DISPLAY));
    }

    
Returns a name for the locale's variant code that is appropriate for display to the
user.  If possible, the name will be localized for inLocale.  If the locale
doesn't specify a variant code, this function returns the empty string.
Params:
inLocale – The locale for which to retrieve the display variant code.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if inLocale is null
Returns:
The name of the display variant code appropriate to the given locale./**
     * Returns a name for the locale's variant code that is appropriate for display to the
     * user.  If possible, the name will be localized for inLocale.  If the locale
     * doesn't specify a variant code, this function returns the empty string.
     *
     * @param inLocale The locale for which to retrieve the display variant code.
     * @return The name of the display variant code appropriate to the given locale.
     * @throws    NullPointerException if {@code inLocale} is {@code null}
     */
    public String getDisplayVariant(Locale inLocale) {
        if (baseLocale.getVariant().isEmpty())
            return "";

        LocaleResources lr = LocaleProviderAdapter
            .getResourceBundleBased()
            .getLocaleResources(inLocale);

        String names[] = getDisplayVariantArray(inLocale);

        // Get the localized patterns for formatting a list, and use
        // them to format the list.
        return formatList(names,
                          lr.getLocaleName("ListCompositionPattern"));
    }

    
Returns a name for the locale that is appropriate for display to the
user. This will be the values returned by getDisplayLanguage(),
getDisplayScript(), getDisplayCountry(), getDisplayVariant() and
optional Unicode extensions
assembled into a single string. The non-empty values are used in order, with
the second and subsequent names in parentheses.  For example:

language (script, country, variant(, extension)*)

language (country(, extension)*)

language (variant(, extension)*)

script (country(, extension)*)

country (extension)*


depending on which fields are specified in the locale. The field
separator in the above parentheses, denoted as a comma character, may
be localized depending on the locale. If the language, script, country,
and variant fields are all empty, this function returns the empty string.
Returns:
The name of the locale appropriate to display./**
     * Returns a name for the locale that is appropriate for display to the
     * user. This will be the values returned by getDisplayLanguage(),
     * getDisplayScript(), getDisplayCountry(), getDisplayVariant() and
     * optional <a href="./Locale.html#def_locale_extension">Unicode extensions</a>
     * assembled into a single string. The non-empty values are used in order, with
     * the second and subsequent names in parentheses.  For example:
     * <blockquote>
     * language (script, country, variant(, extension)*)<br>
     * language (country(, extension)*)<br>
     * language (variant(, extension)*)<br>
     * script (country(, extension)*)<br>
     * country (extension)*<br>
     * </blockquote>
     * depending on which fields are specified in the locale. The field
     * separator in the above parentheses, denoted as a comma character, may
     * be localized depending on the locale. If the language, script, country,
     * and variant fields are all empty, this function returns the empty string.
     *
     * @return The name of the locale appropriate to display.
     */
    public final String getDisplayName() {
        return getDisplayName(getDefault(Category.DISPLAY));
    }

    
Returns a name for the locale that is appropriate for display
to the user.  This will be the values returned by
getDisplayLanguage(), getDisplayScript(),getDisplayCountry()
getDisplayVariant(), and optional 
Unicode extensions assembled into a single string. The non-empty
values are used in order, with the second and subsequent names in
parentheses.  For example:

language (script, country, variant(, extension)*)

language (country(, extension)*)

language (variant(, extension)*)

script (country(, extension)*)

country (extension)*


depending on which fields are specified in the locale. The field
separator in the above parentheses, denoted as a comma character, may
be localized depending on the locale. If the language, script, country,
and variant fields are all empty, this function returns the empty string.
Params:
inLocale – The locale for which to retrieve the display name.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if inLocale is null
Returns:
The name of the locale appropriate to display./**
     * Returns a name for the locale that is appropriate for display
     * to the user.  This will be the values returned by
     * getDisplayLanguage(), getDisplayScript(),getDisplayCountry()
     * getDisplayVariant(), and optional <a href="./Locale.html#def_locale_extension">
     * Unicode extensions</a> assembled into a single string. The non-empty
     * values are used in order, with the second and subsequent names in
     * parentheses.  For example:
     * <blockquote>
     * language (script, country, variant(, extension)*)<br>
     * language (country(, extension)*)<br>
     * language (variant(, extension)*)<br>
     * script (country(, extension)*)<br>
     * country (extension)*<br>
     * </blockquote>
     * depending on which fields are specified in the locale. The field
     * separator in the above parentheses, denoted as a comma character, may
     * be localized depending on the locale. If the language, script, country,
     * and variant fields are all empty, this function returns the empty string.
     *
     * @param inLocale The locale for which to retrieve the display name.
     * @return The name of the locale appropriate to display.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code inLocale} is {@code null}
     */
    public String getDisplayName(Locale inLocale) {
        LocaleResources lr =  LocaleProviderAdapter
            .getResourceBundleBased()
            .getLocaleResources(inLocale);

        String languageName = getDisplayLanguage(inLocale);
        String scriptName = getDisplayScript(inLocale);
        String countryName = getDisplayCountry(inLocale);
        String[] variantNames = getDisplayVariantArray(inLocale);

        // Get the localized patterns for formatting a display name.
        String displayNamePattern = lr.getLocaleName("DisplayNamePattern");
        String listCompositionPattern = lr.getLocaleName("ListCompositionPattern");

        // The display name consists of a main name, followed by qualifiers.
        // Typically, the format is "MainName (Qualifier, Qualifier)" but this
        // depends on what pattern is stored in the display locale.
        String   mainName;
        String[] qualifierNames;

        // The main name is the language, or if there is no language, the script,
        // then if no script, the country. If there is no language/script/country
        // (an anomalous situation) then the display name is simply the variant's
        // display name.
        if (languageName.isEmpty() && scriptName.isEmpty() && countryName.isEmpty()) {
            if (variantNames.length == 0) {
                return "";
            } else {
                return formatList(variantNames, listCompositionPattern);
            }
        }
        ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>(4);
        if (!languageName.isEmpty()) {
            names.add(languageName);
        }
        if (!scriptName.isEmpty()) {
            names.add(scriptName);
        }
        if (!countryName.isEmpty()) {
            names.add(countryName);
        }
        if (variantNames.length != 0) {
            names.addAll(Arrays.asList(variantNames));
        }

        // add Unicode extensions
        if (localeExtensions != null) {
            localeExtensions.getUnicodeLocaleAttributes().stream()
                .map(key -> getDisplayString(key, null, inLocale, DISPLAY_UEXT_KEY))
                .forEach(names::add);
            localeExtensions.getUnicodeLocaleKeys().stream()
                .map(key -> getDisplayKeyTypeExtensionString(key, lr, inLocale))
                .forEach(names::add);
        }

        // The first one in the main name
        mainName = names.get(0);

        // Others are qualifiers
        int numNames = names.size();
        qualifierNames = (numNames > 1) ?
                names.subList(1, numNames).toArray(new String[numNames - 1]) : new String[0];

        // Create an array whose first element is the number of remaining
        // elements.  This serves as a selector into a ChoiceFormat pattern from
        // the resource.  The second and third elements are the main name and
        // the qualifier; if there are no qualifiers, the third element is
        // unused by the format pattern.
        Object[] displayNames = {
            qualifierNames.length != 0 ? 2 : 1,
            mainName,
            // We could also just call formatList() and have it handle the empty
            // list case, but this is more efficient, and we want it to be
            // efficient since all the language-only locales will not have any
            // qualifiers.
            qualifierNames.length != 0 ? formatList(qualifierNames, listCompositionPattern) : null
        };

        if (displayNamePattern != null) {
            return new MessageFormat(displayNamePattern).format(displayNames);
        }
        else {
            // If we cannot get the message format pattern, then we use a simple
            // hard-coded pattern.  This should not occur in practice unless the
            // installation is missing some core files (FormatData etc.).
            StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
            result.append((String)displayNames[1]);
            if (displayNames.length > 2) {
                result.append(" (");
                result.append((String)displayNames[2]);
                result.append(')');
            }
            return result.toString();
        }
    }

    
Overrides Cloneable.
/**
     * Overrides Cloneable.
     */
    @Override
    public Object clone()
    {
        try {
            Locale that = (Locale)super.clone();
            return that;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            throw new InternalError(e);
        }
    }

    
Override hashCode.
Since Locales are often used in hashtables, caches the value
for speed.
/**
     * Override hashCode.
     * Since Locales are often used in hashtables, caches the value
     * for speed.
     */
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        int hc = hashCodeValue;
        if (hc == 0) {
            hc = baseLocale.hashCode();
            if (localeExtensions != null) {
                hc ^= localeExtensions.hashCode();
            }
            hashCodeValue = hc;
        }
        return hc;
    }

    // Overrides

    
Returns true if this Locale is equal to another object.  A Locale is
deemed equal to another Locale with identical language, script, country,
variant and extensions, and unequal to all other objects.
Returns:
true if this Locale is equal to the specified object./**
     * Returns true if this Locale is equal to another object.  A Locale is
     * deemed equal to another Locale with identical language, script, country,
     * variant and extensions, and unequal to all other objects.
     *
     * @return true if this Locale is equal to the specified object.
     */
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (this == obj)                      // quick check
            return true;
        if (!(obj instanceof Locale))
            return false;
        BaseLocale otherBase = ((Locale)obj).baseLocale;
        if (!baseLocale.equals(otherBase)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (localeExtensions == null) {
            return ((Locale)obj).localeExtensions == null;
        }
        return localeExtensions.equals(((Locale)obj).localeExtensions);
    }

    // ================= privates =====================================

    private transient BaseLocale baseLocale;
    private transient LocaleExtensions localeExtensions;

