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 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
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 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
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package java.lang.ref;

import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.ForceInline;
import jdk.internal.HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate;
import jdk.internal.access.JavaLangRefAccess;
import jdk.internal.access.SharedSecrets;
import jdk.internal.ref.Cleaner;


Abstract base class for reference objects.  This class defines the
operations common to all reference objects.  Because reference objects are
implemented in close cooperation with the garbage collector, this class may
not be subclassed directly.

Author:  Mark Reinhold
Since:   1.2
/**
 * Abstract base class for reference objects.  This class defines the
 * operations common to all reference objects.  Because reference objects are
 * implemented in close cooperation with the garbage collector, this class may
 * not be subclassed directly.
 *
 * @author   Mark Reinhold
 * @since    1.2
 */

public abstract class Reference<T> {

    /* The state of a Reference object is characterized by two attributes.  It
     * may be either "active", "pending", or "inactive".  It may also be
     * either "registered", "enqueued", "dequeued", or "unregistered".
     *
     *   Active: Subject to special treatment by the garbage collector.  Some
     *   time after the collector detects that the reachability of the
     *   referent has changed to the appropriate state, the collector
     *   "notifies" the reference, changing the state to either "pending" or
     *   "inactive".
     *   referent != null; discovered = null, or in GC discovered list.
     *
     *   Pending: An element of the pending-Reference list, waiting to be
     *   processed by the ReferenceHandler thread.  The pending-Reference
     *   list is linked through the discovered fields of references in the
     *   list.
     *   referent = null; discovered = next element in pending-Reference list.
     *
     *   Inactive: Neither Active nor Pending.
     *   referent = null.
     *
     *   Registered: Associated with a queue when created, and not yet added
     *   to the queue.
     *   queue = the associated queue.
     *
     *   Enqueued: Added to the associated queue, and not yet removed.
     *   queue = ReferenceQueue.ENQUEUE; next = next entry in list, or this to
     *   indicate end of list.
     *
     *   Dequeued: Added to the associated queue and then removed.
     *   queue = ReferenceQueue.NULL; next = this.
     *
     *   Unregistered: Not associated with a queue when created.
     *   queue = ReferenceQueue.NULL.
     *
     * The collector only needs to examine the referent field and the
     * discovered field to determine whether a (non-FinalReference) Reference
     * object needs special treatment.  If the referent is non-null and not
     * known to be live, then it may need to be discovered for possible later
     * notification.  But if the discovered field is non-null, then it has
     * already been discovered.
     *
     * FinalReference (which exists to support finalization) differs from
     * other references, because a FinalReference is not cleared when
     * notified.  The referent being null or not cannot be used to distinguish
     * between the active state and pending or inactive states.  However,
     * FinalReferences do not support enqueue().  Instead, the next field of a
     * FinalReference object is set to "this" when it is added to the
     * pending-Reference list.  The use of "this" as the value of next in the
     * enqueued and dequeued states maintains the non-active state.  An
     * additional check that the next field is null is required to determine
     * that a FinalReference object is active.
     *
     * Initial states:
     *   [active/registered]
     *   [active/unregistered] [1]
     *
     * Transitions:
     *                            clear
     *   [active/registered]     ------->   [inactive/registered]
     *          |                                 |
     *          |                                 | enqueue [2]
     *          | GC              enqueue [2]     |
     *          |                -----------------|
     *          |                                 |
     *          v                                 |
     *   [pending/registered]    ---              v
     *          |                   | ReferenceHandler
     *          | enqueue [2]       |--->   [inactive/enqueued]
     *          v                   |             |
     *   [pending/enqueued]      ---              |
     *          |                                 | poll/remove
     *          | poll/remove                     |
     *          |                                 |
     *          v            ReferenceHandler     v
     *   [pending/dequeued]      ------>    [inactive/dequeued]
     *
     *
     *                           clear/enqueue/GC [3]
     *   [active/unregistered]   ------
     *          |                      |
     *          | GC                   |
     *          |                      |--> [inactive/unregistered]
     *          v                      |
     *   [pending/unregistered]  ------
     *                           ReferenceHandler
     *
     * Terminal states:
     *   [inactive/dequeued]
     *   [inactive/unregistered]
     *
     * Unreachable states (because enqueue also clears):
     *   [active/enqeued]
     *   [active/dequeued]
     *
     * [1] Unregistered is not permitted for FinalReferences.
     *
     * [2] These transitions are not possible for FinalReferences, making
     * [pending/enqueued] and [pending/dequeued] unreachable, and
     * [inactive/registered] terminal.
     *
     * [3] The garbage collector may directly transition a Reference
     * from [active/unregistered] to [inactive/unregistered],
     * bypassing the pending-Reference list.
     */

    private T referent;         /* Treated specially by GC */

    /* The queue this reference gets enqueued to by GC notification or by
     * calling enqueue().
     *
     * When registered: the queue with which this reference is registered.
     *        enqueued: ReferenceQueue.ENQUEUE
     *        dequeued: ReferenceQueue.NULL
     *    unregistered: ReferenceQueue.NULL
     */
    volatile ReferenceQueue<? super T> queue;

