/*
 * Copyright (c) 2011, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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 */

package java.lang.invoke;

import jdk.internal.perf.PerfCounter;
import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.DontInline;
import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.Hidden;
import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.Stable;
import sun.invoke.util.Wrapper;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;

import static java.lang.invoke.LambdaForm.BasicType.*;
import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleNatives.Constants.*;
import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleStatics.*;

The symbolic, non-executable form of a method handle's invocation semantics.
It consists of a series of names.
The first N (N=arity) names are parameters,
while any remaining names are temporary values.
Each temporary specifies the application of a function to some arguments.
The functions are method handles, while the arguments are mixes of
constant values and local names.
The result of the lambda is defined as one of the names, often the last one.

Here is an approximate grammar:

LambdaForm = "(" ArgName* ")=>{" TempName* Result "}"
ArgName = "a" N ":" T
TempName = "t" N ":" T "=" Function "(" Argument* ");"
Function = ConstantValue
Argument = NameRef | ConstantValue
Result = NameRef | "void"
NameRef = "a" N | "t" N
N = (any whole number)
T = "L" | "I" | "J" | "F" | "D" | "V"
 Names are numbered consecutively from left to right starting at zero. (The letters are merely a taste of syntax sugar.) Thus, the first temporary (if any) is always numbered N (where N=arity). Every occurrence of a name reference in an argument list must refer to a name previously defined within the same lambda. A lambda has a void result if and only if its result index is -1. If a temporary has the type "V", it cannot be the subject of a NameRef, even though possesses a number. Note that all reference types are erased to "L", which stands for Object. All subword types (boolean, byte, short, char) are erased to "I" which is int. The other types stand for the usual primitive types. 

Function invocation closely follows the static rules of the Java verifier.
Arguments and return values must exactly match when their "Name" types are
considered.
Conversions are allowed only if they do not change the erased type.

L = Object: casts are used freely to convert into and out of reference types
I = int: subword types are forcibly narrowed when passed as arguments (see explicitCastArguments) 
J = long: no implicit conversions
F = float: no implicit conversions
D = double: no implicit conversions
V = void: a function result may be void if and only if its Name is of type "V"

Although implicit conversions are not allowed, explicit ones can easily be
encoded by using temporary expressions which call type-transformed identity functions.

Examples:

(a0:J)=>{ a0 }
    == identity(long)
(a0:I)=>{ t1:V = System.out#println(a0); void }
    == System.out#println(int)
(a0:L)=>{ t1:V = System.out#println(a0); a0 }
    == identity, with printing side-effect
(a0:L, a1:L)=>{ t2:L = BoundMethodHandle#argument(a0);
                t3:L = BoundMethodHandle#target(a0);
                t4:L = MethodHandle#invoke(t3, t2, a1); t4 }
    == general invoker for unary insertArgument combination
(a0:L, a1:L)=>{ t2:L = FilterMethodHandle#filter(a0);
                t3:L = MethodHandle#invoke(t2, a1);
                t4:L = FilterMethodHandle#target(a0);
                t5:L = MethodHandle#invoke(t4, t3); t5 }
    == general invoker for unary filterArgument combination
(a0:L, a1:L)=>{ ...(same as previous example)...
                t5:L = MethodHandle#invoke(t4, t3, a1); t5 }
    == general invoker for unary/unary foldArgument combination
(a0:L, a1:I)=>{ t2:I = identity(long).asType((int)->long)(a1); t2 }
    == invoker for identity method handle which performs i2l
(a0:L, a1:L)=>{ t2:L = BoundMethodHandle#argument(a0);
                t3:L = Class#cast(t2,a1); t3 }
    == invoker for identity method handle which performs cast


Author:
John Rose, JSR 292 EG/**
 * The symbolic, non-executable form of a method handle's invocation semantics.
 * It consists of a series of names.
 * The first N (N=arity) names are parameters,
 * while any remaining names are temporary values.
 * Each temporary specifies the application of a function to some arguments.
 * The functions are method handles, while the arguments are mixes of
 * constant values and local names.
 * The result of the lambda is defined as one of the names, often the last one.
 * <p>
 * Here is an approximate grammar:
 * <blockquote><pre>{@code
 * LambdaForm = "(" ArgName* ")=>{" TempName* Result "}"
 * ArgName = "a" N ":" T
 * TempName = "t" N ":" T "=" Function "(" Argument* ");"
 * Function = ConstantValue
 * Argument = NameRef | ConstantValue
 * Result = NameRef | "void"
 * NameRef = "a" N | "t" N
 * N = (any whole number)
 * T = "L" | "I" | "J" | "F" | "D" | "V"
 * }</pre></blockquote>
 * Names are numbered consecutively from left to right starting at zero.
 * (The letters are merely a taste of syntax sugar.)
 * Thus, the first temporary (if any) is always numbered N (where N=arity).
 * Every occurrence of a name reference in an argument list must refer to
 * a name previously defined within the same lambda.
 * A lambda has a void result if and only if its result index is -1.
 * If a temporary has the type "V", it cannot be the subject of a NameRef,
 * even though possesses a number.
 * Note that all reference types are erased to "L", which stands for {@code Object}.
 * All subword types (boolean, byte, short, char) are erased to "I" which is {@code int}.
 * The other types stand for the usual primitive types.
 * <p>
 * Function invocation closely follows the static rules of the Java verifier.
 * Arguments and return values must exactly match when their "Name" types are
 * considered.
 * Conversions are allowed only if they do not change the erased type.
 * <ul>
 * <li>L = Object: casts are used freely to convert into and out of reference types
 * <li>I = int: subword types are forcibly narrowed when passed as arguments (see {@code explicitCastArguments})
 * <li>J = long: no implicit conversions
 * <li>F = float: no implicit conversions
 * <li>D = double: no implicit conversions
 * <li>V = void: a function result may be void if and only if its Name is of type "V"
 * </ul>
 * Although implicit conversions are not allowed, explicit ones can easily be
 * encoded by using temporary expressions which call type-transformed identity functions.
 * <p>
 * Examples:
 * <blockquote><pre>{@code
 * (a0:J)=>{ a0 }
 *     == identity(long)
 * (a0:I)=>{ t1:V = System.out#println(a0); void }
 *     == System.out#println(int)
 * (a0:L)=>{ t1:V = System.out#println(a0); a0 }
 *     == identity, with printing side-effect
 * (a0:L, a1:L)=>{ t2:L = BoundMethodHandle#argument(a0);
 *                 t3:L = BoundMethodHandle#target(a0);
 *                 t4:L = MethodHandle#invoke(t3, t2, a1); t4 }
 *     == general invoker for unary insertArgument combination
 * (a0:L, a1:L)=>{ t2:L = FilterMethodHandle#filter(a0);
 *                 t3:L = MethodHandle#invoke(t2, a1);
 *                 t4:L = FilterMethodHandle#target(a0);
 *                 t5:L = MethodHandle#invoke(t4, t3); t5 }
 *     == general invoker for unary filterArgument combination
 * (a0:L, a1:L)=>{ ...(same as previous example)...
 *                 t5:L = MethodHandle#invoke(t4, t3, a1); t5 }
 *     == general invoker for unary/unary foldArgument combination
 * (a0:L, a1:I)=>{ t2:I = identity(long).asType((int)->long)(a1); t2 }
 *     == invoker for identity method handle which performs i2l
 * (a0:L, a1:L)=>{ t2:L = BoundMethodHandle#argument(a0);
 *                 t3:L = Class#cast(t2,a1); t3 }
 *     == invoker for identity method handle which performs cast
 * }</pre></blockquote>
 * <p>
 * @author John Rose, JSR 292 EG
 */
class LambdaForm {
    final int arity;
    final int result;
    final boolean forceInline;
    final MethodHandle customized;
    @Stable final Name[] names;
    final Kind kind;
    MemberName vmentry;   // low-level behavior, or null if not yet prepared
    private boolean isCompiled;

    // Either a LambdaForm cache (managed by LambdaFormEditor) or a link to uncustomized version (for customized LF)
    volatile Object transformCache;

    public static final int VOID_RESULT = -1, LAST_RESULT = -2;

    enum BasicType {
        L_TYPE('L', Object.class, Wrapper.OBJECT),  // all reference types
        I_TYPE('I', int.class,    Wrapper.INT),
        J_TYPE('J', long.class,   Wrapper.LONG),
        F_TYPE('F', float.class,  Wrapper.FLOAT),
        D_TYPE('D', double.class, Wrapper.DOUBLE),  // all primitive types
        V_TYPE('V', void.class,   Wrapper.VOID);    // not valid in all contexts

        static final @Stable BasicType[] ALL_TYPES = BasicType.values();
        static final @Stable BasicType[] ARG_TYPES = Arrays.copyOf(ALL_TYPES, ALL_TYPES.length-1);

        static final int ARG_TYPE_LIMIT = ARG_TYPES.length;
        static final int TYPE_LIMIT = ALL_TYPES.length;