    
Calculated hashcode
/**
     * Calculated hashcode
     */
    private transient volatile int hashCodeValue;

    private static volatile Locale defaultLocale = initDefault();
    private static volatile Locale defaultDisplayLocale;
    private static volatile Locale defaultFormatLocale;

    private transient volatile String languageTag;

    
Return an array of the display names of the variant.
Params:
inLocale – The locale for which to retrieve the display variant.
Returns:
an array of display names, possible of zero length./**
     * Return an array of the display names of the variant.
     * @param inLocale The locale for which to retrieve the display variant.
     * @return an array of display names, possible of zero length.
     */
    private String[] getDisplayVariantArray(Locale inLocale) {
        // Split the variant name into tokens separated by '_'.
        StringTokenizer tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(baseLocale.getVariant(), "_");
        String[] names = new String[tokenizer.countTokens()];

        // For each variant token, lookup the display name.  If
        // not found, use the variant name itself.
        for (int i=0; i<names.length; ++i) {
            names[i] = getDisplayString(tokenizer.nextToken(), null,
                                inLocale, DISPLAY_VARIANT);
        }

        return names;
    }

    private String getDisplayKeyTypeExtensionString(String key, LocaleResources lr, Locale inLocale) {
        String type = localeExtensions.getUnicodeLocaleType(key);
        String ret = getDisplayString(type, key, inLocale, DISPLAY_UEXT_TYPE);

        if (ret == null || ret.equals(type)) {
            // no localization for this type. try combining key/type separately
            String displayType = type;
            switch (key) {
            case "cu":
                displayType = lr.getCurrencyName(type.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT));
                break;
            case "rg":
                if (type != null &&
                    // UN M.49 code should not be allowed here
                    type.matches("^[a-zA-Z]{2}[zZ]{4}$")) {
                        displayType = lr.getLocaleName(type.substring(0, 2).toUpperCase(Locale.ROOT));
                }
                break;
            case "tz":
                displayType = TimeZoneNameUtility.convertLDMLShortID(type)
                    .map(id -> TimeZoneNameUtility.retrieveGenericDisplayName(id, TimeZone.LONG, inLocale))
                    .orElse(type);
                break;
            }
            ret = MessageFormat.format(lr.getLocaleName("ListKeyTypePattern"),
                getDisplayString(key, null, inLocale, DISPLAY_UEXT_KEY),
                Optional.ofNullable(displayType).orElse(type));
        }

        return ret;
    }

    
Format a list using given pattern strings.
If either of the patterns is null, then a the list is
formatted by concatenation with the delimiter ','.
Params:
stringList – the list of strings to be formatted.
and formatting them into a list.
pattern – should take 2 arguments for reduction
Returns:
a string representing the list./**
     * Format a list using given pattern strings.
     * If either of the patterns is null, then a the list is
     * formatted by concatenation with the delimiter ','.
     * @param stringList the list of strings to be formatted.
     * and formatting them into a list.
     * @param pattern should take 2 arguments for reduction
     * @return a string representing the list.
     */
    private static String formatList(String[] stringList, String pattern) {
        // If we have no list patterns, compose the list in a simple,
        // non-localized way.
        if (pattern == null) {
            return Arrays.stream(stringList).collect(Collectors.joining(","));
        }

        switch (stringList.length) {
            case 0:
                return "";
            case 1:
                return stringList[0];
            default:
                return Arrays.stream(stringList).reduce("",
                    (s1, s2) -> {
                        if (s1.isEmpty()) {
                            return s2;
                        }
                        if (s2.isEmpty()) {
                            return s1;
                        }
                        return MessageFormat.format(pattern, s1, s2);
                    });
        }
    }

    // Duplicate of sun.util.locale.UnicodeLocaleExtension.isKey in order to
    // avoid its class loading.
    private static boolean isUnicodeExtensionKey(String s) {
        // 2alphanum
        return (s.length() == 2) && LocaleUtils.isAlphaNumericString(s);
    }

    
@serialField
language    String
     language subtag in lower case.
     (See getLanguage())
@serialField
country     String
     country subtag in upper case.
     (See getCountry())
@serialField
variant     String
     variant subtags separated by LOWLINE characters.
     (See getVariant())
@serialField
hashcode    int
     deprecated, for forward compatibility only
@serialField
script      String
     script subtag in title case
     (See getScript())
@serialField
extensions  String
     canonical representation of extensions, that is,
     BCP47 extensions in alphabetical order followed by
     BCP47 private use subtags, all in lower case letters
     separated by HYPHEN-MINUS characters.
     (See getExtensionKeys(),
     getExtension(char))/**
     * @serialField language    String
     *      language subtag in lower case.
     *      (See <a href="java.base/java/util/Locale.html#getLanguage()">getLanguage()</a>)
     * @serialField country     String
     *      country subtag in upper case.
     *      (See <a href="java.base/java/util/Locale.html#getCountry()">getCountry()</a>)
     * @serialField variant     String
     *      variant subtags separated by LOWLINE characters.
     *      (See <a href="java.base/java/util/Locale.html#getVariant()">getVariant()</a>)
     * @serialField hashcode    int
     *      deprecated, for forward compatibility only
     * @serialField script      String
     *      script subtag in title case
     *      (See <a href="java.base/java/util/Locale.html#getScript()">getScript()</a>)
     * @serialField extensions  String
     *      canonical representation of extensions, that is,
     *      BCP47 extensions in alphabetical order followed by
     *      BCP47 private use subtags, all in lower case letters
     *      separated by HYPHEN-MINUS characters.
     *      (See <a href="java.base/java/util/Locale.html#getExtensionKeys()">getExtensionKeys()</a>,
     *      <a href="java.base/java/util/Locale.html#getExtension(char)">getExtension(char)</a>)
     */
    @java.io.Serial
    private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields = {
        new ObjectStreamField("language", String.class),
        new ObjectStreamField("country", String.class),
        new ObjectStreamField("variant", String.class),
        new ObjectStreamField("hashcode", int.class),
        new ObjectStreamField("script", String.class),
        new ObjectStreamField("extensions", String.class),
    };

    
Serializes this Locale to the specified ObjectOutputStream. 
Params:
out – the ObjectOutputStream to write
Throws:
IOException – 
Since:
1.7/**
     * Serializes this {@code Locale} to the specified {@code ObjectOutputStream}.
     * @param out the {@code ObjectOutputStream} to write
     * @throws IOException
     * @since 1.7
     */
    @java.io.Serial
    private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
        ObjectOutputStream.PutField fields = out.putFields();
        fields.put("language", baseLocale.getLanguage());
        fields.put("script", baseLocale.getScript());
        fields.put("country", baseLocale.getRegion());
        fields.put("variant", baseLocale.getVariant());
        fields.put("extensions", localeExtensions == null ? "" : localeExtensions.getID());
        fields.put("hashcode", -1); // place holder just for backward support
        out.writeFields();
    }

    
Deserializes this Locale. 
Params:
in – the ObjectInputStream to read
Throws:
IOException – 
ClassNotFoundException – 
IllformedLocaleException – 
Since:
1.7/**
     * Deserializes this {@code Locale}.
     * @param in the {@code ObjectInputStream} to read
     * @throws IOException
     * @throws ClassNotFoundException
     * @throws IllformedLocaleException
     * @since 1.7
     */
    @java.io.Serial
    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        ObjectInputStream.GetField fields = in.readFields();
        String language = (String)fields.get("language", "");
        String script = (String)fields.get("script", "");
        String country = (String)fields.get("country", "");
        String variant = (String)fields.get("variant", "");
        String extStr = (String)fields.get("extensions", "");

        baseLocale = BaseLocale.getInstance(convertOldISOCodes(language), script, country, variant);
        if (!extStr.isEmpty()) {
            try {
                InternalLocaleBuilder bldr = new InternalLocaleBuilder();
                bldr.setExtensions(extStr);
                localeExtensions = bldr.getLocaleExtensions();
            } catch (LocaleSyntaxException e) {
                throw new IllformedLocaleException(e.getMessage());
            }
        } else {
            localeExtensions = null;
        }
    }

    
Returns a cached Locale instance equivalent to the deserialized Locale. When serialized language, country and variant fields read from the object data stream are exactly "ja", "JP", "JP" or "th", "TH", "TH" and script/extensions fields are empty, this method supplies UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION "ca"/"japanese" (calendar type is "japanese") or "nu"/"thai" (number script type is "thai"). See Special Cases
for more information.
Throws:
ObjectStreamException – 
Returns:
an instance of Locale equivalent to the deserialized Locale./**
     * Returns a cached {@code Locale} instance equivalent to
     * the deserialized {@code Locale}. When serialized
     * language, country and variant fields read from the object data stream
     * are exactly "ja", "JP", "JP" or "th", "TH", "TH" and script/extensions
     * fields are empty, this method supplies {@code UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION}
     * "ca"/"japanese" (calendar type is "japanese") or "nu"/"thai" (number script
     * type is "thai"). See <a href="Locale.html#special_cases_constructor">Special Cases</a>
     * for more information.
     *
     * @return an instance of {@code Locale} equivalent to
     * the deserialized {@code Locale}.
     * @throws java.io.ObjectStreamException
     */
    @java.io.Serial
    private Object readResolve() throws java.io.ObjectStreamException {
        return getInstance(baseLocale.getLanguage(), baseLocale.getScript(),
                baseLocale.getRegion(), baseLocale.getVariant(), localeExtensions);
    }

    private static volatile String[] isoLanguages;

    private static volatile String[] isoCountries;

    private static String convertOldISOCodes(String language) {
        // we accept both the old and the new ISO codes for the languages whose ISO
        // codes have changed, but we always store the OLD code, for backward compatibility
        language = LocaleUtils.toLowerString(language).intern();
        if (language == "he") {
            return "iw";
        } else if (language == "yi") {
            return "ji";
        } else if (language == "id") {
            return "in";
        } else {
            return language;
        }
    }

    private static LocaleExtensions getCompatibilityExtensions(String language,
                                                               String script,
                                                               String country,
                                                               String variant) {
        LocaleExtensions extensions = null;
        // Special cases for backward compatibility support
        if (LocaleUtils.caseIgnoreMatch(language, "ja")
                && script.isEmpty()
                && LocaleUtils.caseIgnoreMatch(country, "jp")
                && "JP".equals(variant)) {
            // ja_JP_JP -> u-ca-japanese (calendar = japanese)
            extensions = LocaleExtensions.CALENDAR_JAPANESE;
        } else if (LocaleUtils.caseIgnoreMatch(language, "th")
                && script.isEmpty()
                && LocaleUtils.caseIgnoreMatch(country, "th")
                && "TH".equals(variant)) {
            // th_TH_TH -> u-nu-thai (numbersystem = thai)
            extensions = LocaleExtensions.NUMBER_THAI;
        }
        return extensions;
    }