    /* The link in a ReferenceQueue's list of Reference objects.
     *
     * When registered: null
     *        enqueued: next element in queue (or this if last)
     *        dequeued: this (marking FinalReferences as inactive)
     *    unregistered: null
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    volatile Reference next;

    /* Used by the garbage collector to accumulate Reference objects that need
     * to be revisited in order to decide whether they should be notified.
     * Also used as the link in the pending-Reference list.  The discovered
     * field and the next field are distinct to allow the enqueue() method to
     * be applied to a Reference object while it is either in the
     * pending-Reference list or in the garbage collector's discovered set.
     *
     * When active: null or next element in a discovered reference list
     *              maintained by the GC (or this if last)
     *     pending: next element in the pending-Reference list (null if last)
     *    inactive: null
     */
    private transient Reference<T> discovered;


    /* High-priority thread to enqueue pending References
     */
    private static class ReferenceHandler extends Thread {

        private static void ensureClassInitialized(Class<?> clazz) {
            try {
                Class.forName(clazz.getName(), true, clazz.getClassLoader());
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                throw (Error) new NoClassDefFoundError(e.getMessage()).initCause(e);
            }
        }

        static {
            // pre-load and initialize Cleaner class so that we don't
            // get into trouble later in the run loop if there's
            // memory shortage while loading/initializing it lazily.
            ensureClassInitialized(Cleaner.class);
        }

        ReferenceHandler(ThreadGroup g, String name) {
            super(g, null, name, 0, false);
        }

        public void run() {
            while (true) {
                processPendingReferences();
            }
        }
    }

    /*
     * Atomically get and clear (set to null) the VM's pending-Reference list.
     */
    private static native Reference<Object> getAndClearReferencePendingList();

    /*
     * Test whether the VM's pending-Reference list contains any entries.
     */
    private static native boolean hasReferencePendingList();

    /*
     * Wait until the VM's pending-Reference list may be non-null.
     */
    private static native void waitForReferencePendingList();

    private static final Object processPendingLock = new Object();
    private static boolean processPendingActive = false;

    private static void processPendingReferences() {
        // Only the singleton reference processing thread calls
        // waitForReferencePendingList() and getAndClearReferencePendingList().
        // These are separate operations to avoid a race with other threads
        // that are calling waitForReferenceProcessing().
        waitForReferencePendingList();
        Reference<Object> pendingList;
        synchronized (processPendingLock) {
            pendingList = getAndClearReferencePendingList();
            processPendingActive = true;
        }
        while (pendingList != null) {
            Reference<Object> ref = pendingList;
            pendingList = ref.discovered;
            ref.discovered = null;

            if (ref instanceof Cleaner) {
                ((Cleaner)ref).clean();
                // Notify any waiters that progress has been made.
                // This improves latency for nio.Bits waiters, which
                // are the only important ones.
                synchronized (processPendingLock) {
                    processPendingLock.notifyAll();
                }
            } else {
                ReferenceQueue<? super Object> q = ref.queue;
                if (q != ReferenceQueue.NULL) q.enqueue(ref);
            }
        }
        // Notify any waiters of completion of current round.
        synchronized (processPendingLock) {
            processPendingActive = false;
            processPendingLock.notifyAll();
        }
    }

    // Wait for progress in reference processing.
    //
    // Returns true after waiting (for notification from the reference
    // processing thread) if either (1) the VM has any pending
    // references, or (2) the reference processing thread is
    // processing references. Otherwise, returns false immediately.
    private static boolean waitForReferenceProcessing()
        throws InterruptedException
    {
        synchronized (processPendingLock) {
            if (processPendingActive || hasReferencePendingList()) {
                // Wait for progress, not necessarily completion.
                processPendingLock.wait();
                return true;
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    static {
        ThreadGroup tg = Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup();
        for (ThreadGroup tgn = tg;
             tgn != null;
             tg = tgn, tgn = tg.getParent());
        Thread handler = new ReferenceHandler(tg, "Reference Handler");
        /* If there were a special system-only priority greater than
         * MAX_PRIORITY, it would be used here
         */
        handler.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
        handler.setDaemon(true);
        handler.start();

