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 * Copyright (c) 2005, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
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 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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 */
package javax.imageio.plugins.tiff;

import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import com.sun.imageio.plugins.tiff.TIFFFieldNode;
import com.sun.imageio.plugins.tiff.TIFFIFD;

A class representing a field in a TIFF 6.0 Image File Directory.
 A field in a TIFF Image File Directory (IFD) is defined as a tag number accompanied by a sequence of values of identical data type. TIFF 6.0 defines 12 data types; a 13th type IFD is defined in TIFF Tech Note 1 of TIFF Specification Supplement 1. These TIFF data types are referred to by Java constants and mapped internally onto Java language data types and type names as follows: 

TIFF Data Type to Java Data Type Mapping

  

    
TIFF Data Type
    
Java Constant
    
Java Data Type
    
Java Type Name


  

    
BYTE 
TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE 
byte 
"Byte" 

    
ASCII 
TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII 
String 
"Ascii" 

    
SHORT 
TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT 
char 
"Short" 

    
LONG 
TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG 
long 
"Long" 

    
RATIONAL 
TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL 
long[2] {numerator, denominator} 
"Rational" 

    
SBYTE 
TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE 
byte 
"SByte" 

    
UNDEFINED 
TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED 
byte 
"Undefined" 

    
SSHORT 
TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT 
short 
"SShort" 

    
SLONG 
TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG 
int 
"SLong" 

    
SRATIONAL 
TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL 
int[2] {numerator, denominator} 
"SRational" 

    
FLOAT 
TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT 
float 
"Float" 

    
DOUBLE 
TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE 
double 
"Double" 

    
IFD 
TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER 
long 
"IFDPointer" 


See Also:
TIFFDirectory
TIFFTag
Since:
9/**
 * A class representing a field in a TIFF 6.0 Image File Directory.
 *
 * <p> A field in a TIFF Image File Directory (IFD) is defined as a
 * tag number accompanied by a sequence of values of identical data type.
 * TIFF 6.0 defines 12 data types; a 13th type {@code IFD} is
 * defined in TIFF Tech Note 1 of TIFF Specification Supplement 1. These
 * TIFF data types are referred to by Java constants and mapped internally
 * onto Java language data types and type names as follows:
 *
 * <table class="striped">
 * <caption>TIFF Data Type to Java Data Type Mapping</caption>
 * <thead>
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="col">TIFF Data Type
 *     <th scope="col">Java Constant
 *     <th scope="col">Java Data Type
 *     <th scope="col">Java Type Name
 * </thead>
 * <tbody>
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code BYTE}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_BYTE}
 *     <td>{@code byte}
 *     <td>{@code "Byte"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code ASCII}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_ASCII}
 *     <td>{@code String}
 *     <td>{@code "Ascii"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code SHORT}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SHORT}
 *     <td>{@code char}
 *     <td>{@code "Short"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code LONG}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_LONG}
 *     <td>{@code long}
 *     <td>{@code "Long"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code RATIONAL}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_RATIONAL}
 *     <td>{@code long[2]} {numerator, denominator}
 *     <td>{@code "Rational"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code SBYTE}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SBYTE}
 *     <td>{@code byte}
 *     <td>{@code "SByte"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code UNDEFINED}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_UNDEFINED}
 *     <td>{@code byte}
 *     <td>{@code "Undefined"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code SSHORT}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SSHORT}
 *     <td>{@code short}
 *     <td>{@code "SShort"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code SLONG}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SLONG}
 *     <td>{@code int}
 *     <td>{@code "SLong"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code SRATIONAL}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SRATIONAL}
 *     <td>{@code int[2]} {numerator, denominator}
 *     <td>{@code "SRational"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code FLOAT}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_FLOAT}
 *     <td>{@code float}
 *     <td>{@code "Float"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code DOUBLE}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_DOUBLE}
 *     <td>{@code double}
 *     <td>{@code "Double"}
 *   <tr>
 *     <th scope="row">{@code IFD}
 *     <td>{@link TIFFTag#TIFF_IFD_POINTER}
 *     <td>{@code long}
 *     <td>{@code "IFDPointer"}
 *   </tr>
 * </tbody>
 * </table>
 *
 * @since 9
 * @see   TIFFDirectory
 * @see   TIFFTag
 */
public final class TIFFField implements Cloneable {

    private static final long MAX_UINT32 = 0xffffffffL;

    private static final String[] TYPE_NAMES = {
        null,
        "Byte", "Ascii", "Short", "Long", "Rational",
        "SByte", "Undefined", "SShort", "SLong", "SRational",
        "Float", "Double", "IFDPointer"
    };

    private static final boolean[] IS_INTEGRAL = {
        false,
        true, false, true, true, false,
        true, true, true, true, false,
        false, false, false
    };

    
The tag. /** The tag. */
    private TIFFTag tag;

    
The tag number. /** The tag number. */
    private int tagNumber;

    
The tag type. /** The tag type. */
    private int type;

    
The number of data items present in the field. /** The number of data items present in the field. */
    private int count;

    
The field data. /** The field data. */
    private Object data;

    
The IFD contents if available. This will usually be a TIFFIFD. /** The IFD contents if available. This will usually be a TIFFIFD. */
    private TIFFDirectory dir;

    
The default constructor. /** The default constructor. */
    private TIFFField() {}

    private static String getAttribute(Node node, String attrName) {
        NamedNodeMap attrs = node.getAttributes();
        return attrs.getNamedItem(attrName).getNodeValue();
    }

    private static void initData(Node node,
                                 int[] otype, int[] ocount, Object[] odata) {
        int type;
        int count;
        Object data = null;

        String typeName = node.getNodeName();
        typeName = typeName.substring(4);
        typeName = typeName.substring(0, typeName.length() - 1);
        type = TIFFField.getTypeByName(typeName);
        if (type == -1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("typeName = " + typeName);
        }

        Node child = node.getFirstChild();

        count = 0;
        while (child != null) {
            String childTypeName = child.getNodeName().substring(4);
            if (!typeName.equals(childTypeName)) {
                // warning
            }

            ++count;
            child = child.getNextSibling();
        }

        if (count > 0) {
            data = createArrayForType(type, count);
            child = node.getFirstChild();
            int idx = 0;
            while (child != null) {
                String value = getAttribute(child, "value");