    
Obtains a localized locale names from a LocaleNameProvider
implementation.
/**
     * Obtains a localized locale names from a LocaleNameProvider
     * implementation.
     */
    private static class LocaleNameGetter
        implements LocaleServiceProviderPool.LocalizedObjectGetter<LocaleNameProvider, String> {
        private static final LocaleNameGetter INSTANCE = new LocaleNameGetter();

        @Override
        public String getObject(LocaleNameProvider localeNameProvider,
                                Locale locale,
                                String key,
                                Object... params) {
            assert params.length == 3;
            int type = (Integer)params[0];
            String code = (String)params[1];
            String cat = (String)params[2];

            switch(type) {
            case DISPLAY_LANGUAGE:
                return localeNameProvider.getDisplayLanguage(code, locale);
            case DISPLAY_COUNTRY:
                return localeNameProvider.getDisplayCountry(code, locale);
            case DISPLAY_VARIANT:
                return localeNameProvider.getDisplayVariant(code, locale);
            case DISPLAY_SCRIPT:
                return localeNameProvider.getDisplayScript(code, locale);
            case DISPLAY_UEXT_KEY:
                return localeNameProvider.getDisplayUnicodeExtensionKey(code, locale);
            case DISPLAY_UEXT_TYPE:
                return localeNameProvider.getDisplayUnicodeExtensionType(code, cat, locale);
            default:
                assert false; // shouldn't happen
            }

            return null;
        }
    }

    
Enum for locale categories.  These locale categories are used to get/set
the default locale for the specific functionality represented by the
category.
See Also:
getDefault(Category)
Locale.setDefault(Category, Locale)
Since:
1.7/**
     * Enum for locale categories.  These locale categories are used to get/set
     * the default locale for the specific functionality represented by the
     * category.
     *
     * @see #getDefault(Locale.Category)
     * @see #setDefault(Locale.Category, Locale)
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public enum Category {

        
Category used to represent the default locale for
displaying user interfaces.
/**
         * Category used to represent the default locale for
         * displaying user interfaces.
         */
        DISPLAY("user.language.display",
                "user.script.display",
                "user.country.display",
                "user.variant.display",
                "user.extensions.display"),

        
Category used to represent the default locale for
formatting dates, numbers, and/or currencies.
/**
         * Category used to represent the default locale for
         * formatting dates, numbers, and/or currencies.
         */
        FORMAT("user.language.format",
               "user.script.format",
               "user.country.format",
               "user.variant.format",
               "user.extensions.format");

        Category(String languageKey, String scriptKey, String countryKey,
                String variantKey, String extensionsKey) {
            this.languageKey = languageKey;
            this.scriptKey = scriptKey;
            this.countryKey = countryKey;
            this.variantKey = variantKey;
            this.extensionsKey = extensionsKey;
        }

        final String languageKey;
        final String scriptKey;
        final String countryKey;
        final String variantKey;
        final String extensionsKey;
    }

    
Builder is used to build instances of Locale from values configured by the setters. Unlike the Locale constructors, the Builder checks if a value configured by a setter satisfies the syntax requirements defined by the Locale class. A Locale object created by a Builder is well-formed and can be transformed to a well-formed IETF BCP 47 language tag without losing information. 
Note: The Locale class does not provide any syntactic restrictions on variant, while BCP 47 requires each variant subtag to be 5 to 8 alphanumerics or a single numeric followed by 3 alphanumerics. The method setVariant throws IllformedLocaleException for a variant that does not satisfy this restriction. If it is necessary to support such a variant, use a Locale constructor. However, keep in mind that a Locale object created this way might lose the variant information when transformed to a BCP 47 language tag. 
The following example shows how to create a Locale object with the Builder. 

    Locale aLocale = new Builder().setLanguage("sr").setScript("Latn").setRegion("RS").build();


Builders can be reused; clear() resets all fields to their default values. 
See Also:
Locale.forLanguageTag
Since:
1.7/**
     * {@code Builder} is used to build instances of {@code Locale}
     * from values configured by the setters.  Unlike the {@code Locale}
     * constructors, the {@code Builder} checks if a value configured by a
     * setter satisfies the syntax requirements defined by the {@code Locale}
     * class.  A {@code Locale} object created by a {@code Builder} is
     * well-formed and can be transformed to a well-formed IETF BCP 47 language tag
     * without losing information.
     *
     * <p><b>Note:</b> The {@code Locale} class does not provide any
     * syntactic restrictions on variant, while BCP 47 requires each variant
     * subtag to be 5 to 8 alphanumerics or a single numeric followed by 3
     * alphanumerics.  The method {@code setVariant} throws
     * {@code IllformedLocaleException} for a variant that does not satisfy
     * this restriction. If it is necessary to support such a variant, use a
     * Locale constructor.  However, keep in mind that a {@code Locale}
     * object created this way might lose the variant information when
     * transformed to a BCP 47 language tag.
     *
     * <p>The following example shows how to create a {@code Locale} object
     * with the {@code Builder}.
     * <blockquote>
     * <pre>
     *     Locale aLocale = new Builder().setLanguage("sr").setScript("Latn").setRegion("RS").build();
     * </pre>
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * <p>Builders can be reused; {@code clear()} resets all
     * fields to their default values.
     *
     * @see Locale#forLanguageTag
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public static final class Builder {
        private final InternalLocaleBuilder localeBuilder;

        
Constructs an empty Builder. The default value of all
fields, extensions, and private use information is the
empty string.
/**
         * Constructs an empty Builder. The default value of all
         * fields, extensions, and private use information is the
         * empty string.
         */
        public Builder() {
            localeBuilder = new InternalLocaleBuilder();
        }

        
Resets the Builder to match the provided locale. Existing state is discarded. 
All fields of the locale must be well-formed, see Locale. 
Locales with any ill-formed fields cause IllformedLocaleException to be thrown, except for the following three cases which are accepted for compatibility reasons:

Locale("ja", "JP", "JP") is treated as "ja-JP-u-ca-japanese"
Locale("th", "TH", "TH") is treated as "th-TH-u-nu-thai"
Locale("no", "NO", "NY") is treated as "nn-NO"
Params:
locale – the locale
Throws:
IllformedLocaleException – if locale has any ill-formed fields.
NullPointerException – if locale is null.
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Resets the {@code Builder} to match the provided
         * {@code locale}.  Existing state is discarded.
         *
         * <p>All fields of the locale must be well-formed, see {@link Locale}.
         *
         * <p>Locales with any ill-formed fields cause
         * {@code IllformedLocaleException} to be thrown, except for the
         * following three cases which are accepted for compatibility
         * reasons:<ul>
         * <li>Locale("ja", "JP", "JP") is treated as "ja-JP-u-ca-japanese"
         * <li>Locale("th", "TH", "TH") is treated as "th-TH-u-nu-thai"
         * <li>Locale("no", "NO", "NY") is treated as "nn-NO"</ul>
         *
         * @param locale the locale
         * @return This builder.
         * @throws IllformedLocaleException if {@code locale} has
         * any ill-formed fields.
         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code locale} is null.
         */
        public Builder setLocale(Locale locale) {
            try {
                localeBuilder.setLocale(locale.baseLocale, locale.localeExtensions);
            } catch (LocaleSyntaxException e) {
                throw new IllformedLocaleException(e.getMessage(), e.getErrorIndex());
            }
            return this;
        }

        
Resets the Builder to match the provided IETF BCP 47 language tag. Discards the existing state. Null and the empty string cause the builder to be reset, like clear. Grandfathered tags (see Locale.forLanguageTag) are converted to their canonical form before being processed. Otherwise, the language tag must be well-formed (see Locale) or an exception is thrown (unlike Locale.forLanguageTag, which just discards ill-formed and following portions of the tag). 
Params:
languageTag – the language tag
Throws:
IllformedLocaleException – if languageTag is ill-formed
See Also:
Locale.forLanguageTag(String)
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Resets the Builder to match the provided IETF BCP 47
         * language tag.  Discards the existing state.  Null and the
         * empty string cause the builder to be reset, like {@link
         * #clear}.  Grandfathered tags (see {@link
         * Locale#forLanguageTag}) are converted to their canonical
         * form before being processed.  Otherwise, the language tag
         * must be well-formed (see {@link Locale}) or an exception is
         * thrown (unlike {@code Locale.forLanguageTag}, which
         * just discards ill-formed and following portions of the
         * tag).
         *
         * @param languageTag the language tag
         * @return This builder.
         * @throws IllformedLocaleException if {@code languageTag} is ill-formed
         * @see Locale#forLanguageTag(String)
         */
        public Builder setLanguageTag(String languageTag) {
            ParseStatus sts = new ParseStatus();
            LanguageTag tag = LanguageTag.parse(languageTag, sts);
            if (sts.isError()) {
                throw new IllformedLocaleException(sts.getErrorMessage(), sts.getErrorIndex());
            }
            localeBuilder.setLanguageTag(tag);
            return this;
        }