        // Derived int constants, which (unlike the enums) can be constant folded.
        // We can remove them when JDK-8161245 is fixed.
        static final byte
                L_TYPE_NUM = (byte) L_TYPE.ordinal(),
                I_TYPE_NUM = (byte) I_TYPE.ordinal(),
                J_TYPE_NUM = (byte) J_TYPE.ordinal(),
                F_TYPE_NUM = (byte) F_TYPE.ordinal(),
                D_TYPE_NUM = (byte) D_TYPE.ordinal(),
                V_TYPE_NUM = (byte) V_TYPE.ordinal();

        final char btChar;
        final Class<?> btClass;
        final Wrapper btWrapper;

        private BasicType(char btChar, Class<?> btClass, Wrapper wrapper) {
            this.btChar = btChar;
            this.btClass = btClass;
            this.btWrapper = wrapper;
        }

        char basicTypeChar() {
            return btChar;
        }
        Class<?> basicTypeClass() {
            return btClass;
        }
        Wrapper basicTypeWrapper() {
            return btWrapper;
        }
        int basicTypeSlots() {
            return btWrapper.stackSlots();
        }

        static BasicType basicType(byte type) {
            return ALL_TYPES[type];
        }
        static BasicType basicType(char type) {
            switch (type) {
                case 'L': return L_TYPE;
                case 'I': return I_TYPE;
                case 'J': return J_TYPE;
                case 'F': return F_TYPE;
                case 'D': return D_TYPE;
                case 'V': return V_TYPE;
                // all subword types are represented as ints
                case 'Z':
                case 'B':
                case 'S':
                case 'C':
                    return I_TYPE;
                default:
                    throw newInternalError("Unknown type char: '"+type+"'");
            }
        }
        static BasicType basicType(Wrapper type) {
            char c = type.basicTypeChar();
            return basicType(c);
        }
        static BasicType basicType(Class<?> type) {
            if (!type.isPrimitive())  return L_TYPE;
            return basicType(Wrapper.forPrimitiveType(type));
        }
        static BasicType[] basicTypes(String types) {
            BasicType[] btypes = new BasicType[types.length()];
            for (int i = 0; i < btypes.length; i++) {
                btypes[i] = basicType(types.charAt(i));
            }
            return btypes;
        }
        static String basicTypeDesc(BasicType[] types) {
            if (types == null) {
                return null;
            }
            if (types.length == 0) {
                return "";
            }
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            for (BasicType bt : types) {
                sb.append(bt.basicTypeChar());
            }
            return sb.toString();
        }
        static int[] basicTypeOrds(BasicType[] types) {
            if (types == null) {
                return null;
            }
            int[] a = new int[types.length];
            for(int i = 0; i < types.length; ++i) {
                a[i] = types[i].ordinal();
            }
            return a;
        }

        static char basicTypeChar(Class<?> type) {
            return basicType(type).btChar;
        }

        static byte[] basicTypesOrd(Class<?>[] types) {
            byte[] ords = new byte[types.length];
            for (int i = 0; i < ords.length; i++) {
                ords[i] = (byte)basicType(types[i]).ordinal();
            }
            return ords;
        }

        static boolean isBasicTypeChar(char c) {
            return "LIJFDV".indexOf(c) >= 0;
        }
        static boolean isArgBasicTypeChar(char c) {
            return "LIJFD".indexOf(c) >= 0;
        }

        static { assert(checkBasicType()); }
        private static boolean checkBasicType() {
            for (int i = 0; i < ARG_TYPE_LIMIT; i++) {
                assert ARG_TYPES[i].ordinal() == i;
                assert ARG_TYPES[i] == ALL_TYPES[i];
            }
            for (int i = 0; i < TYPE_LIMIT; i++) {
                assert ALL_TYPES[i].ordinal() == i;
            }
            assert ALL_TYPES[TYPE_LIMIT - 1] == V_TYPE;
            assert !Arrays.asList(ARG_TYPES).contains(V_TYPE);
            return true;
        }
    }

    enum Kind {
        GENERIC("invoke"),
        ZERO("zero"),
        IDENTITY("identity"),
        BOUND_REINVOKER("BMH.reinvoke", "reinvoke"),
        REINVOKER("MH.reinvoke", "reinvoke"),
        DELEGATE("MH.delegate", "delegate"),
        EXACT_LINKER("MH.invokeExact_MT", "invokeExact_MT"),
        EXACT_INVOKER("MH.exactInvoker", "exactInvoker"),
        GENERIC_LINKER("MH.invoke_MT", "invoke_MT"),
        GENERIC_INVOKER("MH.invoker", "invoker"),
        LINK_TO_TARGET_METHOD("linkToTargetMethod"),
        LINK_TO_CALL_SITE("linkToCallSite"),
        DIRECT_INVOKE_VIRTUAL("DMH.invokeVirtual", "invokeVirtual"),
        DIRECT_INVOKE_SPECIAL("DMH.invokeSpecial", "invokeSpecial"),
        DIRECT_INVOKE_SPECIAL_IFC("DMH.invokeSpecialIFC", "invokeSpecialIFC"),
        DIRECT_INVOKE_STATIC("DMH.invokeStatic", "invokeStatic"),
        DIRECT_NEW_INVOKE_SPECIAL("DMH.newInvokeSpecial", "newInvokeSpecial"),
        DIRECT_INVOKE_INTERFACE("DMH.invokeInterface", "invokeInterface"),
        DIRECT_INVOKE_STATIC_INIT("DMH.invokeStaticInit", "invokeStaticInit"),
        GET_REFERENCE("getReference"),
        PUT_REFERENCE("putReference"),
        GET_REFERENCE_VOLATILE("getReferenceVolatile"),
        PUT_REFERENCE_VOLATILE("putReferenceVolatile"),
        GET_INT("getInt"),
        PUT_INT("putInt"),
        GET_INT_VOLATILE("getIntVolatile"),
        PUT_INT_VOLATILE("putIntVolatile"),
        GET_BOOLEAN("getBoolean"),
        PUT_BOOLEAN("putBoolean"),
        GET_BOOLEAN_VOLATILE("getBooleanVolatile"),
        PUT_BOOLEAN_VOLATILE("putBooleanVolatile"),
        GET_BYTE("getByte"),
        PUT_BYTE("putByte"),
        GET_BYTE_VOLATILE("getByteVolatile"),
        PUT_BYTE_VOLATILE("putByteVolatile"),
        GET_CHAR("getChar"),
        PUT_CHAR("putChar"),
        GET_CHAR_VOLATILE("getCharVolatile"),
        PUT_CHAR_VOLATILE("putCharVolatile"),
        GET_SHORT("getShort"),
        PUT_SHORT("putShort"),
        GET_SHORT_VOLATILE("getShortVolatile"),
        PUT_SHORT_VOLATILE("putShortVolatile"),
        GET_LONG("getLong"),
        PUT_LONG("putLong"),
        GET_LONG_VOLATILE("getLongVolatile"),
        PUT_LONG_VOLATILE("putLongVolatile"),
        GET_FLOAT("getFloat"),
        PUT_FLOAT("putFloat"),
        GET_FLOAT_VOLATILE("getFloatVolatile"),
        PUT_FLOAT_VOLATILE("putFloatVolatile"),
        GET_DOUBLE("getDouble"),
        PUT_DOUBLE("putDouble"),
        GET_DOUBLE_VOLATILE("getDoubleVolatile"),
        PUT_DOUBLE_VOLATILE("putDoubleVolatile"),
        TRY_FINALLY("tryFinally"),
        COLLECT("collect"),
        CONVERT("convert"),
        SPREAD("spread"),
        LOOP("loop"),
        FIELD("field"),
        GUARD("guard"),
        GUARD_WITH_CATCH("guardWithCatch"),
        VARHANDLE_EXACT_INVOKER("VH.exactInvoker"),
        VARHANDLE_INVOKER("VH.invoker", "invoker"),
        VARHANDLE_LINKER("VH.invoke_MT", "invoke_MT");

        final String defaultLambdaName;
        final String methodName;

        private Kind(String defaultLambdaName) {
            this(defaultLambdaName, defaultLambdaName);
        }

        private Kind(String defaultLambdaName, String methodName) {
            this.defaultLambdaName = defaultLambdaName;
            this.methodName = methodName;
        }
    }

    LambdaForm(int arity, Name[] names, int result) {
        this(arity, names, result, /*forceInline=*/true, /*customized=*/null, Kind.GENERIC);
    }
    LambdaForm(int arity, Name[] names, int result, Kind kind) {
        this(arity, names, result, /*forceInline=*/true, /*customized=*/null, kind);
    }
    LambdaForm(int arity, Name[] names, int result, boolean forceInline, MethodHandle customized) {
        this(arity, names, result, forceInline, customized, Kind.GENERIC);
    }
    LambdaForm(int arity, Name[] names, int result, boolean forceInline, MethodHandle customized, Kind kind) {
        assert(namesOK(arity, names));
        this.arity = arity;
        this.result = fixResult(result, names);
        this.names = names.clone();
        this.forceInline = forceInline;
        this.customized = customized;
        this.kind = kind;
        int maxOutArity = normalize();
        if (maxOutArity > MethodType.MAX_MH_INVOKER_ARITY) {
            // Cannot use LF interpreter on very high arity expressions.
            assert(maxOutArity <= MethodType.MAX_JVM_ARITY);
            compileToBytecode();
        }
    }
    LambdaForm(int arity, Name[] names) {
        this(arity, names, LAST_RESULT, /*forceInline=*/true, /*customized=*/null, Kind.GENERIC);
    }
    LambdaForm(int arity, Name[] names, Kind kind) {
        this(arity, names, LAST_RESULT, /*forceInline=*/true, /*customized=*/null, kind);
    }
    LambdaForm(int arity, Name[] names, boolean forceInline) {
        this(arity, names, LAST_RESULT, forceInline, /*customized=*/null, Kind.GENERIC);
    }
    LambdaForm(int arity, Name[] names, boolean forceInline, Kind kind) {
        this(arity, names, LAST_RESULT, forceInline, /*customized=*/null, kind);
    }
    LambdaForm(Name[] formals, Name[] temps, Name result) {
        this(formals.length, buildNames(formals, temps, result), LAST_RESULT, /*forceInline=*/true, /*customized=*/null);
    }
    LambdaForm(Name[] formals, Name[] temps, Name result, boolean forceInline) {
        this(formals.length, buildNames(formals, temps, result), LAST_RESULT, forceInline, /*customized=*/null);
    }