                String numerator, denominator;
                int slashPos;

                switch (type) {
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
                    ((String[])data)[idx] = value;
                    break;
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
                    ((byte[])data)[idx] =
                        (byte)Integer.parseInt(value);
                    break;
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
                    ((char[])data)[idx] =
                        (char)Integer.parseInt(value);
                    break;
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
                    ((short[])data)[idx] =
                        (short)Integer.parseInt(value);
                    break;
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
                    ((int[])data)[idx] =
                        Integer.parseInt(value);
                    break;
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
                    ((long[])data)[idx] =
                        Long.parseLong(value);
                    break;
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
                    ((float[])data)[idx] =
                        Float.parseFloat(value);
                    break;
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
                    ((double[])data)[idx] =
                        Double.parseDouble(value);
                    break;
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
                    slashPos = value.indexOf("/");
                    numerator = value.substring(0, slashPos);
                    denominator = value.substring(slashPos + 1);

                    ((int[][])data)[idx] = new int[2];
                    ((int[][])data)[idx][0] =
                        Integer.parseInt(numerator);
                    ((int[][])data)[idx][1] =
                        Integer.parseInt(denominator);
                    break;
                case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
                    slashPos = value.indexOf("/");
                    numerator = value.substring(0, slashPos);
                    denominator = value.substring(slashPos + 1);

                    ((long[][])data)[idx] = new long[2];
                    ((long[][])data)[idx][0] =
                        Long.parseLong(numerator);
                    ((long[][])data)[idx][1] =
                        Long.parseLong(denominator);
                    break;
                default:
                    // error
                }

                idx++;
                child = child.getNextSibling();
            }
        }

        otype[0] = type;
        ocount[0] = count;
        odata[0] = data;
    }

    
Creates a TIFFField from a TIFF native image metadata node. If the value of the "number" attribute of the node is not found in tagSet then a new TIFFTag with name TIFFTag.UNKNOWN_TAG_NAME will be created and assigned to the field. 
Params:
tagSet – The TIFFTagSet to which the TIFFTag of the field belongs.
node – A native TIFF image metadata TIFFField node.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – If the Node parameter content does not adhere to the TIFFField element structure defined by the 
TIFF native image metadata format specification, or if the combination of node attributes and data is not legal per the TIFFField(TIFFTag, int, int, Object) constructor specification. Note that a cause might be set on such an exception.
Returns:
A new TIFFField./**
     * Creates a {@code TIFFField} from a TIFF native image
     * metadata node. If the value of the {@code "number"} attribute
     * of the node is not found in {@code tagSet} then a new
     * {@code TIFFTag} with name {@code TIFFTag.UNKNOWN_TAG_NAME}
     * will be created and assigned to the field.
     *
     * @param tagSet The {@code TIFFTagSet} to which the
     * {@code TIFFTag} of the field belongs.
     * @param node A native TIFF image metadata {@code TIFFField} node.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException If the {@code Node} parameter content
     * does not adhere to the {@code TIFFField} element structure defined by
     * the <a href="../../metadata/doc-files/tiff_metadata.html#ImageMetadata">
     * TIFF native image metadata format specification</a>, or if the
     * combination of node attributes and data is not legal per the
     * {@link #TIFFField(TIFFTag,int,int,Object)} constructor specification.
     * Note that a cause might be set on such an exception.
     * @return A new {@code TIFFField}.
     */
    public static TIFFField createFromMetadataNode(TIFFTagSet tagSet,
                                                   Node node) {
        if (node == null) {
            // This method is specified to throw only IllegalArgumentExceptions
            // so we create an IAE with a NullPointerException as its cause.
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(new NullPointerException
                ("node == null!"));
        }
        String name = node.getNodeName();
        if (!name.equals("TIFFField")) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("!name.equals(\"TIFFField\")");
        }

        int tagNumber = Integer.parseInt(getAttribute(node, "number"));
        TIFFTag tag = null;
        if (tagSet != null) {
            tag = tagSet.getTag(tagNumber);
        }

        int type = TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED;
        int count = 0;
        Object data = null;

        Node child = node.getFirstChild();
        if (child != null) {
            String typeName = child.getNodeName();
            if (typeName.equals("TIFFUndefined")) {
                String values = getAttribute(child, "value");
                StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(values, ",");
                count = st.countTokens();

                byte[] bdata = new byte[count];
                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
                    bdata[i] = (byte)Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken());
                }

                type = TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED;
                data = bdata;
            } else {
                int[] otype = new int[1];
                int[] ocount = new int[1];
                Object[] odata = new Object[1];

                initData(node.getFirstChild(), otype, ocount, odata);
                type = otype[0];
                count = ocount[0];
                data = odata[0];
            }
        } else if (tag != null) {
            int t = TIFFTag.MAX_DATATYPE;
            while(t >= TIFFTag.MIN_DATATYPE && !tag.isDataTypeOK(t)) {
                t--;
            }
            type = t;
        }

        if (tag == null) {
            tag = new TIFFTag(TIFFTag.UNKNOWN_TAG_NAME, tagNumber, 1 << type);
        }

        TIFFField field;
        try {
            field = new TIFFField(tag, type, count, data);
        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
            // This method is specified to throw only IllegalArgumentExceptions
            // so we catch the NullPointerException and set it as the cause of
            // the IAE which is thrown.
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(npe);
        }