        
Sets the language. If language is the empty string or null, the language in this Builder is removed. Otherwise, the language must be well-formed
or an exception is thrown.
The typical language value is a two or three-letter language
code as defined in ISO639.
Params:
language – the language
Throws:
IllformedLocaleException – if language is ill-formed
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Sets the language.  If {@code language} is the empty string or
         * null, the language in this {@code Builder} is removed.  Otherwise,
         * the language must be <a href="./Locale.html#def_language">well-formed</a>
         * or an exception is thrown.
         *
         * <p>The typical language value is a two or three-letter language
         * code as defined in ISO639.
         *
         * @param language the language
         * @return This builder.
         * @throws IllformedLocaleException if {@code language} is ill-formed
         */
        public Builder setLanguage(String language) {
            try {
                localeBuilder.setLanguage(language);
            } catch (LocaleSyntaxException e) {
                throw new IllformedLocaleException(e.getMessage(), e.getErrorIndex());
            }
            return this;
        }

        
Sets the script. If script is null or the empty string, the script in this Builder is removed. Otherwise, the script must be well-formed or an
exception is thrown.
The typical script value is a four-letter script code as defined by ISO 15924.
Params:
script – the script
Throws:
IllformedLocaleException – if script is ill-formed
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Sets the script. If {@code script} is null or the empty string,
         * the script in this {@code Builder} is removed.
         * Otherwise, the script must be <a href="./Locale.html#def_script">well-formed</a> or an
         * exception is thrown.
         *
         * <p>The typical script value is a four-letter script code as defined by ISO 15924.
         *
         * @param script the script
         * @return This builder.
         * @throws IllformedLocaleException if {@code script} is ill-formed
         */
        public Builder setScript(String script) {
            try {
                localeBuilder.setScript(script);
            } catch (LocaleSyntaxException e) {
                throw new IllformedLocaleException(e.getMessage(), e.getErrorIndex());
            }
            return this;
        }

        
Sets the region. If region is null or the empty string, the region in this Builder is removed. Otherwise, the region must be well-formed or an
exception is thrown.
The typical region value is a two-letter ISO 3166 code or a
three-digit UN M.49 area code.
The country value in the Locale created by the Builder is always normalized to upper case. 
Params:
region – the region
Throws:
IllformedLocaleException – if region is ill-formed
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Sets the region.  If region is null or the empty string, the region
         * in this {@code Builder} is removed.  Otherwise,
         * the region must be <a href="./Locale.html#def_region">well-formed</a> or an
         * exception is thrown.
         *
         * <p>The typical region value is a two-letter ISO 3166 code or a
         * three-digit UN M.49 area code.
         *
         * <p>The country value in the {@code Locale} created by the
         * {@code Builder} is always normalized to upper case.
         *
         * @param region the region
         * @return This builder.
         * @throws IllformedLocaleException if {@code region} is ill-formed
         */
        public Builder setRegion(String region) {
            try {
                localeBuilder.setRegion(region);
            } catch (LocaleSyntaxException e) {
                throw new IllformedLocaleException(e.getMessage(), e.getErrorIndex());
            }
            return this;
        }

        
Sets the variant. If variant is null or the empty string, the variant in this Builder is removed. Otherwise, it must consist of one or more well-formed
subtags, or an exception is thrown.
Note: This method checks if variant satisfies the IETF BCP 47 variant subtag's syntax requirements, and normalizes the value to lowercase letters. However, the Locale class does not impose any syntactic restriction on variant, and the variant value in Locale is case sensitive. To set such a variant, use a Locale constructor. 
Params:
variant – the variant
Throws:
IllformedLocaleException – if variant is ill-formed
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Sets the variant.  If variant is null or the empty string, the
         * variant in this {@code Builder} is removed.  Otherwise, it
         * must consist of one or more <a href="./Locale.html#def_variant">well-formed</a>
         * subtags, or an exception is thrown.
         *
         * <p><b>Note:</b> This method checks if {@code variant}
         * satisfies the IETF BCP 47 variant subtag's syntax requirements,
         * and normalizes the value to lowercase letters.  However,
         * the {@code Locale} class does not impose any syntactic
         * restriction on variant, and the variant value in
         * {@code Locale} is case sensitive.  To set such a variant,
         * use a Locale constructor.
         *
         * @param variant the variant
         * @return This builder.
         * @throws IllformedLocaleException if {@code variant} is ill-formed
         */
        public Builder setVariant(String variant) {
            try {
                localeBuilder.setVariant(variant);
            } catch (LocaleSyntaxException e) {
                throw new IllformedLocaleException(e.getMessage(), e.getErrorIndex());
            }
            return this;
        }

        
Sets the extension for the given key. If the value is null or the
empty string, the extension is removed.  Otherwise, the extension
must be well-formed or an exception
is thrown.
Note: The key 
UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION ('u') is used for the Unicode locale extension. Setting a value for this key replaces any existing Unicode locale key/type pairs with those defined in the extension. 
Note: The key 
PRIVATE_USE_EXTENSION ('x') is used for the private use code. To be well-formed, the value for this key needs only to have subtags of one to eight alphanumeric characters, not two to eight as in the general case. 
Params:
key – the extension key
value – the extension value
Throws:
IllformedLocaleException – if key is illegal or value is ill-formed
See Also:
setUnicodeLocaleKeyword(String, String)
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Sets the extension for the given key. If the value is null or the
         * empty string, the extension is removed.  Otherwise, the extension
         * must be <a href="./Locale.html#def_extensions">well-formed</a> or an exception
         * is thrown.
         *
         * <p><b>Note:</b> The key {@link Locale#UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION
         * UNICODE_LOCALE_EXTENSION} ('u') is used for the Unicode locale extension.
         * Setting a value for this key replaces any existing Unicode locale key/type
         * pairs with those defined in the extension.
         *
         * <p><b>Note:</b> The key {@link Locale#PRIVATE_USE_EXTENSION
         * PRIVATE_USE_EXTENSION} ('x') is used for the private use code. To be
         * well-formed, the value for this key needs only to have subtags of one to
         * eight alphanumeric characters, not two to eight as in the general case.
         *
         * @param key the extension key
         * @param value the extension value
         * @return This builder.
         * @throws IllformedLocaleException if {@code key} is illegal
         * or {@code value} is ill-formed
         * @see #setUnicodeLocaleKeyword(String, String)
         */
        public Builder setExtension(char key, String value) {
            try {
                localeBuilder.setExtension(key, value);
            } catch (LocaleSyntaxException e) {
                throw new IllformedLocaleException(e.getMessage(), e.getErrorIndex());
            }
            return this;
        }

        
Sets the Unicode locale keyword type for the given key.  If the type
is null, the Unicode keyword is removed.  Otherwise, the key must be
non-null and both key and type must be well-formed or an exception
is thrown.
Keys and types are converted to lower case.
Note:Setting the 'u' extension via setExtension replaces all Unicode locale keywords with those defined in the extension. 
Params:
key – the Unicode locale key
type – the Unicode locale type
Throws:
IllformedLocaleException – if key or type is ill-formed
NullPointerException – if key is null
See Also:
setExtension(char, String)
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Sets the Unicode locale keyword type for the given key.  If the type
         * is null, the Unicode keyword is removed.  Otherwise, the key must be
         * non-null and both key and type must be <a
         * href="./Locale.html#def_locale_extension">well-formed</a> or an exception
         * is thrown.
         *
         * <p>Keys and types are converted to lower case.
         *
         * <p><b>Note</b>:Setting the 'u' extension via {@link #setExtension}
         * replaces all Unicode locale keywords with those defined in the
         * extension.
         *
         * @param key the Unicode locale key
         * @param type the Unicode locale type
         * @return This builder.
         * @throws IllformedLocaleException if {@code key} or {@code type}
         * is ill-formed
         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code key} is null
         * @see #setExtension(char, String)
         */
        public Builder setUnicodeLocaleKeyword(String key, String type) {
            try {
                localeBuilder.setUnicodeLocaleKeyword(key, type);
            } catch (LocaleSyntaxException e) {
                throw new IllformedLocaleException(e.getMessage(), e.getErrorIndex());
            }
            return this;
        }

        
Adds a unicode locale attribute, if not already present, otherwise
has no effect.  The attribute must not be null and must be well-formed or an exception
is thrown.
Params:
attribute – the attribute
Throws:
NullPointerException – if attribute is null
IllformedLocaleException – if attribute is ill-formed
See Also:
setExtension(char, String)
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Adds a unicode locale attribute, if not already present, otherwise
         * has no effect.  The attribute must not be null and must be <a
         * href="./Locale.html#def_locale_extension">well-formed</a> or an exception
         * is thrown.
         *
         * @param attribute the attribute
         * @return This builder.
         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code attribute} is null
         * @throws IllformedLocaleException if {@code attribute} is ill-formed
         * @see #setExtension(char, String)
         */
        public Builder addUnicodeLocaleAttribute(String attribute) {
            try {
                localeBuilder.addUnicodeLocaleAttribute(attribute);
            } catch (LocaleSyntaxException e) {
                throw new IllformedLocaleException(e.getMessage(), e.getErrorIndex());
            }
            return this;
        }