    private static Name[] buildNames(Name[] formals, Name[] temps, Name result) {
        int arity = formals.length;
        int length = arity + temps.length + (result == null ? 0 : 1);
        Name[] names = Arrays.copyOf(formals, length);
        System.arraycopy(temps, 0, names, arity, temps.length);
        if (result != null)
            names[length - 1] = result;
        return names;
    }

    private LambdaForm(MethodType mt) {
        // Make a blank lambda form, which returns a constant zero or null.
        // It is used as a template for managing the invocation of similar forms that are non-empty.
        // Called only from getPreparedForm.
        this.arity = mt.parameterCount();
        this.result = (mt.returnType() == void.class || mt.returnType() == Void.class) ? -1 : arity;
        this.names = buildEmptyNames(arity, mt, result == -1);
        this.forceInline = true;
        this.customized = null;
        this.kind = Kind.ZERO;
        assert(nameRefsAreLegal());
        assert(isEmpty());
        String sig = null;
        assert(isValidSignature(sig = basicTypeSignature()));
        assert(sig.equals(basicTypeSignature())) : sig + " != " + basicTypeSignature();
    }

    private static Name[] buildEmptyNames(int arity, MethodType mt, boolean isVoid) {
        Name[] names = arguments(isVoid ? 0 : 1, mt);
        if (!isVoid) {
            Name zero = new Name(constantZero(basicType(mt.returnType())));
            names[arity] = zero.newIndex(arity);
        }
        return names;
    }

    private static int fixResult(int result, Name[] names) {
        if (result == LAST_RESULT)
            result = names.length - 1;  // might still be void
        if (result >= 0 && names[result].type == V_TYPE)
            result = VOID_RESULT;
        return result;
    }

    static boolean debugNames() {
        return DEBUG_NAME_COUNTERS != null;
    }

    static void associateWithDebugName(LambdaForm form, String name) {
        assert (debugNames());
        synchronized (DEBUG_NAMES) {
            DEBUG_NAMES.put(form, name);
        }
    }

    String lambdaName() {
        if (DEBUG_NAMES != null) {
            synchronized (DEBUG_NAMES) {
                String name = DEBUG_NAMES.get(this);
                if (name == null) {
                    name = generateDebugName();
                }
                return name;
            }
        }
        return kind.defaultLambdaName;
    }

    private String generateDebugName() {
        assert (debugNames());
        String debugNameStem = kind.defaultLambdaName;
        Integer ctr = DEBUG_NAME_COUNTERS.getOrDefault(debugNameStem, 0);
        DEBUG_NAME_COUNTERS.put(debugNameStem, ctr + 1);
        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(debugNameStem);
        int leadingZero = buf.length();
        buf.append((int) ctr);
        for (int i = buf.length() - leadingZero; i < 3; i++) {
            buf.insert(leadingZero, '0');
        }
        buf.append('_');
        buf.append(basicTypeSignature());
        String name = buf.toString();
        associateWithDebugName(this, name);
        return name;
    }

    private static boolean namesOK(int arity, Name[] names) {
        for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
            Name n = names[i];
            assert(n != null) : "n is null";
            if (i < arity)
                assert( n.isParam()) : n + " is not param at " + i;
            else
                assert(!n.isParam()) : n + " is param at " + i;
        }
        return true;
    }

    
Customize LambdaForm for a particular MethodHandle /** Customize LambdaForm for a particular MethodHandle */
    LambdaForm customize(MethodHandle mh) {
        if (customized == mh) {
            return this;
        }
        LambdaForm customForm = new LambdaForm(arity, names, result, forceInline, mh, kind);
        if (COMPILE_THRESHOLD >= 0 && isCompiled) {
            // If shared LambdaForm has been compiled, compile customized version as well.
            customForm.compileToBytecode();
        }
        customForm.transformCache = this; // LambdaFormEditor should always use uncustomized form.
        return customForm;
    }

    
Get uncustomized flavor of the LambdaForm /** Get uncustomized flavor of the LambdaForm */
    LambdaForm uncustomize() {
        if (customized == null) {
            return this;
        }
        assert(transformCache != null); // Customized LambdaForm should always has a link to uncustomized version.
        LambdaForm uncustomizedForm = (LambdaForm)transformCache;
        if (COMPILE_THRESHOLD >= 0 && isCompiled) {
            // If customized LambdaForm has been compiled, compile uncustomized version as well.
            uncustomizedForm.compileToBytecode();
        }
        return uncustomizedForm;
    }

    
Renumber and/or replace params so that they are interned and canonically numbered.
 @return maximum argument list length among the names (since we have to pass over them anyway)
/** Renumber and/or replace params so that they are interned and canonically numbered.
     *  @return maximum argument list length among the names (since we have to pass over them anyway)
     */
    private int normalize() {
        Name[] oldNames = null;
        int maxOutArity = 0;
        int changesStart = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
            Name n = names[i];
            if (!n.initIndex(i)) {
                if (oldNames == null) {
                    oldNames = names.clone();
                    changesStart = i;
                }
                names[i] = n.cloneWithIndex(i);
            }
            if (n.arguments != null && maxOutArity < n.arguments.length)
                maxOutArity = n.arguments.length;
        }
        if (oldNames != null) {
            int startFixing = arity;
            if (startFixing <= changesStart)
                startFixing = changesStart+1;
            for (int i = startFixing; i < names.length; i++) {
                Name fixed = names[i].replaceNames(oldNames, names, changesStart, i);
                names[i] = fixed.newIndex(i);
            }
        }
        assert(nameRefsAreLegal());
        int maxInterned = Math.min(arity, INTERNED_ARGUMENT_LIMIT);
        boolean needIntern = false;
        for (int i = 0; i < maxInterned; i++) {
            Name n = names[i], n2 = internArgument(n);
            if (n != n2) {
                names[i] = n2;
                needIntern = true;
            }
        }
        if (needIntern) {
            for (int i = arity; i < names.length; i++) {
                names[i].internArguments();
            }
        }
        assert(nameRefsAreLegal());
        return maxOutArity;
    }

    
Check that all embedded Name references are localizable to this lambda,
and are properly ordered after their corresponding definitions.

Note that a Name can be local to multiple lambdas, as long as
it possesses the same index in each use site.
This allows Name references to be freely reused to construct
fresh lambdas, without confusion.
/**
     * Check that all embedded Name references are localizable to this lambda,
     * and are properly ordered after their corresponding definitions.
     * <p>
     * Note that a Name can be local to multiple lambdas, as long as
     * it possesses the same index in each use site.
     * This allows Name references to be freely reused to construct
     * fresh lambdas, without confusion.
     */
    boolean nameRefsAreLegal() {
        assert(arity >= 0 && arity <= names.length);
        assert(result >= -1 && result < names.length);
        // Do all names possess an index consistent with their local definition order?
        for (int i = 0; i < arity; i++) {
            Name n = names[i];
            assert(n.index() == i) : Arrays.asList(n.index(), i);
            assert(n.isParam());
        }
        // Also, do all local name references
        for (int i = arity; i < names.length; i++) {
            Name n = names[i];
            assert(n.index() == i);
            for (Object arg : n.arguments) {
                if (arg instanceof Name) {
                    Name n2 = (Name) arg;
                    int i2 = n2.index;
                    assert(0 <= i2 && i2 < names.length) : n.debugString() + ": 0 <= i2 && i2 < names.length: 0 <= " + i2 + " < " + names.length;
                    assert(names[i2] == n2) : Arrays.asList("-1-", i, "-2-", n.debugString(), "-3-", i2, "-4-", n2.debugString(), "-5-", names[i2].debugString(), "-6-", this);
                    assert(i2 < i);  // ref must come after def!
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /** Invoke this form on the given arguments. */
    // final Object invoke(Object... args) throws Throwable {
    //     // NYI: fit this into the fast path?
    //     return interpretWithArguments(args);
    // }

    
Report the return type. /** Report the return type. */
    BasicType returnType() {
        if (result < 0)  return V_TYPE;
        Name n = names[result];
        return n.type;
    }

    
Report the N-th argument type. /** Report the N-th argument type. */
    BasicType parameterType(int n) {
        return parameter(n).type;
    }

    
Report the N-th argument name. /** Report the N-th argument name. */
    Name parameter(int n) {
        assert(n < arity);
        Name param = names[n];
        assert(param.isParam());
        return param;
    }

    
Report the N-th argument type constraint. /** Report the N-th argument type constraint. */
    Object parameterConstraint(int n) {
        return parameter(n).constraint;
    }

    
Report the arity. /** Report the arity. */
    int arity() {
        return arity;
    }