        return field;
    }

    
Constructs a TIFFField with arbitrary data. The type parameter must be a value for which tag.isDataTypeOK() returns true. The data parameter must be an array of a Java type appropriate for the type of the TIFF field. 
Note that the value (data) of the TIFFField will always be the actual field value regardless of the number of bytes required for that value. This is the case despite the fact that the TIFF IFD Entry corresponding to the field may actually contain the offset to the value of the field rather than the value itself (the latter occurring if and only if the value fits into 4 bytes). In other words, the value of the field will already have been read from the TIFF stream. (An exception to this case may occur when the field represents the contents of a non-baseline IFD. In that case the data will be a long[] containing the offset to the IFD and the TIFFDirectory returned by getDirectory() will be its contents.) 
Params:
tag – The tag to associated with this field.
type – One of the TIFFTag.TIFF_* constants indicating the data type of the field as written to the TIFF stream.
count – The number of data values.
data – The actual data content of the field.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if tag == null.
IllegalArgumentException – if type is not one of the TIFFTag.TIFF_* data type constants.
IllegalArgumentException – if type is an unacceptable data type for the supplied TIFFTag.
IllegalArgumentException – if count < 0.
IllegalArgumentException – if count < 1 and type is TIFF_RATIONAL or TIFF_SRATIONAL.
IllegalArgumentException – if count != 1 and type is TIFF_IFD_POINTER.
NullPointerException – if data == null.
IllegalArgumentException – if data is an instance of a class incompatible with the specified type.
IllegalArgumentException – if the size of the data array is wrong.
IllegalArgumentException – if the type of the data array is TIFF_LONG, TIFF_RATIONAL, or TIFF_IFD_POINTER and any of the elements is negative or greater than 0xffffffff./**
     * Constructs a {@code TIFFField} with arbitrary data. The
     * {@code type} parameter must be a value for which
     * {@link TIFFTag#isDataTypeOK tag.isDataTypeOK()}
     * returns {@code true}. The {@code data} parameter must
     * be an array of a Java type appropriate for the type of the TIFF
     * field.
     *
     * <p>Note that the value (data) of the {@code TIFFField}
     * will always be the actual field value regardless of the number of
     * bytes required for that value. This is the case despite the fact
     * that the TIFF <i>IFD Entry</i> corresponding to the field may
     * actually contain the offset to the value of the field rather than
     * the value itself (the latter occurring if and only if the
     * value fits into 4 bytes). In other words, the value of the
     * field will already have been read from the TIFF stream. (An exception
     * to this case may occur when the field represents the contents of a
     * non-baseline IFD. In that case the data will be a {@code long[]}
     * containing the offset to the IFD and the {@code TIFFDirectory}
     * returned by {@link #getDirectory()} will be its contents.)
     *
     * @param tag The tag to associated with this field.
     * @param type One of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} constants
     * indicating the data type of the field as written to the TIFF stream.
     * @param count The number of data values.
     * @param data The actual data content of the field.
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code tag == null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is not
     * one of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} data type constants.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is an unacceptable
     * data type for the supplied {@code TIFFTag}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count < 0}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count < 1}
     * and {@code type} is {@code TIFF_RATIONAL} or
     * {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count != 1}
     * and {@code type} is {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER}.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code data == null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code data} is an instance of
     * a class incompatible with the specified type.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the size of the data array is wrong.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the type of the data array is
     * {@code TIFF_LONG}, {@code TIFF_RATIONAL}, or {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER}
     * and any of the elements is negative or greater than {@code 0xffffffff}.
     */
    public TIFFField(TIFFTag tag, int type, int count, Object data) {
        if(tag == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("tag == null!");
        } else if(type < TIFFTag.MIN_DATATYPE || type > TIFFTag.MAX_DATATYPE) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown data type "+type);
        } else if(!tag.isDataTypeOK(type)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal data type " + type
                + " for " + tag.getName() + " tag");
        } else if(count < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("count < 0!");
        } else if((type == TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL
                   || type == TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL)
                  && count < 1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException
                ("Type is TIFF_RATIONAL or TIFF_SRATIONAL and count < 1");
        } else if (type == TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER && count != 1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException
                ("Type is TIFF_IFD_POINTER and count != 1");
        } else if(data == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("data == null!");
        }

        boolean isDataArrayCorrect = false;

        switch (type) {
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
            isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof byte[]
                && ((byte[])data).length == count;
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
            isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof String[]
                && ((String[])data).length == count;
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
            isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof char[]
                && ((char[])data).length == count;
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
            isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof long[]
                && ((long[])data).length == count;
            if (isDataArrayCorrect) {
                for (long datum : (long[])data) {
                    if (datum < 0) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException
                            ("Negative value supplied for TIFF_LONG");
                    }
                    if (datum > MAX_UINT32) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException
                            ("Too large value supplied for TIFF_LONG");
                    }
                }
            }
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
            isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof long[]
                && ((long[])data).length == 1;
            if (((long[])data)[0] < 0) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException
                    ("Negative value supplied for TIFF_IFD_POINTER");
            }
            if (((long[])data)[0] > MAX_UINT32) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException
                    ("Too large value supplied for TIFF_IFD_POINTER");
            }
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
            isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof long[][]
                && ((long[][])data).length == count;
            if (isDataArrayCorrect) {
                for (long[] datum : (long[][])data) {
                    if (datum.length != 2) {
                        isDataArrayCorrect = false;
                        break;
                    }
                    if (datum[0] < 0 || datum[1] < 0) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException
                            ("Negative value supplied for TIFF_RATIONAL");
                    }
                    if (datum[0] > MAX_UINT32 || datum[1] > MAX_UINT32) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException
                            ("Too large value supplied for TIFF_RATIONAL");
                    }
                }
            }
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
            isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof short[]
                && ((short[])data).length == count;
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
            isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof int[]
                && ((int[])data).length == count;
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
            isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof int[][]
                && ((int[][])data).length == count;
            if (isDataArrayCorrect) {
                for (int[] datum : (int[][])data) {
                    if (datum.length != 2) {
                        isDataArrayCorrect = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
            isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof float[]
                && ((float[])data).length == count;
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
            isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof double[]
                && ((double[])data).length == count;
            break;
        default:
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown data type "+type);
        }

        if (!isDataArrayCorrect) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException
                ("Illegal class or length for data array");
        }

        this.tag = tag;
        this.tagNumber = tag.getNumber();
        this.type = type;
        this.count = count;
        this.data = data;
    }