        
Removes a unicode locale attribute, if present, otherwise has no
effect.  The attribute must not be null and must be well-formed or an exception
is thrown.
Attribute comparison for removal is case-insensitive.
Params:
attribute – the attribute
Throws:
NullPointerException – if attribute is null
IllformedLocaleException – if attribute is ill-formed
See Also:
setExtension(char, String)
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Removes a unicode locale attribute, if present, otherwise has no
         * effect.  The attribute must not be null and must be <a
         * href="./Locale.html#def_locale_extension">well-formed</a> or an exception
         * is thrown.
         *
         * <p>Attribute comparison for removal is case-insensitive.
         *
         * @param attribute the attribute
         * @return This builder.
         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code attribute} is null
         * @throws IllformedLocaleException if {@code attribute} is ill-formed
         * @see #setExtension(char, String)
         */
        public Builder removeUnicodeLocaleAttribute(String attribute) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(attribute);
            try {
                localeBuilder.removeUnicodeLocaleAttribute(attribute);
            } catch (LocaleSyntaxException e) {
                throw new IllformedLocaleException(e.getMessage(), e.getErrorIndex());
            }
            return this;
        }

        
Resets the builder to its initial, empty state.
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Resets the builder to its initial, empty state.
         *
         * @return This builder.
         */
        public Builder clear() {
            localeBuilder.clear();
            return this;
        }

        
Resets the extensions to their initial, empty state.
Language, script, region and variant are unchanged.
See Also:
setExtension(char, String)
Returns:
This builder./**
         * Resets the extensions to their initial, empty state.
         * Language, script, region and variant are unchanged.
         *
         * @return This builder.
         * @see #setExtension(char, String)
         */
        public Builder clearExtensions() {
            localeBuilder.clearExtensions();
            return this;
        }

        
Returns an instance of Locale created from the fields set on this builder. 
This applies the conversions listed in Locale.forLanguageTag when constructing a Locale. (Grandfathered tags are handled in setLanguageTag.) 
Returns:
A Locale./**
         * Returns an instance of {@code Locale} created from the fields set
         * on this builder.
         *
         * <p>This applies the conversions listed in {@link Locale#forLanguageTag}
         * when constructing a Locale. (Grandfathered tags are handled in
         * {@link #setLanguageTag}.)
         *
         * @return A Locale.
         */
        public Locale build() {
            BaseLocale baseloc = localeBuilder.getBaseLocale();
            LocaleExtensions extensions = localeBuilder.getLocaleExtensions();
            if (extensions == null && !baseloc.getVariant().isEmpty()) {
                extensions = getCompatibilityExtensions(baseloc.getLanguage(), baseloc.getScript(),
                        baseloc.getRegion(), baseloc.getVariant());
            }
            return Locale.getInstance(baseloc, extensions);
        }
    }

    
This enum provides constants to select a filtering mode for locale
matching. Refer to RFC 4647
Matching of Language Tags for details.
As an example, think of two Language Priority Lists each of which
includes only one language range and a set of following language tags:
   de (German)
   de-DE (German, Germany)
   de-Deva (German, in Devanagari script)
   de-Deva-DE (German, in Devanagari script, Germany)
   de-DE-1996 (German, Germany, orthography of 1996)
   de-Latn-DE (German, in Latin script, Germany)
   de-Latn-DE-1996 (German, in Latin script, Germany, orthography of 1996)

The filtering method will behave as follows:

Filtering method behavior


Filtering Mode
Language Priority List: "de-DE"
Language Priority List: "de-*-DE"




 AUTOSELECT_FILTERING 

Performs basic filtering and returns "de-DE" and "de-DE-1996". 

Performs extended filtering and returns "de-DE", "de-Deva-DE", "de-DE-1996", "de-Latn-DE", and "de-Latn-DE-1996". 


 EXTENDED_FILTERING 

Performs extended filtering and returns "de-DE", "de-Deva-DE", "de-DE-1996", "de-Latn-DE", and "de-Latn-DE-1996". 
Same as above.


 IGNORE_EXTENDED_RANGES 

Performs basic filtering and returns "de-DE" and "de-DE-1996". 

Performs basic filtering and returns null because nothing matches. 


 MAP_EXTENDED_RANGES 
Same as above.

Performs basic filtering and returns "de-DE" and "de-DE-1996" because "de-*-DE" is mapped to "de-DE". 


 REJECT_EXTENDED_RANGES 
Same as above.
 Throws IllegalArgumentException because "de-*-DE" is not a valid basic language range. 



See Also:
Locale.filter(List<LanguageRange>, Collection<Locale>, FilteringMode)
Locale.filterTags(List<LanguageRange>, Collection<String>, FilteringMode)
Since:
1.8/**
     * This enum provides constants to select a filtering mode for locale
     * matching. Refer to <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4647">RFC 4647
     * Matching of Language Tags</a> for details.
     *
     * <p>As an example, think of two Language Priority Lists each of which
     * includes only one language range and a set of following language tags:
     *
     * <pre>
     *    de (German)
     *    de-DE (German, Germany)
     *    de-Deva (German, in Devanagari script)
     *    de-Deva-DE (German, in Devanagari script, Germany)
     *    de-DE-1996 (German, Germany, orthography of 1996)
     *    de-Latn-DE (German, in Latin script, Germany)
     *    de-Latn-DE-1996 (German, in Latin script, Germany, orthography of 1996)
     * </pre>
     *
     * The filtering method will behave as follows:
     *
     * <table class="striped">
     * <caption>Filtering method behavior</caption>
     * <thead>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="col">Filtering Mode</th>
     * <th scope="col">Language Priority List: {@code "de-DE"}</th>
     * <th scope="col">Language Priority List: {@code "de-*-DE"}</th>
     * </tr>
     * </thead>
     * <tbody>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:top">
     * {@link FilteringMode#AUTOSELECT_FILTERING AUTOSELECT_FILTERING}
     * </th>
     * <td style="vertical-align:top">
     * Performs <em>basic</em> filtering and returns {@code "de-DE"} and
     * {@code "de-DE-1996"}.
     * </td>
     * <td style="vertical-align:top">
     * Performs <em>extended</em> filtering and returns {@code "de-DE"},
     * {@code "de-Deva-DE"}, {@code "de-DE-1996"}, {@code "de-Latn-DE"}, and
     * {@code "de-Latn-DE-1996"}.
     * </td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:top">
     * {@link FilteringMode#EXTENDED_FILTERING EXTENDED_FILTERING}
     * </th>
     * <td style="vertical-align:top">
     * Performs <em>extended</em> filtering and returns {@code "de-DE"},
     * {@code "de-Deva-DE"}, {@code "de-DE-1996"}, {@code "de-Latn-DE"}, and
     * {@code "de-Latn-DE-1996"}.
     * </td>
     * <td style="vertical-align:top">Same as above.</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:top">
     * {@link FilteringMode#IGNORE_EXTENDED_RANGES IGNORE_EXTENDED_RANGES}
     * </th>
     * <td style="vertical-align:top">
     * Performs <em>basic</em> filtering and returns {@code "de-DE"} and
     * {@code "de-DE-1996"}.
     * </td>
     * <td style="vertical-align:top">
     * Performs <em>basic</em> filtering and returns {@code null} because
     * nothing matches.
     * </td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:top">
     * {@link FilteringMode#MAP_EXTENDED_RANGES MAP_EXTENDED_RANGES}
     * </th>
     * <td style="vertical-align:top">Same as above.</td>
     * <td style="vertical-align:top">
     * Performs <em>basic</em> filtering and returns {@code "de-DE"} and
     * {@code "de-DE-1996"} because {@code "de-*-DE"} is mapped to
     * {@code "de-DE"}.
     * </td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:top">
     * {@link FilteringMode#REJECT_EXTENDED_RANGES REJECT_EXTENDED_RANGES}
     * </th>
     * <td style="vertical-align:top">Same as above.</td>
     * <td style="vertical-align:top">
     * Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException} because {@code "de-*-DE"} is
     * not a valid basic language range.
     * </td>
     * </tr>
     * </tbody>
     * </table>
     *
     * @see #filter(List, Collection, FilteringMode)
     * @see #filterTags(List, Collection, FilteringMode)
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static enum FilteringMode {
        
Specifies automatic filtering mode based on the given Language
Priority List consisting of language ranges. If all of the ranges
are basic, basic filtering is selected. Otherwise, extended
filtering is selected.
/**
         * Specifies automatic filtering mode based on the given Language
         * Priority List consisting of language ranges. If all of the ranges
         * are basic, basic filtering is selected. Otherwise, extended
         * filtering is selected.
         */
        AUTOSELECT_FILTERING,

        
Specifies extended filtering.
/**
         * Specifies extended filtering.
         */
        EXTENDED_FILTERING,

        
Specifies basic filtering: Note that any extended language ranges
included in the given Language Priority List are ignored.
/**
         * Specifies basic filtering: Note that any extended language ranges
         * included in the given Language Priority List are ignored.
         */
        IGNORE_EXTENDED_RANGES,

        
Specifies basic filtering: If any extended language ranges are included in the given Language Priority List, they are mapped to the basic language range. Specifically, a language range starting with a subtag "*" is treated as a language range "*". For example, "*-US" is treated as "*". If "*" is not the first subtag, "*" and extra "-" are removed. For example, "ja-*-JP" is mapped to "ja-JP". /**
         * Specifies basic filtering: If any extended language ranges are
         * included in the given Language Priority List, they are mapped to the
         * basic language range. Specifically, a language range starting with a
         * subtag {@code "*"} is treated as a language range {@code "*"}. For
         * example, {@code "*-US"} is treated as {@code "*"}. If {@code "*"} is
         * not the first subtag, {@code "*"} and extra {@code "-"} are removed.
         * For example, {@code "ja-*-JP"} is mapped to {@code "ja-JP"}.
         */
        MAP_EXTENDED_RANGES,