    
Report the number of expressions (non-parameter names). /** Report the number of expressions (non-parameter names). */
    int expressionCount() {
        return names.length - arity;
    }

    
Return the method type corresponding to my basic type signature. /** Return the method type corresponding to my basic type signature. */
    MethodType methodType() {
        Class<?>[] ptypes = new Class<?>[arity];
        for (int i = 0; i < arity; ++i) {
            ptypes[i] = parameterType(i).btClass;
        }
        return MethodType.makeImpl(returnType().btClass, ptypes, true);
    }

    
Return ABC_Z, where the ABC are parameter type characters, and Z is the return type character. /** Return ABC_Z, where the ABC are parameter type characters, and Z is the return type character. */
    final String basicTypeSignature() {
        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(arity() + 3);
        for (int i = 0, a = arity(); i < a; i++)
            buf.append(parameterType(i).basicTypeChar());
        return buf.append('_').append(returnType().basicTypeChar()).toString();
    }
    static int signatureArity(String sig) {
        assert(isValidSignature(sig));
        return sig.indexOf('_');
    }
    static BasicType signatureReturn(String sig) {
        return basicType(sig.charAt(signatureArity(sig) + 1));
    }
    static boolean isValidSignature(String sig) {
        int arity = sig.indexOf('_');
        if (arity < 0)  return false;  // must be of the form *_*
        int siglen = sig.length();
        if (siglen != arity + 2)  return false;  // *_X
        for (int i = 0; i < siglen; i++) {
            if (i == arity)  continue;  // skip '_'
            char c = sig.charAt(i);
            if (c == 'V')
                return (i == siglen - 1 && arity == siglen - 2);
            if (!isArgBasicTypeChar(c))  return false; // must be [LIJFD]
        }
        return true;  // [LIJFD]*_[LIJFDV]
    }
    static MethodType signatureType(String sig) {
        Class<?>[] ptypes = new Class<?>[signatureArity(sig)];
        for (int i = 0; i < ptypes.length; i++)
            ptypes[i] = basicType(sig.charAt(i)).btClass;
        Class<?> rtype = signatureReturn(sig).btClass;
        return MethodType.makeImpl(rtype, ptypes, true);
    }
    static MethodType basicMethodType(MethodType mt) {
        return signatureType(basicTypeSignature(mt));
    }

    
Check if i-th name is a call to MethodHandleImpl.selectAlternative.
/**
     * Check if i-th name is a call to MethodHandleImpl.selectAlternative.
     */
    boolean isSelectAlternative(int pos) {
        // selectAlternative idiom:
        //   t_{n}:L=MethodHandleImpl.selectAlternative(...)
        //   t_{n+1}:?=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(t_{n}, ...)
        if (pos+1 >= names.length)  return false;
        Name name0 = names[pos];
        Name name1 = names[pos+1];
        return name0.refersTo(MethodHandleImpl.class, "selectAlternative") &&
                name1.isInvokeBasic() &&
                name1.lastUseIndex(name0) == 0 && // t_{n+1}:?=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(t_{n}, ...)
                lastUseIndex(name0) == pos+1;     // t_{n} is local: used only in t_{n+1}
    }

    private boolean isMatchingIdiom(int pos, String idiomName, int nArgs) {
        if (pos+2 >= names.length)  return false;
        Name name0 = names[pos];
        Name name1 = names[pos+1];
        Name name2 = names[pos+2];
        return name1.refersTo(MethodHandleImpl.class, idiomName) &&
                name0.isInvokeBasic() &&
                name2.isInvokeBasic() &&
                name1.lastUseIndex(name0) == nArgs && // t_{n+1}:L=MethodHandleImpl.<invoker>(<args>, t_{n});
                lastUseIndex(name0) == pos+1 &&       // t_{n} is local: used only in t_{n+1}
                name2.lastUseIndex(name1) == 1 &&     // t_{n+2}:?=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(*, t_{n+1})
                lastUseIndex(name1) == pos+2;         // t_{n+1} is local: used only in t_{n+2}
    }

    
Check if i-th name is a start of GuardWithCatch idiom.
/**
     * Check if i-th name is a start of GuardWithCatch idiom.
     */
    boolean isGuardWithCatch(int pos) {
        // GuardWithCatch idiom:
        //   t_{n}:L=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(...)
        //   t_{n+1}:L=MethodHandleImpl.guardWithCatch(*, *, *, t_{n});
        //   t_{n+2}:?=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(*, t_{n+1})
        return isMatchingIdiom(pos, "guardWithCatch", 3);
    }

    
Check if i-th name is a start of the tryFinally idiom.
/**
     * Check if i-th name is a start of the tryFinally idiom.
     */
    boolean isTryFinally(int pos) {
        // tryFinally idiom:
        //   t_{n}:L=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(...)
        //   t_{n+1}:L=MethodHandleImpl.tryFinally(*, *, t_{n})
        //   t_{n+2}:?=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(*, t_{n+1})
        return isMatchingIdiom(pos, "tryFinally", 2);
    }

    
Check if i-th name is a start of the loop idiom.
/**
     * Check if i-th name is a start of the loop idiom.
     */
    boolean isLoop(int pos) {
        // loop idiom:
        //   t_{n}:L=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(...)
        //   t_{n+1}:L=MethodHandleImpl.loop(types, *, t_{n})
        //   t_{n+2}:?=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(*, t_{n+1})
        return isMatchingIdiom(pos, "loop", 2);
    }

    /*
     * Code generation issues:
     *
     * Compiled LFs should be reusable in general.
     * The biggest issue is how to decide when to pull a name into
     * the bytecode, versus loading a reified form from the MH data.
     *
     * For example, an asType wrapper may require execution of a cast
     * after a call to a MH.  The target type of the cast can be placed
     * as a constant in the LF itself.  This will force the cast type
     * to be compiled into the bytecodes and native code for the MH.
     * Or, the target type of the cast can be erased in the LF, and
     * loaded from the MH data.  (Later on, if the MH as a whole is
     * inlined, the data will flow into the inlined instance of the LF,
     * as a constant, and the end result will be an optimal cast.)
     *
     * This erasure of cast types can be done with any use of
     * reference types.  It can also be done with whole method
     * handles.  Erasing a method handle might leave behind
     * LF code that executes correctly for any MH of a given
     * type, and load the required MH from the enclosing MH's data.
     * Or, the erasure might even erase the expected MT.
     *
     * Also, for direct MHs, the MemberName of the target
     * could be erased, and loaded from the containing direct MH.
     * As a simple case, a LF for all int-valued non-static
     * field getters would perform a cast on its input argument
     * (to non-constant base type derived from the MemberName)
     * and load an integer value from the input object
     * (at a non-constant offset also derived from the MemberName).
     * Such MN-erased LFs would be inlinable back to optimized
     * code, whenever a constant enclosing DMH is available
     * to supply a constant MN from its data.
     *
     * The main problem here is to keep LFs reasonably generic,
     * while ensuring that hot spots will inline good instances.
     * "Reasonably generic" means that we don't end up with
     * repeated versions of bytecode or machine code that do
     * not differ in their optimized form.  Repeated versions
     * of machine would have the undesirable overheads of
     * (a) redundant compilation work and (b) extra I$ pressure.
     * To control repeated versions, we need to be ready to
     * erase details from LFs and move them into MH data,
     * whenever those details are not relevant to significant
     * optimization.  "Significant" means optimization of
     * code that is actually hot.
     *
     * Achieving this may require dynamic splitting of MHs, by replacing
     * a generic LF with a more specialized one, on the same MH,
     * if (a) the MH is frequently executed and (b) the MH cannot
     * be inlined into a containing caller, such as an invokedynamic.
     *
     * Compiled LFs that are no longer used should be GC-able.
     * If they contain non-BCP references, they should be properly
     * interlinked with the class loader(s) that their embedded types
     * depend on.  This probably means that reusable compiled LFs
     * will be tabulated (indexed) on relevant class loaders,
     * or else that the tables that cache them will have weak links.
     */

    
Make this LF directly executable, as part of a MethodHandle.
Invariant:  Every MH which is invoked must prepare its LF
before invocation.
(In principle, the JVM could do this very lazily,
as a sort of pre-invocation linkage step.)
/**
     * Make this LF directly executable, as part of a MethodHandle.
     * Invariant:  Every MH which is invoked must prepare its LF
     * before invocation.
     * (In principle, the JVM could do this very lazily,
     * as a sort of pre-invocation linkage step.)
     */
    public void prepare() {
        if (COMPILE_THRESHOLD == 0 && !forceInterpretation() && !isCompiled) {
            compileToBytecode();
        }
        if (this.vmentry != null) {
            // already prepared (e.g., a primitive DMH invoker form)
            return;
        }
        MethodType mtype = methodType();
        LambdaForm prep = mtype.form().cachedLambdaForm(MethodTypeForm.LF_INTERPRET);
        if (prep == null) {
            assert (isValidSignature(basicTypeSignature()));
            prep = new LambdaForm(mtype);
            prep.vmentry = InvokerBytecodeGenerator.generateLambdaFormInterpreterEntryPoint(mtype);
            prep = mtype.form().setCachedLambdaForm(MethodTypeForm.LF_INTERPRET, prep);
        }
        this.vmentry = prep.vmentry;
        // TO DO: Maybe add invokeGeneric, invokeWithArguments
    }

    private static @Stable PerfCounter LF_FAILED;

    private static PerfCounter failedCompilationCounter() {
        if (LF_FAILED == null) {
            LF_FAILED = PerfCounter.newPerfCounter("java.lang.invoke.failedLambdaFormCompilations");
        }
        return LF_FAILED;
    }