    
Constructs a data array using 
createArrayForType() and invokes TIFFField(TIFFTag, int, int, Object) with the supplied parameters and the created array. 
Params:
tag – The tag to associated with this field.
type – One of the TIFFTag.TIFF_* constants indicating the data type of the field as written to the TIFF stream.
count – The number of data values.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if tag == null.
IllegalArgumentException – if type is not one of the TIFFTag.TIFF_* data type constants.
IllegalArgumentException – if type is an unacceptable data type for the supplied TIFFTag.
IllegalArgumentException – if count < 0.
IllegalArgumentException – if count < 1 and type is TIFF_RATIONAL or TIFF_SRATIONAL.
IllegalArgumentException – if count != 1 and type is TIFF_IFD_POINTER.
See Also:
TIFFField(TIFFTag, int, int, Object)/**
     * Constructs a data array using {@link #createArrayForType
     * createArrayForType()} and invokes
     * {@link #TIFFField(TIFFTag,int,int,Object)} with the supplied
     * parameters and the created array.
     *
     * @param tag The tag to associated with this field.
     * @param type One of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} constants
     * indicating the data type of the field as written to the TIFF stream.
     * @param count The number of data values.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code tag == null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is not
     * one of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} data type constants.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is an unacceptable
     * data type for the supplied {@code TIFFTag}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count < 0}.
     * @see #TIFFField(TIFFTag,int,int,Object)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count < 1}
     * and {@code type} is {@code TIFF_RATIONAL} or
     * {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count != 1}
     * and {@code type} is {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER}.
     */
    public TIFFField(TIFFTag tag, int type, int count) {
        this(tag, type, count, createArrayForType(type, count));
    }

    
Constructs a TIFFField with a single non-negative integral value. The field will have type TIFF_SHORT if value is in [0,0xffff], and type TIFF_LONG if value is in [0x10000,0xffffffff]. The count of the field will be unity. 
Params:
tag – The tag to associate with this field.
value – The value to associate with this field.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if tag == null.
IllegalArgumentException – if value is not in [0,0xffffffff].
IllegalArgumentException – if value is in [0,0xffff] and TIFF_SHORT is an unacceptable type for the TIFFTag, or if value is in [0x10000,0xffffffff] and TIFF_LONG is an unacceptable type for the TIFFTag./**
     * Constructs a {@code TIFFField} with a single non-negative integral
     * value. The field will have type {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SHORT TIFF_SHORT}
     * if {@code value} is in {@code [0,0xffff]}, and type
     * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_LONG TIFF_LONG} if {@code value} is in
     * {@code [0x10000,0xffffffff]}. The count of the field will be unity.
     *
     * @param tag The tag to associate with this field.
     * @param value The value to associate with this field.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code tag == null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code value} is not in
     * {@code [0,0xffffffff]}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code value} is in
     * {@code [0,0xffff]} and {@code TIFF_SHORT} is an unacceptable type
     * for the {@code TIFFTag}, or if {@code value} is in
     * {@code [0x10000,0xffffffff]} and {@code TIFF_LONG} is an unacceptable
     * type for the {@code TIFFTag}.
     */
    public TIFFField(TIFFTag tag, long value) {
        if(tag == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("tag == null!");
        }
        if (value < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("value < 0!");
        }
        if (value > MAX_UINT32) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("value > 0xffffffff!");
        }

        this.tag = tag;
        this.tagNumber = tag.getNumber();
        this.count = 1;

        if (value < 65536) {
            if (!tag.isDataTypeOK(TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT)) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal data type "
                    + getTypeName(TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT) + " for tag "
                    + "\"" + tag.getName() + "\"");
            }
            this.type = TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT;
            char[] cdata = new char[1];
            cdata[0] = (char)value;
            this.data = cdata;
        } else {
            if (!tag.isDataTypeOK(TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG)) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal data type "
                    + getTypeName(TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG) + " for tag "
                    + "\"" + tag.getName() + "\"");
            }
            this.type = TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG;
            long[] ldata = new long[1];
            ldata[0] = value;
            this.data = ldata;
        }
    }

    
Constructs a TIFFField with an IFD offset and contents. The offset will be stored as the data of this field as long[] {offset}. The directory will not be cloned. The count of the field will be unity. 
Params:
tag – The tag to associated with this field.
type – One of the constants TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG or TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER.
offset – The IFD offset.
dir – The directory.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if tag == null.
IllegalArgumentException – if type is an unacceptable data type for the supplied TIFFTag.
IllegalArgumentException – if type is neither TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG nor TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER.
IllegalArgumentException – if offset <= 0.
NullPointerException – if dir == null.
See Also:
TIFFField(TIFFTag, int, int, Object)/**
     * Constructs a {@code TIFFField} with an IFD offset and contents.
     * The offset will be stored as the data of this field as
     * {@code long[] {offset}}. The directory will not be cloned. The count
     * of the field will be unity.
     *
     * @param tag The tag to associated with this field.
     * @param type One of the constants {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG} or
     * {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER}.
     * @param offset The IFD offset.
     * @param dir The directory.
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code tag == null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is an unacceptable
     * data type for the supplied {@code TIFFTag}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is neither
     * {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG} nor {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code offset <= 0}.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code dir == null}.
     *
     * @see #TIFFField(TIFFTag,int,int,Object)
     */
    public TIFFField(TIFFTag tag, int type, long offset, TIFFDirectory dir) {
        if (tag == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("tag == null!");
        } else if (type < TIFFTag.MIN_DATATYPE || type > TIFFTag.MAX_DATATYPE) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown data type "+type);
        } else if (!tag.isDataTypeOK(type)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal data type " + type
                + " for " + tag.getName() + " tag");
        } else if (type != TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG
                   && type != TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("type " + type
                + " is neither TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG nor TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER");
        } else if (offset <= 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("offset " + offset
                + " is non-positive");
        } else if (dir == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("dir == null");
        }

        this.tag = tag;
        this.tagNumber = tag.getNumber();
        this.type = type;
        this.count = 1;
        this.data = new long[] {offset};

        this.dir = dir;
    }

    
Retrieves the tag associated with this field.
Returns:
The associated TIFFTag./**
     * Retrieves the tag associated with this field.
     *
     * @return The associated {@code TIFFTag}.
     */
    public TIFFTag getTag() {
        return tag;
    }

    
Retrieves the tag number in the range [0,65535]. 
Returns:
The tag number./**
     * Retrieves the tag number in the range {@code [0,65535]}.
     *
     * @return The tag number.
     */
    public int getTagNumber() {
        return tagNumber;
    }