        
Specifies basic filtering: If any extended language ranges are included in the given Language Priority List, the list is rejected and the filtering method throws IllegalArgumentException. /**
         * Specifies basic filtering: If any extended language ranges are
         * included in the given Language Priority List, the list is rejected
         * and the filtering method throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}.
         */
        REJECT_EXTENDED_RANGES
    };

    
This class expresses a Language Range defined in
RFC 4647 Matching of
Language Tags. A language range is an identifier which is used to
select language tag(s) meeting specific requirements by using the
mechanisms described in Locale
Matching. A list which represents a user's preferences and consists
of language ranges is called a Language Priority List.
There are two types of language ranges: basic and extended. In RFC
4647, the syntax of language ranges is expressed in
ABNF as follows:

    basic-language-range    = (1*8ALPHA *("-" 1*8alphanum)) / "*"
    extended-language-range = (1*8ALPHA / "*")
                              *("-" (1*8alphanum / "*"))
    alphanum                = ALPHA / DIGIT

 For example, "en" (English), "ja-JP" (Japanese, Japan), "*" (special language range which matches any language tag) are basic language ranges, whereas "*-CH" (any languages, Switzerland), "es-*" (Spanish, any regions), and "zh-Hant-*" (Traditional Chinese, any regions) are extended language ranges. 
See Also:
filter
filterTags
lookup
lookupTag
Since:
1.8/**
     * This class expresses a <em>Language Range</em> defined in
     * <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4647">RFC 4647 Matching of
     * Language Tags</a>. A language range is an identifier which is used to
     * select language tag(s) meeting specific requirements by using the
     * mechanisms described in <a href="Locale.html#LocaleMatching">Locale
     * Matching</a>. A list which represents a user's preferences and consists
     * of language ranges is called a <em>Language Priority List</em>.
     *
     * <p>There are two types of language ranges: basic and extended. In RFC
     * 4647, the syntax of language ranges is expressed in
     * <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234">ABNF</a> as follows:
     * <blockquote>
     * <pre>
     *     basic-language-range    = (1*8ALPHA *("-" 1*8alphanum)) / "*"
     *     extended-language-range = (1*8ALPHA / "*")
     *                               *("-" (1*8alphanum / "*"))
     *     alphanum                = ALPHA / DIGIT
     * </pre>
     * </blockquote>
     * For example, {@code "en"} (English), {@code "ja-JP"} (Japanese, Japan),
     * {@code "*"} (special language range which matches any language tag) are
     * basic language ranges, whereas {@code "*-CH"} (any languages,
     * Switzerland), {@code "es-*"} (Spanish, any regions), and
     * {@code "zh-Hant-*"} (Traditional Chinese, any regions) are extended
     * language ranges.
     *
     * @see #filter
     * @see #filterTags
     * @see #lookup
     * @see #lookupTag
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static final class LanguageRange {

       
A constant holding the maximum value of weight, 1.0, which indicates
that the language range is a good fit for the user.
/**
        * A constant holding the maximum value of weight, 1.0, which indicates
        * that the language range is a good fit for the user.
        */
        public static final double MAX_WEIGHT = 1.0;

       
A constant holding the minimum value of weight, 0.0, which indicates
that the language range is not a good fit for the user.
/**
        * A constant holding the minimum value of weight, 0.0, which indicates
        * that the language range is not a good fit for the user.
        */
        public static final double MIN_WEIGHT = 0.0;

        private final String range;
        private final double weight;

        private volatile int hash;

        
Constructs a LanguageRange using the given range. Note that no validation is done against the IANA Language Subtag Registry at time of construction. 
This is equivalent to LanguageRange(range, MAX_WEIGHT). 
Params:
range – a language range
Throws:
NullPointerException – if the given range is null
IllegalArgumentException – if the given range does not comply with the syntax of the language range mentioned in RFC 4647/**
         * Constructs a {@code LanguageRange} using the given {@code range}.
         * Note that no validation is done against the IANA Language Subtag
         * Registry at time of construction.
         *
         * <p>This is equivalent to {@code LanguageRange(range, MAX_WEIGHT)}.
         *
         * @param range a language range
         * @throws NullPointerException if the given {@code range} is
         *     {@code null}
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given {@code range} does not
         * comply with the syntax of the language range mentioned in RFC 4647
         */
        public LanguageRange(String range) {
            this(range, MAX_WEIGHT);
        }

        
Constructs a LanguageRange using the given range and weight. Note that no validation is done against the IANA Language Subtag Registry at time of construction. 
Params:
range –  a language range
weight – a weight value between MIN_WEIGHT and MAX_WEIGHT
Throws:
NullPointerException – if the given range is null
IllegalArgumentException – if the given range does not comply with the syntax of the language range mentioned in RFC 4647 or if the given weight is less than MIN_WEIGHT or greater than MAX_WEIGHT/**
         * Constructs a {@code LanguageRange} using the given {@code range} and
         * {@code weight}. Note that no validation is done against the IANA
         * Language Subtag Registry at time of construction.
         *
         * @param range  a language range
         * @param weight a weight value between {@code MIN_WEIGHT} and
         *     {@code MAX_WEIGHT}
         * @throws NullPointerException if the given {@code range} is
         *     {@code null}
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given {@code range} does not
         * comply with the syntax of the language range mentioned in RFC 4647
         * or if the given {@code weight} is less than {@code MIN_WEIGHT}
         * or greater than {@code MAX_WEIGHT}
         */
        public LanguageRange(String range, double weight) {
            if (range == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            if (weight < MIN_WEIGHT || weight > MAX_WEIGHT) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("weight=" + weight);
            }

            range = range.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);

            // Do syntax check.
            boolean isIllFormed = false;
            String[] subtags = range.split("-");
            if (isSubtagIllFormed(subtags[0], true)
                || range.endsWith("-")) {
                isIllFormed = true;
            } else {
                for (int i = 1; i < subtags.length; i++) {
                    if (isSubtagIllFormed(subtags[i], false)) {
                        isIllFormed = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            if (isIllFormed) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("range=" + range);
            }

            this.range = range;
            this.weight = weight;
        }

        private static boolean isSubtagIllFormed(String subtag,
                                                 boolean isFirstSubtag) {
            if (subtag.isEmpty() || subtag.length() > 8) {
                return true;
            } else if (subtag.equals("*")) {
                return false;
            }
            char[] charArray = subtag.toCharArray();
            if (isFirstSubtag) { // ALPHA
                for (char c : charArray) {
                    if (c < 'a' || c > 'z') {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            } else { // ALPHA / DIGIT
                for (char c : charArray) {
                    if (c < '0' || (c > '9' && c < 'a') || c > 'z') {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

        
Returns the language range of this LanguageRange. 
Returns:
the language range./**
         * Returns the language range of this {@code LanguageRange}.
         *
         * @return the language range.
         */
        public String getRange() {
            return range;
        }

        
Returns the weight of this LanguageRange. 
Returns:
the weight value./**
         * Returns the weight of this {@code LanguageRange}.
         *
         * @return the weight value.
         */
        public double getWeight() {
            return weight;
        }

        
Parses the given ranges to generate a Language Priority List. 
This method performs a syntactic check for each language range in the given ranges but doesn't do validation using the IANA Language Subtag Registry. 
The ranges to be given can take one of the following forms: 
  "Accept-Language: ja,en;q=0.4"  (weighted list with Accept-Language prefix)
  "ja,en;q=0.4"                   (weighted list)
  "ja,en"                         (prioritized list)