    
Generate optimizable bytecode for this form. /** Generate optimizable bytecode for this form. */
    void compileToBytecode() {
        if (forceInterpretation()) {
            return; // this should not be compiled
        }
        if (vmentry != null && isCompiled) {
            return;  // already compiled somehow
        }

        // Obtain the invoker MethodType outside of the following try block.
        // This ensures that an IllegalArgumentException is directly thrown if the
        // type would have 256 or more parameters
        MethodType invokerType = methodType();
        assert(vmentry == null || vmentry.getMethodType().basicType().equals(invokerType));
        try {
            vmentry = InvokerBytecodeGenerator.generateCustomizedCode(this, invokerType);
            if (TRACE_INTERPRETER)
                traceInterpreter("compileToBytecode", this);
            isCompiled = true;
        } catch (InvokerBytecodeGenerator.BytecodeGenerationException bge) {
            // bytecode generation failed - mark this LambdaForm as to be run in interpretation mode only
            invocationCounter = -1;
            failedCompilationCounter().increment();
            if (LOG_LF_COMPILATION_FAILURE) {
                System.out.println("LambdaForm compilation failed: " + this);
                bge.printStackTrace(System.out);
            }
        } catch (Error e) {
            // Pass through any error
            throw e;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // Wrap any exception
            throw newInternalError(this.toString(), e);
        }
    }

    // The next few routines are called only from assert expressions
    // They verify that the built-in invokers process the correct raw data types.
    private static boolean argumentTypesMatch(String sig, Object[] av) {
        int arity = signatureArity(sig);
        assert(av.length == arity) : "av.length == arity: av.length=" + av.length + ", arity=" + arity;
        assert(av[0] instanceof MethodHandle) : "av[0] not instance of MethodHandle: " + av[0];
        MethodHandle mh = (MethodHandle) av[0];
        MethodType mt = mh.type();
        assert(mt.parameterCount() == arity-1);
        for (int i = 0; i < av.length; i++) {
            Class<?> pt = (i == 0 ? MethodHandle.class : mt.parameterType(i-1));
            assert(valueMatches(basicType(sig.charAt(i)), pt, av[i]));
        }
        return true;
    }
    private static boolean valueMatches(BasicType tc, Class<?> type, Object x) {
        // The following line is needed because (...)void method handles can use non-void invokers
        if (type == void.class)  tc = V_TYPE;   // can drop any kind of value
        assert tc == basicType(type) : tc + " == basicType(" + type + ")=" + basicType(type);
        switch (tc) {
        case I_TYPE: assert checkInt(type, x)   : "checkInt(" + type + "," + x +")";   break;
        case J_TYPE: assert x instanceof Long   : "instanceof Long: " + x;             break;
        case F_TYPE: assert x instanceof Float  : "instanceof Float: " + x;            break;
        case D_TYPE: assert x instanceof Double : "instanceof Double: " + x;           break;
        case L_TYPE: assert checkRef(type, x)   : "checkRef(" + type + "," + x + ")";  break;
        case V_TYPE: break;  // allow anything here; will be dropped
        default:  assert(false);
        }
        return true;
    }
    private static boolean checkInt(Class<?> type, Object x) {
        assert(x instanceof Integer);
        if (type == int.class)  return true;
        Wrapper w = Wrapper.forBasicType(type);
        assert(w.isSubwordOrInt());
        Object x1 = Wrapper.INT.wrap(w.wrap(x));
        return x.equals(x1);
    }
    private static boolean checkRef(Class<?> type, Object x) {
        assert(!type.isPrimitive());
        if (x == null)  return true;
        if (type.isInterface())  return true;
        return type.isInstance(x);
    }

    
If the invocation count hits the threshold we spin bytecodes and call that subsequently. /** If the invocation count hits the threshold we spin bytecodes and call that subsequently. */
    private static final int COMPILE_THRESHOLD;
    static {
        COMPILE_THRESHOLD = Math.max(-1, MethodHandleStatics.COMPILE_THRESHOLD);
    }
    private int invocationCounter = 0; // a value of -1 indicates LambdaForm interpretation mode forever

    private boolean forceInterpretation() {
        return invocationCounter == -1;
    }

    @Hidden
    @DontInline
    /** Interpretively invoke this form on the given arguments. */
    Object interpretWithArguments(Object... argumentValues) throws Throwable {
        if (TRACE_INTERPRETER)
            return interpretWithArgumentsTracing(argumentValues);
        checkInvocationCounter();
        assert(arityCheck(argumentValues));
        Object[] values = Arrays.copyOf(argumentValues, names.length);
        for (int i = argumentValues.length; i < values.length; i++) {
            values[i] = interpretName(names[i], values);
        }
        Object rv = (result < 0) ? null : values[result];
        assert(resultCheck(argumentValues, rv));
        return rv;
    }

    @Hidden
    @DontInline
    /** Evaluate a single Name within this form, applying its function to its arguments. */
    Object interpretName(Name name, Object[] values) throws Throwable {
        if (TRACE_INTERPRETER)
            traceInterpreter("| interpretName", name.debugString(), (Object[]) null);
        Object[] arguments = Arrays.copyOf(name.arguments, name.arguments.length, Object[].class);
        for (int i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
            Object a = arguments[i];
            if (a instanceof Name) {
                int i2 = ((Name)a).index();
                assert(names[i2] == a);
                a = values[i2];
                arguments[i] = a;
            }
        }
        return name.function.invokeWithArguments(arguments);
    }

    private void checkInvocationCounter() {
        if (COMPILE_THRESHOLD != 0 &&
            !forceInterpretation() && invocationCounter < COMPILE_THRESHOLD) {
            invocationCounter++;  // benign race
            if (invocationCounter >= COMPILE_THRESHOLD) {
                // Replace vmentry with a bytecode version of this LF.
                compileToBytecode();
            }
        }
    }
    Object interpretWithArgumentsTracing(Object... argumentValues) throws Throwable {
        traceInterpreter("[ interpretWithArguments", this, argumentValues);
        if (!forceInterpretation() && invocationCounter < COMPILE_THRESHOLD) {
            int ctr = invocationCounter++;  // benign race
            traceInterpreter("| invocationCounter", ctr);
            if (invocationCounter >= COMPILE_THRESHOLD) {
                compileToBytecode();
            }
        }
        Object rval;
        try {
            assert(arityCheck(argumentValues));
            Object[] values = Arrays.copyOf(argumentValues, names.length);
            for (int i = argumentValues.length; i < values.length; i++) {
                values[i] = interpretName(names[i], values);
            }
            rval = (result < 0) ? null : values[result];
        } catch (Throwable ex) {
            traceInterpreter("] throw =>", ex);
            throw ex;
        }
        traceInterpreter("] return =>", rval);
        return rval;
    }

    static void traceInterpreter(String event, Object obj, Object... args) {
        if (TRACE_INTERPRETER) {
            System.out.println("LFI: "+event+" "+(obj != null ? obj : "")+(args != null && args.length != 0 ? Arrays.asList(args) : ""));
        }
    }
    static void traceInterpreter(String event, Object obj) {
        traceInterpreter(event, obj, (Object[])null);
    }
    private boolean arityCheck(Object[] argumentValues) {
        assert(argumentValues.length == arity) : arity+"!="+Arrays.asList(argumentValues)+".length";
        // also check that the leading (receiver) argument is somehow bound to this LF:
        assert(argumentValues[0] instanceof MethodHandle) : "not MH: " + argumentValues[0];
        MethodHandle mh = (MethodHandle) argumentValues[0];
        assert(mh.internalForm() == this);
        // note:  argument #0 could also be an interface wrapper, in the future
        argumentTypesMatch(basicTypeSignature(), argumentValues);
        return true;
    }
    private boolean resultCheck(Object[] argumentValues, Object result) {
        MethodHandle mh = (MethodHandle) argumentValues[0];
        MethodType mt = mh.type();
        assert(valueMatches(returnType(), mt.returnType(), result));
        return true;
    }

    private boolean isEmpty() {
        if (result < 0)
            return (names.length == arity);
        else if (result == arity && names.length == arity + 1)
            return names[arity].isConstantZero();
        else
            return false;
    }

    public String toString() {
        String lambdaName = lambdaName();
        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(lambdaName + "=Lambda(");
        for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
            if (i == arity)  buf.append(")=>{");
            Name n = names[i];
            if (i >= arity)  buf.append("\n    ");
            buf.append(n.paramString());
            if (i < arity) {
                if (i+1 < arity)  buf.append(",");
                continue;
            }
            buf.append("=").append(n.exprString());
            buf.append(";");
        }
        if (arity == names.length)  buf.append(")=>{");
        buf.append(result < 0 ? "void" : names[result]).append("}");
        if (TRACE_INTERPRETER) {
            // Extra verbosity:
            buf.append(":").append(basicTypeSignature());
            buf.append("/").append(vmentry);
        }
        return buf.toString();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        return obj instanceof LambdaForm && equals((LambdaForm)obj);
    }
    public boolean equals(LambdaForm that) {
        if (this.result != that.result)  return false;
        return Arrays.equals(this.names, that.names);
    }
    public int hashCode() {
        return result + 31 * Arrays.hashCode(names);
    }
    LambdaFormEditor editor() {
        return LambdaFormEditor.lambdaFormEditor(this);
    }

    boolean contains(Name name) {
        int pos = name.index();
        if (pos >= 0) {
            return pos < names.length && name.equals(names[pos]);
        }
        for (int i = arity; i < names.length; i++) {
            if (name.equals(names[i]))
                return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    static class NamedFunction {
        final MemberName member;
        private @Stable MethodHandle resolvedHandle;
        @Stable MethodHandle invoker;
        private final MethodHandleImpl.Intrinsic intrinsicName;