    
Returns the type of the data stored in the field. For a TIFF 6.0 stream, the value will equal one of the TIFFTag.TIFF_* constants. For future revisions of TIFF, higher values are possible. 
Returns:
The data type of the field value./**
     * Returns the type of the data stored in the field.  For a TIFF 6.0
     * stream, the value will equal one of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*}
     * constants. For future revisions of TIFF, higher values are possible.
     *
     * @return The data type of the field value.
     */
    public int getType() {
        return type;
    }

    
Returns the name of the supplied data type constant.
Params:
dataType – One of the TIFFTag.TIFF_* constants indicating the data type of the field as written to the TIFF stream.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if dataType is not one of the TIFFTag.TIFF_* data type constants.
Returns:
The type name corresponding to the supplied type constant./**
     * Returns the name of the supplied data type constant.
     *
     * @param dataType One of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} constants
     * indicating the data type of the field as written to the TIFF stream.
     * @return The type name corresponding to the supplied type constant.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code dataType} is not
     * one of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} data type constants.
     */
    public static String getTypeName(int dataType) {
        if (dataType < TIFFTag.MIN_DATATYPE ||
            dataType > TIFFTag.MAX_DATATYPE) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown data type "+dataType);
        }

        return TYPE_NAMES[dataType];
    }

    
Returns the data type constant corresponding to the supplied data type name. If the name is unknown -1 will be returned. 
Params:
typeName – The type name.
Returns:
One of the TIFFTag.TIFF_* constants or -1 if the name is not recognized./**
     * Returns the data type constant corresponding to the supplied data
     * type name. If the name is unknown {@code -1} will be returned.
     *
     * @param typeName The type name.
     * @return One of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} constants or
     * {@code -1} if the name is not recognized.
     */
    public static int getTypeByName(String typeName) {
        for (int i = TIFFTag.MIN_DATATYPE; i <= TIFFTag.MAX_DATATYPE; i++) {
            if (typeName.equals(TYPE_NAMES[i])) {
                return i;
            }
        }

        return -1;
    }

    
Creates an array appropriate for the indicated data type.
Params:
dataType – One of the TIFFTag.TIFF_* data type constants.
count – The number of values in the array.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException – if dataType is not one of the TIFFTag.TIFF_* data type constants.
IllegalArgumentException – if count < 0.
IllegalArgumentException – if count < 1 and type is TIFF_RATIONAL or TIFF_SRATIONAL.
IllegalArgumentException – if count != 1 and type is TIFF_IFD_POINTER.
Returns:
An array appropriate for the specified data type./**
     * Creates an array appropriate for the indicated data type.
     *
     * @param dataType One of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} data type
     * constants.
     * @param count The number of values in the array.
     * @return An array appropriate for the specified data type.
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code dataType} is not
     * one of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} data type constants.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count < 0}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count < 1}
     * and {@code type} is {@code TIFF_RATIONAL} or
     * {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count != 1}
     * and {@code type} is {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER}.
     */
    public static Object createArrayForType(int dataType, int count) {

        if(count < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("count < 0!");
        } else if ((dataType == TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL
                   || dataType == TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL)
                  && count < 1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException
                ("Type is TIFF_RATIONAL or TIFF_SRATIONAL and count < 1");
        } else if (dataType == TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER && count != 1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException
                ("Type is TIFF_IFD_POINTER and count != 1");
        }

        switch (dataType) {
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
            return new byte[count];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
            return new String[count];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
            return new char[count];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
            return new long[count];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
            return new long[count][2];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
            return new short[count];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
            return new int[count];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
            return new int[count][2];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
            return new float[count];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
            return new double[count];
        default:
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown data type "+dataType);
        }
    }

    
Returns the TIFFField as a node named either "TIFFField" or "TIFFIFD" as described in the TIFF native image metadata specification. The node will be named "TIFFIFD" if and only if hasDirectory() returns true and the field's type is either TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG or TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER. 
Returns:
a Node named "TIFFField" or "TIFFIFD"./**
     * Returns the {@code TIFFField} as a node named either
     * {@code "TIFFField"} or {@code "TIFFIFD"} as described in the
     * TIFF native image metadata specification. The node will be named
     * {@code "TIFFIFD"} if and only if {@link #hasDirectory()} returns
     * {@code true} and the field's type is either {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_LONG}
     * or {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_IFD_POINTER}.
     *
     * @return a {@code Node} named {@code "TIFFField"} or
     * {@code "TIFFIFD"}.
     */
    public Node getAsNativeNode() {
        return new TIFFFieldNode(this);
    }

    
Indicates whether the value associated with the field is of
integral data type.
Returns:
Whether the field type is integral./**
     * Indicates whether the value associated with the field is of
     * integral data type.
     *
     * @return Whether the field type is integral.
     */
    public boolean isIntegral() {
        return IS_INTEGRAL[type];
    }

    
Returns the number of data items present in the field. For TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII fields, the value returned is the number of Strings, not the total length of the data as in the file representation. 
Returns:
The number of data items present in the field./**
     * Returns the number of data items present in the field.  For
     * {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII} fields, the value returned is the
     * number of {@code String}s, not the total length of the
     * data as in the file representation.
     *
     * @return The number of data items present in the field.
     */
    public int getCount() {
        return count;
    }

    
Returns a reference to the data object associated with the field.
Returns:
The data object of the field./**
     * Returns a reference to the data object associated with the field.
     *
     * @return The data object of the field.
     */
    public Object getData() {
        return data;
    }

    
Returns the data as an uninterpreted array of bytes. The type of the field must be one of TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE, TIFF_SBYTE, or TIFF_UNDEFINED. 
 For data in TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE format, the application must take care when promoting the data to longer integral types to avoid sign extension. 
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_BYTE, TIFF_SBYTE, or TIFF_UNDEFINED.
Returns:
The data as an uninterpreted array of bytes./**
     * Returns the data as an uninterpreted array of
     * {@code byte}s.  The type of the field must be one of
     * {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE}, {@code TIFF_SBYTE}, or
     * {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED}.
     *
     * <p> For data in {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE} format, the application
     * must take care when promoting the data to longer integral types
     * to avoid sign extension.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_BYTE}, {@code TIFF_SBYTE}, or
     * {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED}.
     * @return The data as an uninterpreted array of bytes.
     */
    public byte[] getAsBytes() {
        return (byte[])data;
    }