In a weighted list, each language range is given a weight value.
The weight value is identical to the "quality value" in
RFC 2616, and it expresses how much the user prefers the language. A weight value is specified after a corresponding language range followed by ";q=", and the default weight value is MAX_WEIGHT when it is omitted. 
Unlike a weighted list, language ranges in a prioritized list
are sorted in the descending order based on its priority. The first
language range has the highest priority and meets the user's
preference most.
In either case, language ranges are sorted in descending order in the Language Priority List based on priority or weight. If a language range appears in the given ranges more than once, only the first one is included on the Language Priority List. 
The returned list consists of language ranges from the given ranges and their equivalents found in the IANA Language Subtag Registry. For example, if the given ranges is "Accept-Language: iw,en-us;q=0.7,en;q=0.3", the elements in the list to be returned are: 
 Range                                   Weight
   "iw" (older tag for Hebrew)             1.0
   "he" (new preferred code for Hebrew)    1.0
   "en-us" (English, United States)        0.7
   "en" (English)                          0.3
 Two language ranges, "iw" and "he", have the same highest priority in the list. By adding "he" to the user's Language Priority List, locale-matching method can find Hebrew as a matching locale (or language tag) even if the application or system offers only "he" as a supported locale (or language tag). 
Params:
ranges – a list of comma-separated language ranges or a list of
    language ranges in the form of the "Accept-Language" header
    defined in RFC
    2616
Throws:
NullPointerException – if ranges is null
IllegalArgumentException – if a language range or a weight found in the given ranges is ill-formed
Returns:
a Language Priority List consisting of language ranges included in the given ranges and their equivalent language ranges if available. The list is modifiable./**
         * Parses the given {@code ranges} to generate a Language Priority List.
         *
         * <p>This method performs a syntactic check for each language range in
         * the given {@code ranges} but doesn't do validation using the IANA
         * Language Subtag Registry.
         *
         * <p>The {@code ranges} to be given can take one of the following
         * forms:
         *
         * <pre>
         *   "Accept-Language: ja,en;q=0.4"  (weighted list with Accept-Language prefix)
         *   "ja,en;q=0.4"                   (weighted list)
         *   "ja,en"                         (prioritized list)
         * </pre>
         *
         * In a weighted list, each language range is given a weight value.
         * The weight value is identical to the "quality value" in
         * <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616">RFC 2616</a>, and it
         * expresses how much the user prefers  the language. A weight value is
         * specified after a corresponding language range followed by
         * {@code ";q="}, and the default weight value is {@code MAX_WEIGHT}
         * when it is omitted.
         *
         * <p>Unlike a weighted list, language ranges in a prioritized list
         * are sorted in the descending order based on its priority. The first
         * language range has the highest priority and meets the user's
         * preference most.
         *
         * <p>In either case, language ranges are sorted in descending order in
         * the Language Priority List based on priority or weight. If a
         * language range appears in the given {@code ranges} more than once,
         * only the first one is included on the Language Priority List.
         *
         * <p>The returned list consists of language ranges from the given
         * {@code ranges} and their equivalents found in the IANA Language
         * Subtag Registry. For example, if the given {@code ranges} is
         * {@code "Accept-Language: iw,en-us;q=0.7,en;q=0.3"}, the elements in
         * the list to be returned are:
         *
         * <pre>
         *  <b>Range</b>                                   <b>Weight</b>
         *    "iw" (older tag for Hebrew)             1.0
         *    "he" (new preferred code for Hebrew)    1.0
         *    "en-us" (English, United States)        0.7
         *    "en" (English)                          0.3
         * </pre>
         *
         * Two language ranges, {@code "iw"} and {@code "he"}, have the same
         * highest priority in the list. By adding {@code "he"} to the user's
         * Language Priority List, locale-matching method can find Hebrew as a
         * matching locale (or language tag) even if the application or system
         * offers only {@code "he"} as a supported locale (or language tag).
         *
         * @param ranges a list of comma-separated language ranges or a list of
         *     language ranges in the form of the "Accept-Language" header
         *     defined in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616">RFC
         *     2616</a>
         * @return a Language Priority List consisting of language ranges
         *     included in the given {@code ranges} and their equivalent
         *     language ranges if available. The list is modifiable.
         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code ranges} is null
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a language range or a weight
         *     found in the given {@code ranges} is ill-formed
         */
        public static List<LanguageRange> parse(String ranges) {
            return LocaleMatcher.parse(ranges);
        }

        
Parses the given ranges to generate a Language Priority List, and then customizes the list using the given map. This method is equivalent to mapEquivalents(parse(ranges), map). 
Params:
ranges – a list of comma-separated language ranges or a list
    of language ranges in the form of the "Accept-Language" header
    defined in RFC
    2616
map – a map containing information to customize language ranges
Throws:
NullPointerException – if ranges is null
IllegalArgumentException – if a language range or a weight found in the given ranges is ill-formed
See Also:
parse(String)
mapEquivalents
Returns:
a Language Priority List with customization. The list is
    modifiable./**
         * Parses the given {@code ranges} to generate a Language Priority
         * List, and then customizes the list using the given {@code map}.
         * This method is equivalent to
         * {@code mapEquivalents(parse(ranges), map)}.
         *
         * @param ranges a list of comma-separated language ranges or a list
         *     of language ranges in the form of the "Accept-Language" header
         *     defined in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616">RFC
         *     2616</a>
         * @param map a map containing information to customize language ranges
         * @return a Language Priority List with customization. The list is
         *     modifiable.
         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code ranges} is null
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a language range or a weight
         *     found in the given {@code ranges} is ill-formed
         * @see #parse(String)
         * @see #mapEquivalents
         */
        public static List<LanguageRange> parse(String ranges,
                                                Map<String, List<String>> map) {
            return mapEquivalents(parse(ranges), map);
        }

        
Generates a new customized Language Priority List using the given priorityList and map. If the given map is empty, this method returns a copy of the given priorityList. 
In the map, a key represents a language range whereas a value is a list of equivalents of it. '*' cannot be used in the map. Each equivalent language range has the same weight value as its original language range. 
 An example of map:
   Key                            Value
     "zh" (Chinese)                 "zh",
                                    "zh-Hans"(Simplified Chinese)
     "zh-HK" (Chinese, Hong Kong)   "zh-HK"
     "zh-TW" (Chinese, Taiwan)      "zh-TW"

The customization is performed after modification using the IANA
Language Subtag Registry.
For example, if a user's Language Priority List consists of five language ranges ("zh", "zh-CN", "en", "zh-TW", and "zh-HK"), the newly generated Language Priority List which is customized using the above map example will consists of "zh", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh-Hans-CN", "en", "zh-TW", and "zh-HK". 
"zh-HK" and "zh-TW" aren't converted to "zh-Hans-HK" nor "zh-Hans-TW" even if they are included in the Language Priority List. In this example, mapping is used to clearly distinguish Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese. 
If the "zh"-to-"zh" mapping isn't included in the map, a simple replacement will be performed and the customized list won't include "zh" and "zh-CN". 
Params:
priorityList – user's Language Priority List
map – a map containing information to customize language ranges
Throws:
NullPointerException – if priorityList is null
See Also:
parse(String, Map<String,List<String>>)
Returns:
a new Language Priority List with customization. The list is
    modifiable./**
         * Generates a new customized Language Priority List using the given
         * {@code priorityList} and {@code map}. If the given {@code map} is
         * empty, this method returns a copy of the given {@code priorityList}.
         *
         * <p>In the map, a key represents a language range whereas a value is
         * a list of equivalents of it. {@code '*'} cannot be used in the map.
         * Each equivalent language range has the same weight value as its
         * original language range.
         *
         * <pre>
         *  An example of map:
         *    <b>Key</b>                            <b>Value</b>
         *      "zh" (Chinese)                 "zh",
         *                                     "zh-Hans"(Simplified Chinese)
         *      "zh-HK" (Chinese, Hong Kong)   "zh-HK"
         *      "zh-TW" (Chinese, Taiwan)      "zh-TW"
         * </pre>
         *
         * The customization is performed after modification using the IANA
         * Language Subtag Registry.
         *
         * <p>For example, if a user's Language Priority List consists of five
         * language ranges ({@code "zh"}, {@code "zh-CN"}, {@code "en"},
         * {@code "zh-TW"}, and {@code "zh-HK"}), the newly generated Language
         * Priority List which is customized using the above map example will
         * consists of {@code "zh"}, {@code "zh-Hans"}, {@code "zh-CN"},
         * {@code "zh-Hans-CN"}, {@code "en"}, {@code "zh-TW"}, and
         * {@code "zh-HK"}.
         *
         * <p>{@code "zh-HK"} and {@code "zh-TW"} aren't converted to
         * {@code "zh-Hans-HK"} nor {@code "zh-Hans-TW"} even if they are
         * included in the Language Priority List. In this example, mapping
         * is used to clearly distinguish Simplified Chinese and Traditional
         * Chinese.
         *
         * <p>If the {@code "zh"}-to-{@code "zh"} mapping isn't included in the
         * map, a simple replacement will be performed and the customized list
         * won't include {@code "zh"} and {@code "zh-CN"}.
         *
         * @param priorityList user's Language Priority List
         * @param map a map containing information to customize language ranges
         * @return a new Language Priority List with customization. The list is
         *     modifiable.
         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code priorityList} is {@code null}
         * @see #parse(String, Map)
         */
        public static List<LanguageRange> mapEquivalents(
                                              List<LanguageRange>priorityList,
                                              Map<String, List<String>> map) {
            return LocaleMatcher.mapEquivalents(priorityList, map);
        }

        
Returns a hash code value for the object.
Returns:
 a hash code value for this object./**
         * Returns a hash code value for the object.
         *
         * @return  a hash code value for this object.
         */
        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            int h = hash;
            if (h == 0) {
                h = 17;
                h = 37*h + range.hashCode();
                long bitsWeight = Double.doubleToLongBits(weight);
                h = 37*h + (int)(bitsWeight ^ (bitsWeight >>> 32));
                if (h != 0) {
                    hash = h;
                }
            }
            return h;
        }

        
Compares this object to the specified object. The result is true if and only if the argument is not null and is a LanguageRange object that contains the same range and weight values as this object. 
Params:
obj – the object to compare with
Returns:
 true if this object's range and weight are the same as the obj's; false otherwise./**
         * Compares this object to the specified object. The result is true if
         * and only if the argument is not {@code null} and is a
         * {@code LanguageRange} object that contains the same {@code range}
         * and {@code weight} values as this object.
         *
         * @param obj the object to compare with
         * @return  {@code true} if this object's {@code range} and
         *     {@code weight} are the same as the {@code obj}'s; {@code false}
         *     otherwise.
         */
        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
            if (this == obj) {
                return true;
            }
            if (!(obj instanceof LanguageRange)) {
                return false;
            }
            LanguageRange other = (LanguageRange)obj;
            return range.equals(other.range)
                   && weight == other.weight;
        }

        
Returns an informative string representation of this LanguageRange object, consisting of language range and weight if the range is weighted and the weight is less than the max weight. 
Returns:
a string representation of this LanguageRange object./**
         * Returns an informative string representation of this {@code LanguageRange}
         * object, consisting of language range and weight if the range is
         * weighted and the weight is less than the max weight.
         *
         * @return a string representation of this {@code LanguageRange} object.
         */
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return (weight == MAX_WEIGHT) ? range : range + ";q=" + weight;
        }
    }