        NamedFunction(MethodHandle resolvedHandle) {
            this(resolvedHandle.internalMemberName(), resolvedHandle, MethodHandleImpl.Intrinsic.NONE);
        }
        NamedFunction(MethodHandle resolvedHandle, MethodHandleImpl.Intrinsic intrinsic) {
            this(resolvedHandle.internalMemberName(), resolvedHandle, intrinsic);
        }
        NamedFunction(MemberName member, MethodHandle resolvedHandle) {
            this(member, resolvedHandle, MethodHandleImpl.Intrinsic.NONE);
        }
        NamedFunction(MemberName member, MethodHandle resolvedHandle, MethodHandleImpl.Intrinsic intrinsic) {
            this.member = member;
            this.resolvedHandle = resolvedHandle;
            this.intrinsicName = intrinsic;
            assert(resolvedHandle == null ||
                   resolvedHandle.intrinsicName() == MethodHandleImpl.Intrinsic.NONE ||
                   resolvedHandle.intrinsicName() == intrinsic) : resolvedHandle.intrinsicName() + " != " + intrinsic;
             // The following assert is almost always correct, but will fail for corner cases, such as PrivateInvokeTest.
             //assert(!isInvokeBasic(member));
        }
        NamedFunction(MethodType basicInvokerType) {
            assert(basicInvokerType == basicInvokerType.basicType()) : basicInvokerType;
            if (basicInvokerType.parameterSlotCount() < MethodType.MAX_MH_INVOKER_ARITY) {
                this.resolvedHandle = basicInvokerType.invokers().basicInvoker();
                this.member = resolvedHandle.internalMemberName();
            } else {
                // necessary to pass BigArityTest
                this.member = Invokers.invokeBasicMethod(basicInvokerType);
            }
            this.intrinsicName = MethodHandleImpl.Intrinsic.NONE;
            assert(isInvokeBasic(member));
        }

        private static boolean isInvokeBasic(MemberName member) {
            return member != null &&
                   member.getDeclaringClass() == MethodHandle.class &&
                  "invokeBasic".equals(member.getName());
        }

        // The next 2 constructors are used to break circular dependencies on MH.invokeStatic, etc.
        // Any LambdaForm containing such a member is not interpretable.
        // This is OK, since all such LFs are prepared with special primitive vmentry points.
        // And even without the resolvedHandle, the name can still be compiled and optimized.
        NamedFunction(Method method) {
            this(new MemberName(method));
        }
        NamedFunction(MemberName member) {
            this(member, null);
        }

        MethodHandle resolvedHandle() {
            if (resolvedHandle == null)  resolve();
            return resolvedHandle;
        }

        synchronized void resolve() {
            if (resolvedHandle == null) {
                resolvedHandle = DirectMethodHandle.make(member);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object other) {
            if (this == other) return true;
            if (other == null) return false;
            if (!(other instanceof NamedFunction)) return false;
            NamedFunction that = (NamedFunction) other;
            return this.member != null && this.member.equals(that.member);
        }

        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            if (member != null)
                return member.hashCode();
            return super.hashCode();
        }

        static final MethodType INVOKER_METHOD_TYPE =
            MethodType.methodType(Object.class, MethodHandle.class, Object[].class);

        private static MethodHandle computeInvoker(MethodTypeForm typeForm) {
            typeForm = typeForm.basicType().form();  // normalize to basic type
            MethodHandle mh = typeForm.cachedMethodHandle(MethodTypeForm.MH_NF_INV);
            if (mh != null)  return mh;
            MemberName invoker = InvokerBytecodeGenerator.generateNamedFunctionInvoker(typeForm);  // this could take a while
            mh = DirectMethodHandle.make(invoker);
            MethodHandle mh2 = typeForm.cachedMethodHandle(MethodTypeForm.MH_NF_INV);
            if (mh2 != null)  return mh2;  // benign race
            if (!mh.type().equals(INVOKER_METHOD_TYPE))
                throw newInternalError(mh.debugString());
            return typeForm.setCachedMethodHandle(MethodTypeForm.MH_NF_INV, mh);
        }

        @Hidden
        Object invokeWithArguments(Object... arguments) throws Throwable {
            // If we have a cached invoker, call it right away.
            // NOTE: The invoker always returns a reference value.
            if (TRACE_INTERPRETER)  return invokeWithArgumentsTracing(arguments);
            return invoker().invokeBasic(resolvedHandle(), arguments);
        }

        @Hidden
        Object invokeWithArgumentsTracing(Object[] arguments) throws Throwable {
            Object rval;
            try {
                traceInterpreter("[ call", this, arguments);
                if (invoker == null) {
                    traceInterpreter("| getInvoker", this);
                    invoker();
                }
                // resolvedHandle might be uninitialized, ok for tracing
                if (resolvedHandle == null) {
                    traceInterpreter("| resolve", this);
                    resolvedHandle();
                }
                rval = invoker().invokeBasic(resolvedHandle(), arguments);
            } catch (Throwable ex) {
                traceInterpreter("] throw =>", ex);
                throw ex;
            }
            traceInterpreter("] return =>", rval);
            return rval;
        }

        private MethodHandle invoker() {
            if (invoker != null)  return invoker;
            // Get an invoker and cache it.
            return invoker = computeInvoker(methodType().form());
        }

        MethodType methodType() {
            if (resolvedHandle != null)
                return resolvedHandle.type();
            else
                // only for certain internal LFs during bootstrapping
                return member.getInvocationType();
        }

        MemberName member() {
            assert(assertMemberIsConsistent());
            return member;
        }

        // Called only from assert.
        private boolean assertMemberIsConsistent() {
            if (resolvedHandle instanceof DirectMethodHandle) {
                MemberName m = resolvedHandle.internalMemberName();
                assert(m.equals(member));
            }
            return true;
        }

        Class<?> memberDeclaringClassOrNull() {
            return (member == null) ? null : member.getDeclaringClass();
        }

        BasicType returnType() {
            return basicType(methodType().returnType());
        }

        BasicType parameterType(int n) {
            return basicType(methodType().parameterType(n));
        }

        int arity() {
            return methodType().parameterCount();
        }

        public String toString() {
            if (member == null)  return String.valueOf(resolvedHandle);
            return member.getDeclaringClass().getSimpleName()+"."+member.getName();
        }

        public boolean isIdentity() {
            return this.equals(identity(returnType()));
        }

        public boolean isConstantZero() {
            return this.equals(constantZero(returnType()));
        }

        public MethodHandleImpl.Intrinsic intrinsicName() {
            return intrinsicName;
        }
    }

    public static String basicTypeSignature(MethodType type) {
        int params = type.parameterCount();
        char[] sig = new char[params + 2];
        int sigp = 0;
        while (sigp < params) {
            sig[sigp] = basicTypeChar(type.parameterType(sigp++));
        }
        sig[sigp++] = '_';
        sig[sigp++] = basicTypeChar(type.returnType());
        assert(sigp == sig.length);
        return String.valueOf(sig);
    }

    
Hack to make signatures more readable when they show up in method names.
Signature should start with a sequence of uppercase ASCII letters.
Runs of three or more are replaced by a single letter plus a decimal repeat count.
A tail of anything other than uppercase ASCII is passed through unchanged.
Params:
signature – sequence of uppercase ASCII letters with possible repetitions
Returns:
same sequence, with repetitions counted by decimal numerals/** Hack to make signatures more readable when they show up in method names.
     * Signature should start with a sequence of uppercase ASCII letters.
     * Runs of three or more are replaced by a single letter plus a decimal repeat count.
     * A tail of anything other than uppercase ASCII is passed through unchanged.
     * @param signature sequence of uppercase ASCII letters with possible repetitions
     * @return same sequence, with repetitions counted by decimal numerals
     */
    public static String shortenSignature(String signature) {
        final int NO_CHAR = -1, MIN_RUN = 3;
        int c0, c1 = NO_CHAR, c1reps = 0;
        StringBuilder buf = null;
        int len = signature.length();
        if (len < MIN_RUN)  return signature;
        for (int i = 0; i <= len; i++) {
            if (c1 != NO_CHAR && !('A' <= c1 && c1 <= 'Z')) {
                // wrong kind of char; bail out here
                if (buf != null) {
                    buf.append(signature.substring(i - c1reps, len));
                }
                break;
            }
            // shift in the next char:
            c0 = c1; c1 = (i == len ? NO_CHAR : signature.charAt(i));
            if (c1 == c0) { ++c1reps; continue; }
            // shift in the next count:
            int c0reps = c1reps; c1reps = 1;
            // end of a  character run
            if (c0reps < MIN_RUN) {
                if (buf != null) {
                    while (--c0reps >= 0)
                        buf.append((char)c0);
                }
                continue;
            }
            // found three or more in a row
            if (buf == null)
                buf = new StringBuilder().append(signature, 0, i - c0reps);
            buf.append((char)c0).append(c0reps);
        }
        return (buf == null) ? signature : buf.toString();
    }