    
Returns TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT data as an array of chars (unsigned 16-bit integers). 
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_SHORT.
Returns:
The data as an array of chars./**
     * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT} data as an array of
     * {@code char}s (unsigned 16-bit integers).
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_SHORT}.
     * @return The data as an array of {@code char}s.
     */
    public char[] getAsChars() {
        return (char[])data;
    }

    
Returns TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT data as an array of shorts (signed 16-bit integers). 
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_SSHORT.
Returns:
The data as an array of shorts./**
     * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT} data as an array of
     * {@code short}s (signed 16-bit integers).
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_SSHORT}.
     * @return The data as an array of {@code short}s.
     */
    public short[] getAsShorts() {
        return (short[])data;
    }

    
Returns TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG data as an array of ints (signed 32-bit integers). 
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_SHORT, TIFF_SSHORT, or TIFF_SLONG.
Returns:
The data as an array of ints./**
     * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG} data as an array of
     * {@code int}s (signed 32-bit integers).
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_SHORT}, {@code TIFF_SSHORT}, or
     * {@code TIFF_SLONG}.
     * @return The data as an array of {@code int}s.
     */
    public int[] getAsInts() {
        if (data instanceof int[]) {
            return (int[])data;
        } else if (data instanceof char[]){
            char[] cdata = (char[])data;
            int[] idata = new int[cdata.length];
            for (int i = 0; i < cdata.length; i++) {
                idata[i] = cdata[i] & 0xffff;
            }
            return idata;
        } else if (data instanceof short[]){
            short[] sdata = (short[])data;
            int[] idata = new int[sdata.length];
            for (int i = 0; i < sdata.length; i++) {
                idata[i] = (int)sdata[i];
            }
            return idata;
        } else {
            throw new ClassCastException("Data not char[], short[], or int[]!");
        }
    }

    
Returns TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG or TIFF_IFD_POINTER data as an array of longs (signed 64-bit integers). 
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_LONG or TIFF_IFD_POINTER.
Returns:
The data as an array of longs./**
     * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG} or
     * {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER} data as an array of
     * {@code long}s (signed 64-bit integers).
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_LONG} or {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER}.
     * @return The data as an array of {@code long}s.
     */
    public long[] getAsLongs() {
        return (long[])data;
    }

    
Returns TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT data as an array of floats (32-bit floating-point values). 
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_FLOAT.
Returns:
The data as an array of floats./**
     * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT} data as an array of
     * {@code float}s (32-bit floating-point values).
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_FLOAT}.
     * @return The data as an array of {@code float}s.
     */
    public float[] getAsFloats() {
        return (float[])data;
    }

    
Returns TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE data as an array of doubles (64-bit floating-point values). 
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_DOUBLE.
Returns:
The data as an array of doubles./**
     * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE} data as an array of
     * {@code double}s (64-bit floating-point values).
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_DOUBLE}.
     * @return The data as an array of {@code double}s.
     */
    public double[] getAsDoubles() {
        return (double[])data;
    }

    
Returns TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL data as an array of 2-element arrays of ints. 
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_SRATIONAL.
Returns:
The data as an array of signed rationals./**
     * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL} data as an array of
     * 2-element arrays of {@code int}s.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL}.
     * @return The data as an array of signed rationals.
     */
    public int[][] getAsSRationals() {
        return (int[][])data;
    }

    
Returns TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL data as an array of 2-element arrays of longs. 
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_RATIONAL.
Returns:
The data as an array of unsigned rationals./**
     * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL} data as an array of
     * 2-element arrays of {@code long}s.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_RATIONAL}.
     * @return The data as an array of unsigned rationals.
     */
    public long[][] getAsRationals() {
        return (long[][])data;
    }

    
Returns data in any format as an int. 
 TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE values are treated as unsigned; that is, no sign extension will take place and the returned value will be in the range [0, 255]. TIFF_SBYTE data will be returned in the range [-128, 127]. 
 A TIFF_UNDEFINED value is treated as though it were a TIFF_BYTE. 
 Data in TIFF_SLONG, TIFF_LONG, TIFF_FLOAT, TIFF_DOUBLE or TIFF_IFD_POINTER format are simply cast to int and may suffer from truncation. 
 Data in TIFF_SRATIONAL or TIFF_RATIONAL format are evaluated by dividing the numerator into the denominator using double-precision arithmetic and then casting to int. Loss of precision and truncation may occur. 
 Data in TIFF_ASCII format will be parsed as by the Double.parseDouble method, with the result case to int. 
Params:
index – The index of the data.
Returns:
The data at the given index as an int./**
     * Returns data in any format as an {@code int}.
     *
     * <p> {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE} values are treated as unsigned; that
     * is, no sign extension will take place and the returned value
     * will be in the range [0, 255].  {@code TIFF_SBYTE} data
     * will be returned in the range [-128, 127].
     *
     * <p> A {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED} value is treated as though
     * it were a {@code TIFF_BYTE}.
     *
     * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_SLONG}, {@code TIFF_LONG},
     * {@code TIFF_FLOAT}, {@code TIFF_DOUBLE} or
     * {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER} format are simply cast to
     * {@code int} and may suffer from truncation.
     *
     * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL} or
     * {@code TIFF_RATIONAL} format are evaluated by dividing the
     * numerator into the denominator using double-precision
     * arithmetic and then casting to {@code int}.  Loss of
     * precision and truncation may occur.
     *
     * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_ASCII} format will be parsed as by
     * the {@code Double.parseDouble} method, with the result
     * case to {@code int}.
     *
     * @param index The index of the data.
     * @return The data at the given index as an {@code int}.
     */
    public int getAsInt(int index) {
        switch (type) {
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
            return ((byte[])data)[index] & 0xff;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
            return ((byte[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
            return ((char[])data)[index] & 0xffff;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
            return ((short[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
            return ((int[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
            return (int)((long[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
            return (int)((float[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
            return (int)((double[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
            int[] ivalue = getAsSRational(index);
            return (int)((double)ivalue[0]/ivalue[1]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
            long[] lvalue = getAsRational(index);
            return (int)((double)lvalue[0]/lvalue[1]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
             String s = ((String[])data)[index];
             return (int)Double.parseDouble(s);
        default:
            throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
        }
    }