    
Returns a list of matching Locale instances using the filtering mechanism defined in RFC 4647. This filter operation on the given locales ensures that only unique matching locale(s) are returned. 
Params:
priorityList – user's Language Priority List in which each language
    tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
locales – Locale instances used for matching
mode – filtering mode
Throws:
NullPointerException – if priorityList or locales is null
IllegalArgumentException – if one or more extended language ranges are included in the given list when FilteringMode.REJECT_EXTENDED_RANGES is specified
Returns:
a list of Locale instances for matching language tags sorted in descending order based on priority or weight, or an empty list if nothing matches. The list is modifiable.
Since:
1.8/**
     * Returns a list of matching {@code Locale} instances using the filtering
     * mechanism defined in RFC 4647.
     *
     * This filter operation on the given {@code locales} ensures that only
     * unique matching locale(s) are returned.
     *
     * @param priorityList user's Language Priority List in which each language
     *     tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
     * @param locales {@code Locale} instances used for matching
     * @param mode filtering mode
     * @return a list of {@code Locale} instances for matching language tags
     *     sorted in descending order based on priority or weight, or an empty
     *     list if nothing matches. The list is modifiable.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code priorityList} or {@code locales}
     *     is {@code null}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if one or more extended language ranges
     *     are included in the given list when
     *     {@link FilteringMode#REJECT_EXTENDED_RANGES} is specified
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static List<Locale> filter(List<LanguageRange> priorityList,
                                      Collection<Locale> locales,
                                      FilteringMode mode) {
        return LocaleMatcher.filter(priorityList, locales, mode);
    }

    
Returns a list of matching Locale instances using the filtering mechanism defined in RFC 4647. This is equivalent to filter(List<LanguageRange>, Collection<Locale>, FilteringMode) when mode is FilteringMode.AUTOSELECT_FILTERING. This filter operation on the given locales ensures that only unique matching locale(s) are returned. 
Params:
priorityList – user's Language Priority List in which each language
    tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
locales – Locale instances used for matching
Throws:
NullPointerException – if priorityList or locales is null
Returns:
a list of Locale instances for matching language tags sorted in descending order based on priority or weight, or an empty list if nothing matches. The list is modifiable.
Since:
1.8/**
     * Returns a list of matching {@code Locale} instances using the filtering
     * mechanism defined in RFC 4647. This is equivalent to
     * {@link #filter(List, Collection, FilteringMode)} when {@code mode} is
     * {@link FilteringMode#AUTOSELECT_FILTERING}.
     *
     * This filter operation on the given {@code locales} ensures that only
     * unique matching locale(s) are returned.
     *
     * @param priorityList user's Language Priority List in which each language
     *     tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
     * @param locales {@code Locale} instances used for matching
     * @return a list of {@code Locale} instances for matching language tags
     *     sorted in descending order based on priority or weight, or an empty
     *     list if nothing matches. The list is modifiable.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code priorityList} or {@code locales}
     *     is {@code null}
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static List<Locale> filter(List<LanguageRange> priorityList,
                                      Collection<Locale> locales) {
        return filter(priorityList, locales, FilteringMode.AUTOSELECT_FILTERING);
    }

    
Returns a list of matching languages tags using the basic filtering mechanism defined in RFC 4647. This filter operation on the given tags ensures that only unique matching tag(s) are returned with preserved case. In case of duplicate matching tags with the case difference, the first matching tag with preserved case is returned. For example, "de-ch" is returned out of the duplicate matching tags "de-ch" and "de-CH", if "de-ch" is checked first for matching in the given tags. Note that if the given tags is an unordered Collection, the returned matching tag out of duplicate tags is subject to change, depending on the implementation of the Collection. 
Params:
priorityList – user's Language Priority List in which each language
    tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
tags – language tags
mode – filtering mode
Throws:
NullPointerException – if priorityList or tags is null
IllegalArgumentException – if one or more extended language ranges are included in the given list when FilteringMode.REJECT_EXTENDED_RANGES is specified
Returns:
a list of matching language tags sorted in descending order
    based on priority or weight, or an empty list if nothing matches.
    The list is modifiable.
Since:
1.8/**
     * Returns a list of matching languages tags using the basic filtering
     * mechanism defined in RFC 4647.
     *
     * This filter operation on the given {@code tags} ensures that only
     * unique matching tag(s) are returned with preserved case. In case of
     * duplicate matching tags with the case difference, the first matching
     * tag with preserved case is returned.
     * For example, "de-ch" is returned out of the duplicate matching tags
     * "de-ch" and "de-CH", if "de-ch" is checked first for matching in the
     * given {@code tags}. Note that if the given {@code tags} is an unordered
     * {@code Collection}, the returned matching tag out of duplicate tags is
     * subject to change, depending on the implementation of the
     * {@code Collection}.
     *
     * @param priorityList user's Language Priority List in which each language
     *     tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
     * @param tags language tags
     * @param mode filtering mode
     * @return a list of matching language tags sorted in descending order
     *     based on priority or weight, or an empty list if nothing matches.
     *     The list is modifiable.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code priorityList} or {@code tags} is
     *     {@code null}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if one or more extended language ranges
     *     are included in the given list when
     *     {@link FilteringMode#REJECT_EXTENDED_RANGES} is specified
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static List<String> filterTags(List<LanguageRange> priorityList,
                                          Collection<String> tags,
                                          FilteringMode mode) {
        return LocaleMatcher.filterTags(priorityList, tags, mode);
    }

    
Returns a list of matching languages tags using the basic filtering mechanism defined in RFC 4647. This is equivalent to filterTags(List<LanguageRange>, Collection<String>, FilteringMode) when mode is FilteringMode.AUTOSELECT_FILTERING. This filter operation on the given tags ensures that only unique matching tag(s) are returned with preserved case. In case of duplicate matching tags with the case difference, the first matching tag with preserved case is returned. For example, "de-ch" is returned out of the duplicate matching tags "de-ch" and "de-CH", if "de-ch" is checked first for matching in the given tags. Note that if the given tags is an unordered Collection, the returned matching tag out of duplicate tags is subject to change, depending on the implementation of the Collection. 
Params:
priorityList – user's Language Priority List in which each language
    tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
tags – language tags
Throws:
NullPointerException – if priorityList or tags is null
Returns:
a list of matching language tags sorted in descending order
    based on priority or weight, or an empty list if nothing matches.
    The list is modifiable.
Since:
1.8/**
     * Returns a list of matching languages tags using the basic filtering
     * mechanism defined in RFC 4647. This is equivalent to
     * {@link #filterTags(List, Collection, FilteringMode)} when {@code mode}
     * is {@link FilteringMode#AUTOSELECT_FILTERING}.
     *
     * This filter operation on the given {@code tags} ensures that only
     * unique matching tag(s) are returned with preserved case. In case of
     * duplicate matching tags with the case difference, the first matching
     * tag with preserved case is returned.
     * For example, "de-ch" is returned out of the duplicate matching tags
     * "de-ch" and "de-CH", if "de-ch" is checked first for matching in the
     * given {@code tags}. Note that if the given {@code tags} is an unordered
     * {@code Collection}, the returned matching tag out of duplicate tags is
     * subject to change, depending on the implementation of the
     * {@code Collection}.
     *
     * @param priorityList user's Language Priority List in which each language
     *     tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
     * @param tags language tags
     * @return a list of matching language tags sorted in descending order
     *     based on priority or weight, or an empty list if nothing matches.
     *     The list is modifiable.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code priorityList} or {@code tags} is
     *     {@code null}
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static List<String> filterTags(List<LanguageRange> priorityList,
                                          Collection<String> tags) {
        return filterTags(priorityList, tags, FilteringMode.AUTOSELECT_FILTERING);
    }

    
Returns a Locale instance for the best-matching language tag using the lookup mechanism defined in RFC 4647. 
Params:
priorityList – user's Language Priority List in which each language
    tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
locales – Locale instances used for matching
Throws:
NullPointerException – if priorityList or tags is null
Returns:
the best matching Locale instance chosen based on priority or weight, or null if nothing matches.
Since:
1.8/**
     * Returns a {@code Locale} instance for the best-matching language
     * tag using the lookup mechanism defined in RFC 4647.
     *
     * @param priorityList user's Language Priority List in which each language
     *     tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
     * @param locales {@code Locale} instances used for matching
     * @return the best matching {@code Locale} instance chosen based on
     *     priority or weight, or {@code null} if nothing matches.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code priorityList} or {@code tags} is
     *     {@code null}
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static Locale lookup(List<LanguageRange> priorityList,
                                Collection<Locale> locales) {
        return LocaleMatcher.lookup(priorityList, locales);
    }

    
Returns the best-matching language tag using the lookup mechanism defined in RFC 4647. This lookup operation on the given tags ensures that the first matching tag with preserved case is returned. 
Params:
priorityList – user's Language Priority List in which each language
    tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
tags – language tangs used for matching
Throws:
NullPointerException – if priorityList or tags is null
Returns:
the best matching language tag chosen based on priority or weight, or null if nothing matches.
Since:
1.8/**
     * Returns the best-matching language tag using the lookup mechanism
     * defined in RFC 4647.
     *
     * This lookup operation on the given {@code tags} ensures that the
     * first matching tag with preserved case is returned.
     *
     * @param priorityList user's Language Priority List in which each language
     *     tag is sorted in descending order based on priority or weight
     * @param tags language tangs used for matching
     * @return the best matching language tag chosen based on priority or
     *     weight, or {@code null} if nothing matches.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code priorityList} or {@code tags} is
     *     {@code null}
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static String lookupTag(List<LanguageRange> priorityList,
                                   Collection<String> tags) {
        return LocaleMatcher.lookupTag(priorityList, tags);
    }

}