    static final class Name {
        final BasicType type;
        @Stable short index;
        final NamedFunction function;
        final Object constraint;  // additional type information, if not null
        @Stable final Object[] arguments;

        private Name(int index, BasicType type, NamedFunction function, Object[] arguments) {
            this.index = (short)index;
            this.type = type;
            this.function = function;
            this.arguments = arguments;
            this.constraint = null;
            assert(this.index == index);
        }
        private Name(Name that, Object constraint) {
            this.index = that.index;
            this.type = that.type;
            this.function = that.function;
            this.arguments = that.arguments;
            this.constraint = constraint;
            assert(constraint == null || isParam());  // only params have constraints
            assert(constraint == null || constraint instanceof ClassSpecializer.SpeciesData || constraint instanceof Class);
        }
        Name(MethodHandle function, Object... arguments) {
            this(new NamedFunction(function), arguments);
        }
        Name(MethodType functionType, Object... arguments) {
            this(new NamedFunction(functionType), arguments);
            assert(arguments[0] instanceof Name && ((Name)arguments[0]).type == L_TYPE);
        }
        Name(MemberName function, Object... arguments) {
            this(new NamedFunction(function), arguments);
        }
        Name(NamedFunction function, Object... arguments) {
            this(-1, function.returnType(), function, arguments = Arrays.copyOf(arguments, arguments.length, Object[].class));
            assert(typesMatch(function, arguments));
        }
        
Create a raw parameter of the given type, with an expected index. /** Create a raw parameter of the given type, with an expected index. */
        Name(int index, BasicType type) {
            this(index, type, null, null);
        }
        
Create a raw parameter of the given type. /** Create a raw parameter of the given type. */
        Name(BasicType type) { this(-1, type); }

        BasicType type() { return type; }
        int index() { return index; }
        boolean initIndex(int i) {
            if (index != i) {
                if (index != -1)  return false;
                index = (short)i;
            }
            return true;
        }
        char typeChar() {
            return type.btChar;
        }

        void resolve() {
            if (function != null)
                function.resolve();
        }

        Name newIndex(int i) {
            if (initIndex(i))  return this;
            return cloneWithIndex(i);
        }
        Name cloneWithIndex(int i) {
            Object[] newArguments = (arguments == null) ? null : arguments.clone();
            return new Name(i, type, function, newArguments).withConstraint(constraint);
        }
        Name withConstraint(Object constraint) {
            if (constraint == this.constraint)  return this;
            return new Name(this, constraint);
        }
        Name replaceName(Name oldName, Name newName) {  // FIXME: use replaceNames uniformly
            if (oldName == newName)  return this;
            @SuppressWarnings("LocalVariableHidesMemberVariable")
            Object[] arguments = this.arguments;
            if (arguments == null)  return this;
            boolean replaced = false;
            for (int j = 0; j < arguments.length; j++) {
                if (arguments[j] == oldName) {
                    if (!replaced) {
                        replaced = true;
                        arguments = arguments.clone();
                    }
                    arguments[j] = newName;
                }
            }
            if (!replaced)  return this;
            return new Name(function, arguments);
        }
        
In the arguments of this Name, replace oldNames[i] pairwise by newNames[i]. Limit such replacements to start<=i<end. Return possibly changed self. /** In the arguments of this Name, replace oldNames[i] pairwise by newNames[i].
         *  Limit such replacements to {@code start<=i<end}.  Return possibly changed self.
         */
        Name replaceNames(Name[] oldNames, Name[] newNames, int start, int end) {
            if (start >= end)  return this;
            @SuppressWarnings("LocalVariableHidesMemberVariable")
            Object[] arguments = this.arguments;
            boolean replaced = false;
        eachArg:
            for (int j = 0; j < arguments.length; j++) {
                if (arguments[j] instanceof Name) {
                    Name n = (Name) arguments[j];
                    int check = n.index;
                    // harmless check to see if the thing is already in newNames:
                    if (check >= 0 && check < newNames.length && n == newNames[check])
                        continue eachArg;
                    // n might not have the correct index: n != oldNames[n.index].
                    for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
                        if (n == oldNames[i]) {
                            if (n == newNames[i])
                                continue eachArg;
                            if (!replaced) {
                                replaced = true;
                                arguments = arguments.clone();
                            }
                            arguments[j] = newNames[i];
                            continue eachArg;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (!replaced)  return this;
            return new Name(function, arguments);
        }
        void internArguments() {
            @SuppressWarnings("LocalVariableHidesMemberVariable")
            Object[] arguments = this.arguments;
            for (int j = 0; j < arguments.length; j++) {
                if (arguments[j] instanceof Name) {
                    Name n = (Name) arguments[j];
                    if (n.isParam() && n.index < INTERNED_ARGUMENT_LIMIT)
                        arguments[j] = internArgument(n);
                }
            }
        }
        boolean isParam() {
            return function == null;
        }
        boolean isConstantZero() {
            return !isParam() && arguments.length == 0 && function.isConstantZero();
        }

        boolean refersTo(Class<?> declaringClass, String methodName) {
            return function != null &&
                    function.member() != null && function.member().refersTo(declaringClass, methodName);
        }

        
Check if MemberName is a call to MethodHandle.invokeBasic.
/**
         * Check if MemberName is a call to MethodHandle.invokeBasic.
         */
        boolean isInvokeBasic() {
            if (function == null)
                return false;
            if (arguments.length < 1)
                return false;  // must have MH argument
            MemberName member = function.member();
            return member != null && member.refersTo(MethodHandle.class, "invokeBasic") &&
                    !member.isPublic() && !member.isStatic();
        }

        
Check if MemberName is a call to MethodHandle.linkToStatic, etc.
/**
         * Check if MemberName is a call to MethodHandle.linkToStatic, etc.
         */
        boolean isLinkerMethodInvoke() {
            if (function == null)
                return false;
            if (arguments.length < 1)
                return false;  // must have MH argument
            MemberName member = function.member();
            return member != null &&
                    member.getDeclaringClass() == MethodHandle.class &&
                    !member.isPublic() && member.isStatic() &&
                    member.getName().startsWith("linkTo");
        }

        public String toString() {
            return (isParam()?"a":"t")+(index >= 0 ? index : System.identityHashCode(this))+":"+typeChar();
        }
        public String debugString() {
            String s = paramString();
            return (function == null) ? s : s + "=" + exprString();
        }
        public String paramString() {
            String s = toString();
            Object c = constraint;
            if (c == null)
                return s;
            if (c instanceof Class)  c = ((Class<?>)c).getSimpleName();
            return s + "/" + c;
        }
        public String exprString() {
            if (function == null)  return toString();
            StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(function.toString());
            buf.append("(");
            String cma = "";
            for (Object a : arguments) {
                buf.append(cma); cma = ",";
                if (a instanceof Name || a instanceof Integer)
                    buf.append(a);
                else
                    buf.append("(").append(a).append(")");
            }
            buf.append(")");
            return buf.toString();
        }

        private boolean typesMatch(NamedFunction function, Object ... arguments) {
            assert(arguments.length == function.arity()) : "arity mismatch: arguments.length=" + arguments.length + " == function.arity()=" + function.arity() + " in " + debugString();
            for (int i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
                assert (typesMatch(function.parameterType(i), arguments[i])) : "types don't match: function.parameterType(" + i + ")=" + function.parameterType(i) + ", arguments[" + i + "]=" + arguments[i] + " in " + debugString();
            }
            return true;
        }

        private static boolean typesMatch(BasicType parameterType, Object object) {
            if (object instanceof Name) {
                return ((Name)object).type == parameterType;
            }
            switch (parameterType) {
                case I_TYPE:  return object instanceof Integer;
                case J_TYPE:  return object instanceof Long;
                case F_TYPE:  return object instanceof Float;
                case D_TYPE:  return object instanceof Double;
            }
            assert(parameterType == L_TYPE);
            return true;
        }

        
Return the index of the last occurrence of n in the argument array.
 Return -1 if the name is not used.
/** Return the index of the last occurrence of n in the argument array.
         *  Return -1 if the name is not used.
         */
        int lastUseIndex(Name n) {
            if (arguments == null)  return -1;
            for (int i = arguments.length; --i >= 0; ) {
                if (arguments[i] == n)  return i;
            }
            return -1;
        }

        
Return the number of occurrences of n in the argument array.
 Return 0 if the name is not used.
/** Return the number of occurrences of n in the argument array.
         *  Return 0 if the name is not used.
         */
        int useCount(Name n) {
            if (arguments == null)  return 0;
            int count = 0;
            for (int i = arguments.length; --i >= 0; ) {
                if (arguments[i] == n)  ++count;
            }
            return count;
        }

        boolean contains(Name n) {
            return this == n || lastUseIndex(n) >= 0;
        }

        public boolean equals(Name that) {
            if (this == that)  return true;
            if (isParam())
                // each parameter is a unique atom
                return false;  // this != that
            return
                //this.index == that.index &&
                this.type == that.type &&
                this.function.equals(that.function) &&
                Arrays.equals(this.arguments, that.arguments);
        }
        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object x) {
            return x instanceof Name && equals((Name)x);
        }
        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            if (isParam())
                return index | (type.ordinal() << 8);
            return function.hashCode() ^ Arrays.hashCode(arguments);
        }
    }