    
Returns data in any format as a long. 
 TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE and TIFF_UNDEFINED data are treated as unsigned; that is, no sign extension will take place and the returned value will be in the range [0, 255]. TIFF_SBYTE data will be returned in the range [-128, 127]. 
 Data in TIFF_FLOAT and TIFF_DOUBLE are simply cast to long and may suffer from truncation. 
 Data in TIFF_SRATIONAL or TIFF_RATIONAL format are evaluated by dividing the numerator into the denominator using double-precision arithmetic and then casting to long. Loss of precision and truncation may occur. 
 Data in TIFF_ASCII format will be parsed as by the Double.parseDouble method, with the result cast to long. 
Params:
index – The index of the data.
Returns:
The data at the given index as a long./**
     * Returns data in any format as a {@code long}.
     *
     * <p> {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE} and {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED} data
     * are treated as unsigned; that is, no sign extension will take
     * place and the returned value will be in the range [0, 255].
     * {@code TIFF_SBYTE} data will be returned in the range
     * [-128, 127].
     *
     * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_FLOAT} and {@code TIFF_DOUBLE} are
     * simply cast to {@code long} and may suffer from truncation.
     *
     * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL} or
     * {@code TIFF_RATIONAL} format are evaluated by dividing the
     * numerator into the denominator using double-precision
     * arithmetic and then casting to {@code long}.  Loss of
     * precision and truncation may occur.
     *
     * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_ASCII} format will be parsed as by
     * the {@code Double.parseDouble} method, with the result
     * cast to {@code long}.
     *
     * @param index The index of the data.
     * @return The data at the given index as a {@code long}.
     */
    public long getAsLong(int index) {
        switch (type) {
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
            return ((byte[])data)[index] & 0xff;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
            return ((byte[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
            return ((char[])data)[index] & 0xffff;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
            return ((short[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
            return ((int[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
            return ((long[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
            return (long)((float[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
            return (long)((double[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
            int[] ivalue = getAsSRational(index);
            return (long)((double)ivalue[0]/ivalue[1]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
            long[] lvalue = getAsRational(index);
            return (long)((double)lvalue[0]/lvalue[1]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
             String s = ((String[])data)[index];
             return (long)Double.parseDouble(s);
        default:
            throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
        }
    }

    
Returns data in any format as a float. 
 TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE and TIFF_UNDEFINED data are treated as unsigned; that is, no sign extension will take place and the returned value will be in the range [0, 255]. TIFF_SBYTE data will be returned in the range [-128, 127]. 
 Data in TIFF_SLONG, TIFF_LONG, TIFF_DOUBLE, or TIFF_IFD_POINTER format are simply cast to float and may suffer from truncation. 
 Data in TIFF_SRATIONAL or TIFF_RATIONAL format are evaluated by dividing the numerator into the denominator using double-precision arithmetic and then casting to float. 
 Data in TIFF_ASCII format will be parsed as by the Double.parseDouble method, with the result cast to float. 
Params:
index – The index of the data.
Returns:
The data at the given index as a float./**
     * Returns data in any format as a {@code float}.
     *
     * <p> {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE} and {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED} data
     * are treated as unsigned; that is, no sign extension will take
     * place and the returned value will be in the range [0, 255].
     * {@code TIFF_SBYTE} data will be returned in the range
     * [-128, 127].
     *
     * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_SLONG}, {@code TIFF_LONG},
     * {@code TIFF_DOUBLE}, or {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER} format are
     * simply cast to {@code float} and may suffer from
     * truncation.
     *
     * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL} or
     * {@code TIFF_RATIONAL} format are evaluated by dividing the
     * numerator into the denominator using double-precision
     * arithmetic and then casting to {@code float}.
     *
     * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_ASCII} format will be parsed as by
     * the {@code Double.parseDouble} method, with the result
     * cast to {@code float}.
     *
     * @param index The index of the data.
     * @return The data at the given index as a {@code float}.
     */
    public float getAsFloat(int index) {
        switch (type) {
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
            return ((byte[])data)[index] & 0xff;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
            return ((byte[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
            return ((char[])data)[index] & 0xffff;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
            return ((short[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
            return ((int[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
            return ((long[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
            return ((float[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
            return (float)((double[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
            int[] ivalue = getAsSRational(index);
            return (float)((double)ivalue[0]/ivalue[1]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
            long[] lvalue = getAsRational(index);
            return (float)((double)lvalue[0]/lvalue[1]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
             String s = ((String[])data)[index];
             return (float)Double.parseDouble(s);
        default:
            throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
        }
    }

    
Returns data in any format as a double. 
 TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE and TIFF_UNDEFINED data are treated as unsigned; that is, no sign extension will take place and the returned value will be in the range [0, 255]. TIFF_SBYTE data will be returned in the range [-128, 127]. 
 Data in TIFF_SRATIONAL or TIFF_RATIONAL format are evaluated by dividing the numerator into the denominator using double-precision arithmetic. 
 Data in TIFF_ASCII format will be parsed as by the Double.parseDouble method. 
Params:
index – The index of the data.
Returns:
The data at the given index as a double./**
     * Returns data in any format as a {@code double}.
     *
     * <p> {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE} and {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED} data
     * are treated as unsigned; that is, no sign extension will take
     * place and the returned value will be in the range [0, 255].
     * {@code TIFF_SBYTE} data will be returned in the range
     * [-128, 127].
     *
     * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL} or
     * {@code TIFF_RATIONAL} format are evaluated by dividing the
     * numerator into the denominator using double-precision
     * arithmetic.
     *
     * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_ASCII} format will be parsed as by
     * the {@code Double.parseDouble} method.
     *
     * @param index The index of the data.
     * @return The data at the given index as a {@code double}.
     */
    public double getAsDouble(int index) {
        switch (type) {
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
            return ((byte[])data)[index] & 0xff;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
            return ((byte[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
            return ((char[])data)[index] & 0xffff;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
            return ((short[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
            return ((int[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
            return ((long[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
            return ((float[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
            return ((double[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
            int[] ivalue = getAsSRational(index);
            return (double)ivalue[0]/ivalue[1];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
            long[] lvalue = getAsRational(index);
            return (double)lvalue[0]/lvalue[1];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
             String s = ((String[])data)[index];
             return Double.parseDouble(s);
        default:
            throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
        }
    }