    
Return the index of the last name which contains n as an argument.
 Return -1 if the name is not used.  Return names.length if it is the return value.
/** Return the index of the last name which contains n as an argument.
     *  Return -1 if the name is not used.  Return names.length if it is the return value.
     */
    int lastUseIndex(Name n) {
        int ni = n.index, nmax = names.length;
        assert(names[ni] == n);
        if (result == ni)  return nmax;  // live all the way beyond the end
        for (int i = nmax; --i > ni; ) {
            if (names[i].lastUseIndex(n) >= 0)
                return i;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    
Return the number of times n is used as an argument or return value. /** Return the number of times n is used as an argument or return value. */
    int useCount(Name n) {
        int nmax = names.length;
        int end = lastUseIndex(n);
        if (end < 0)  return 0;
        int count = 0;
        if (end == nmax) { count++; end--; }
        int beg = n.index() + 1;
        if (beg < arity)  beg = arity;
        for (int i = beg; i <= end; i++) {
            count += names[i].useCount(n);
        }
        return count;
    }

    static Name argument(int which, BasicType type) {
        if (which >= INTERNED_ARGUMENT_LIMIT)
            return new Name(which, type);
        return INTERNED_ARGUMENTS[type.ordinal()][which];
    }
    static Name internArgument(Name n) {
        assert(n.isParam()) : "not param: " + n;
        assert(n.index < INTERNED_ARGUMENT_LIMIT);
        if (n.constraint != null)  return n;
        return argument(n.index, n.type);
    }
    static Name[] arguments(int extra, MethodType types) {
        int length = types.parameterCount();
        Name[] names = new Name[length + extra];
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
            names[i] = argument(i, basicType(types.parameterType(i)));
        return names;
    }
    static final int INTERNED_ARGUMENT_LIMIT = 10;
    private static final Name[][] INTERNED_ARGUMENTS
            = new Name[ARG_TYPE_LIMIT][INTERNED_ARGUMENT_LIMIT];
    static {
        for (BasicType type : BasicType.ARG_TYPES) {
            int ord = type.ordinal();
            for (int i = 0; i < INTERNED_ARGUMENTS[ord].length; i++) {
                INTERNED_ARGUMENTS[ord][i] = new Name(i, type);
            }
        }
    }

    private static final MemberName.Factory IMPL_NAMES = MemberName.getFactory();

    static LambdaForm identityForm(BasicType type) {
        int ord = type.ordinal();
        LambdaForm form = LF_identity[ord];
        if (form != null) {
            return form;
        }
        createFormsFor(type);
        return LF_identity[ord];
    }

    static LambdaForm zeroForm(BasicType type) {
        int ord = type.ordinal();
        LambdaForm form = LF_zero[ord];
        if (form != null) {
            return form;
        }
        createFormsFor(type);
        return LF_zero[ord];
    }

    static NamedFunction identity(BasicType type) {
        int ord = type.ordinal();
        NamedFunction function = NF_identity[ord];
        if (function != null) {
            return function;
        }
        createFormsFor(type);
        return NF_identity[ord];
    }

    static NamedFunction constantZero(BasicType type) {
        int ord = type.ordinal();
        NamedFunction function = NF_zero[ord];
        if (function != null) {
            return function;
        }
        createFormsFor(type);
        return NF_zero[ord];
    }

    private static final @Stable LambdaForm[] LF_identity = new LambdaForm[TYPE_LIMIT];
    private static final @Stable LambdaForm[] LF_zero = new LambdaForm[TYPE_LIMIT];
    private static final @Stable NamedFunction[] NF_identity = new NamedFunction[TYPE_LIMIT];
    private static final @Stable NamedFunction[] NF_zero = new NamedFunction[TYPE_LIMIT];

    private static final Object createFormsLock = new Object();
    private static void createFormsFor(BasicType type) {
        // Avoid racy initialization during bootstrap
        UNSAFE.ensureClassInitialized(BoundMethodHandle.class);
        synchronized (createFormsLock) {
            final int ord = type.ordinal();
            LambdaForm idForm = LF_identity[ord];
            if (idForm != null) {
                return;
            }
            char btChar = type.basicTypeChar();
            boolean isVoid = (type == V_TYPE);
            Class<?> btClass = type.btClass;
            MethodType zeType = MethodType.methodType(btClass);
            MethodType idType = (isVoid) ? zeType : MethodType.methodType(btClass, btClass);

            // Look up symbolic names.  It might not be necessary to have these,
            // but if we need to emit direct references to bytecodes, it helps.
            // Zero is built from a call to an identity function with a constant zero input.
            MemberName idMem = new MemberName(LambdaForm.class, "identity_"+btChar, idType, REF_invokeStatic);
            MemberName zeMem = null;
            try {
                idMem = IMPL_NAMES.resolveOrFail(REF_invokeStatic, idMem, null, LM_TRUSTED, NoSuchMethodException.class);
                if (!isVoid) {
                    zeMem = new MemberName(LambdaForm.class, "zero_"+btChar, zeType, REF_invokeStatic);
                    zeMem = IMPL_NAMES.resolveOrFail(REF_invokeStatic, zeMem, null, LM_TRUSTED, NoSuchMethodException.class);
                }
            } catch (IllegalAccessException|NoSuchMethodException ex) {
                throw newInternalError(ex);
            }

            NamedFunction idFun;
            LambdaForm zeForm;
            NamedFunction zeFun;

            // Create the LFs and NamedFunctions. Precompiling LFs to byte code is needed to break circular
            // bootstrap dependency on this method in case we're interpreting LFs
            if (isVoid) {
                Name[] idNames = new Name[] { argument(0, L_TYPE) };
                idForm = new LambdaForm(1, idNames, VOID_RESULT, Kind.IDENTITY);
                idForm.compileToBytecode();
                idFun = new NamedFunction(idMem, SimpleMethodHandle.make(idMem.getInvocationType(), idForm));

                zeForm = idForm;
                zeFun = idFun;
            } else {
                Name[] idNames = new Name[] { argument(0, L_TYPE), argument(1, type) };
                idForm = new LambdaForm(2, idNames, 1, Kind.IDENTITY);
                idForm.compileToBytecode();
                idFun = new NamedFunction(idMem, SimpleMethodHandle.make(idMem.getInvocationType(), idForm),
                            MethodHandleImpl.Intrinsic.IDENTITY);

                Object zeValue = Wrapper.forBasicType(btChar).zero();
                Name[] zeNames = new Name[] { argument(0, L_TYPE), new Name(idFun, zeValue) };
                zeForm = new LambdaForm(1, zeNames, 1, Kind.ZERO);
                zeForm.compileToBytecode();
                zeFun = new NamedFunction(zeMem, SimpleMethodHandle.make(zeMem.getInvocationType(), zeForm),
                        MethodHandleImpl.Intrinsic.ZERO);
            }

            LF_zero[ord] = zeForm;
            NF_zero[ord] = zeFun;
            LF_identity[ord] = idForm;
            NF_identity[ord] = idFun;

            assert(idFun.isIdentity());
            assert(zeFun.isConstantZero());
            assert(new Name(zeFun).isConstantZero());
        }
    }

    // Avoid appealing to ValueConversions at bootstrap time:
    private static int identity_I(int x) { return x; }
    private static long identity_J(long x) { return x; }
    private static float identity_F(float x) { return x; }
    private static double identity_D(double x) { return x; }
    private static Object identity_L(Object x) { return x; }
    private static void identity_V() { return; }
    private static int zero_I() { return 0; }
    private static long zero_J() { return 0; }
    private static float zero_F() { return 0; }
    private static double zero_D() { return 0; }
    private static Object zero_L() { return null; }

    
Internal marker for byte-compiled LambdaForms.
/**
     * Internal marker for byte-compiled LambdaForms.
     */
    /*non-public*/
    @Target(ElementType.METHOD)
    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
    @interface Compiled {
    }

    private static final HashMap<String,Integer> DEBUG_NAME_COUNTERS;
    private static final HashMap<LambdaForm,String> DEBUG_NAMES;
    static {
        if (debugEnabled()) {
            DEBUG_NAME_COUNTERS = new HashMap<>();
            DEBUG_NAMES = new HashMap<>();
        } else {
            DEBUG_NAME_COUNTERS = null;
            DEBUG_NAMES = null;
        }
    }

    static {
        // The Holder class will contain pre-generated forms resolved
        // using MemberName.getFactory(). However, that doesn't initialize the
        // class, which subtly breaks inlining etc. By forcing
        // initialization of the Holder class we avoid these issues.
        UNSAFE.ensureClassInitialized(Holder.class);
    }

    /* Placeholder class for zero and identity forms generated ahead of time */
    final class Holder {}

    // The following hack is necessary in order to suppress TRACE_INTERPRETER
    // during execution of the static initializes of this class.
    // Turning on TRACE_INTERPRETER too early will cause
    // stack overflows and other misbehavior during attempts to trace events
    // that occur during LambdaForm.<clinit>.
    // Therefore, do not move this line higher in this file, and do not remove.
    private static final boolean TRACE_INTERPRETER = MethodHandleStatics.TRACE_INTERPRETER;
}