    
Returns a TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII value as a String. 
Params:
index – The index of the data.
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_ASCII.
Returns:
The data at the given index as a String./**
     * Returns a {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII} value as a
     * {@code String}.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_ASCII}.
     *
     * @param index The index of the data.
     * @return The data at the given index as a {@code String}.
     */
    public String getAsString(int index) {
        return ((String[])data)[index];
    }

    
Returns a TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL data item as a two-element array of ints. 
Params:
index – The index of the data.
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_SRATIONAL.
Returns:
The data at the given index as a signed rational./**
     * Returns a {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL} data item as a
     * two-element array of {@code int}s.
     *
     * @param index The index of the data.
     * @return The data at the given index as a signed rational.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL}.
     */
    public int[] getAsSRational(int index) {
        return ((int[][])data)[index];
    }

    
Returns a TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL data item as a two-element array
of ints.
Params:
index – The index of the data.
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of type TIFF_RATIONAL.
Returns:
The data at the given index as an unsigned rational./**
     * Returns a TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL data item as a two-element array
     * of ints.
     *
     * @param index The index of the data.
     * @return The data at the given index as an unsigned rational.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
     * {@code TIFF_RATIONAL}.
     */
    public long[] getAsRational(int index) {
        return ((long[][])data)[index];
    }


    
Returns a String containing a human-readable version of the data item. Data of type TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL or TIFF_SRATIONAL are represented as a pair of integers separated by a '/' character. If the numerator of a TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL or TIFF_SRATIONAL is an integral multiple of the denominator, then the value is represented as "q/1" where q is the quotient of the numerator and denominator. 
Params:
index – The index of the data.
Throws:
ClassCastException – if the field is not of one of the
legal field types.
Returns:
The data at the given index as a String./**
     * Returns a {@code String} containing a human-readable
     * version of the data item.  Data of type
     * {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL} or {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL} are
     * represented as a pair of integers separated by a
     * {@code '/'} character.  If the numerator of a
     * {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL} or {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL} is an integral
     * multiple of the denominator, then the value is represented as
     * {@code "q/1"} where {@code q} is the quotient of the numerator and
     * denominator.
     *
     * @param index The index of the data.
     * @return The data at the given index as a {@code String}.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of one of the
     * legal field types.
     */
    public String getValueAsString(int index) {
        switch (type) {
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
            return ((String[])data)[index];
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
            return Integer.toString(((byte[])data)[index] & 0xff);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
            return Integer.toString(((byte[])data)[index]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
            return Integer.toString(((char[])data)[index] & 0xffff);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
            return Integer.toString(((short[])data)[index]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
            return Integer.toString(((int[])data)[index]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
            return Long.toString(((long[])data)[index]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
            return Float.toString(((float[])data)[index]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
            return Double.toString(((double[])data)[index]);
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
            int[] ivalue = getAsSRational(index);
            String srationalString;
            if(ivalue[1] != 0 && ivalue[0] % ivalue[1] == 0) {
                // If the denominator is a non-zero integral divisor
                // of the numerator then convert the fraction to be
                // with respect to a unity denominator.
                srationalString =
                    Integer.toString(ivalue[0] / ivalue[1]) + "/1";
            } else {
                // Use the values directly.
                srationalString =
                    Integer.toString(ivalue[0]) +
                    "/" +
                    Integer.toString(ivalue[1]);
            }
            return srationalString;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
            long[] lvalue = getAsRational(index);
            String rationalString;
            if(lvalue[1] != 0L && lvalue[0] % lvalue[1] == 0) {
                // If the denominator is a non-zero integral divisor
                // of the numerator then convert the fraction to be
                // with respect to a unity denominator.
                rationalString =
                    Long.toString(lvalue[0] / lvalue[1]) + "/1";
            } else {
                // Use the values directly.
                rationalString =
                    Long.toString(lvalue[0]) +
                    "/" +
                    Long.toString(lvalue[1]);
            }
            return rationalString;
        default:
            throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
        }
    }

    
Returns whether the field has a TIFFDirectory. 
Returns:
true if and only if getDirectory() returns non-null./**
     * Returns whether the field has a {@code TIFFDirectory}.
     *
     * @return true if and only if getDirectory() returns non-null.
     */
    public boolean hasDirectory() {
        return getDirectory() != null;
    }

    
Returns the associated TIFFDirectory, if available. If no directory is set, then null will be returned. 
Returns:
the TIFFDirectory instance or null./**
     * Returns the associated {@code TIFFDirectory}, if available. If no
     * directory is set, then {@code null} will be returned.
     *
     * @return the TIFFDirectory instance or null.
     */
    public TIFFDirectory getDirectory() {
        return dir;
    }

    
Clones the field and all the information contained therein.
Throws:
CloneNotSupportedException – if the instance cannot be cloned.
Returns:
A clone of this TIFFField./**
     * Clones the field and all the information contained therein.
     *
     * @return A clone of this {@code TIFFField}.
     * @throws CloneNotSupportedException if the instance cannot be cloned.
     */
    @Override
    public TIFFField clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        TIFFField field = (TIFFField)super.clone();

        Object fieldData;
        switch (type) {
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
            fieldData = ((byte[])data).clone();
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
            fieldData = ((char[])data).clone();
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
            fieldData = ((short[])data).clone();
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
            fieldData = ((int[])data).clone();
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
            fieldData = ((long[])data).clone();
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
            fieldData = ((float[])data).clone();
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
            fieldData = ((double[])data).clone();
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
            fieldData = ((int[][])data).clone();
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
            fieldData = ((long[][])data).clone();
            break;
        case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
            fieldData = ((String[])data).clone();
            break;
        default:
            throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
        }

        field.tag = tag;
        field.tagNumber = tagNumber;
        field.type = type;
        field.count = count;
        field.data = fieldData;
        field.dir = dir != null ? dir.clone() : null;

        return field;
    }
}