        // provide access in SharedSecrets
        SharedSecrets.setJavaLangRefAccess(new JavaLangRefAccess() {
            @Override
            public boolean waitForReferenceProcessing()
                throws InterruptedException
            {
                return Reference.waitForReferenceProcessing();
            }

            @Override
            public void runFinalization() {
                Finalizer.runFinalization();
            }
        });
    }

    /* -- Referent accessor and setters -- */

    
Returns this reference object's referent. If this reference object has been cleared, either by the program or by the garbage collector, then this method returns null. 
Returns: The object to which this reference refers, or null if this reference object has been cleared
/**
     * Returns this reference object's referent.  If this reference object has
     * been cleared, either by the program or by the garbage collector, then
     * this method returns {@code null}.
     *
     * @return   The object to which this reference refers, or
     *           {@code null} if this reference object has been cleared
     */
    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
    public T get() {
        return this.referent;
    }

    
Clears this reference object.  Invoking this method will not cause this
object to be enqueued.

 This method is invoked only by Java code; when the garbage collector
clears references it does so directly, without invoking this method.

/**
     * Clears this reference object.  Invoking this method will not cause this
     * object to be enqueued.
     *
     * <p> This method is invoked only by Java code; when the garbage collector
     * clears references it does so directly, without invoking this method.
     */
    public void clear() {
        this.referent = null;
    }

    /* -- Queue operations -- */

    
Tells whether or not this reference object has been enqueued, either by the program or by the garbage collector. If this reference object was not registered with a queue when it was created, then this method will always return false. 
Returns: true if and only if this reference object has been enqueued
/**
     * Tells whether or not this reference object has been enqueued, either by
     * the program or by the garbage collector.  If this reference object was
     * not registered with a queue when it was created, then this method will
     * always return {@code false}.
     *
     * @return   {@code true} if and only if this reference object has
     *           been enqueued
     */
    public boolean isEnqueued() {
        return (this.queue == ReferenceQueue.ENQUEUED);
    }

    
Clears this reference object and adds it to the queue with which
it is registered, if any.

 This method is invoked only by Java code; when the garbage collector
enqueues references it does so directly, without invoking this method.

Returns: true if this reference object was successfully enqueued; false if it was already enqueued or if it was not registered with a queue when it was created
/**
     * Clears this reference object and adds it to the queue with which
     * it is registered, if any.
     *
     * <p> This method is invoked only by Java code; when the garbage collector
     * enqueues references it does so directly, without invoking this method.
     *
     * @return   {@code true} if this reference object was successfully
     *           enqueued; {@code false} if it was already enqueued or if
     *           it was not registered with a queue when it was created
     */
    public boolean enqueue() {
        this.referent = null;
        return this.queue.enqueue(this);
    }

    
Throws CloneNotSupportedException. A Reference cannot be meaningfully cloned. Construct a new Reference instead. 
Throws:
Returns:never returns normally
Since:11
/**
     * Throws {@link CloneNotSupportedException}. A {@code Reference} cannot be
     * meaningfully cloned. Construct a new {@code Reference} instead.
     *
     * @return never returns normally
     * @throws  CloneNotSupportedException always
     *
     * @since 11
     */
    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        throw new CloneNotSupportedException();
    }

    /* -- Constructors -- */

    Reference(T referent) {
        this(referent, null);
    }

    Reference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<? super T> queue) {
        this.referent = referent;
        this.queue = (queue == null) ? ReferenceQueue.NULL : queue;
    }

    
Ensures that the object referenced by the given reference remains
strongly reachable,
regardless of any prior actions of the program that might otherwise cause
the object to become unreachable; thus, the referenced object is not
reclaimable by garbage collection at least until after the invocation of
this method.  Invocation of this method does not itself initiate garbage
collection or finalization.

 This method establishes an ordering for
strong reachability with respect to garbage collection. It controls relations that are otherwise only implicit in a program -- the reachability conditions triggering garbage collection. This method is designed for use in uncommon situations of premature finalization where using synchronized blocks or methods, or using other synchronization facilities are not possible or do not provide the desired control. This method is applicable only when reclamation may have visible effects, which is possible for objects with finalizers (See Section 12.6 of The Java™ Language Specification) that
are implemented in ways that rely on ordering control for
correctness.

Params:
  • ref – the reference. If null, this method has no effect.
API Note: Finalization may occur whenever the virtual machine detects that no reference to an object will ever be stored in the heap: The garbage collector may reclaim an object even if the fields of that object are still in use, so long as the object has otherwise become unreachable. This may have surprising and undesirable effects in cases such as the following example in which the bookkeeping associated with a class is managed through array indices. Here, method action uses a reachabilityFence to ensure that the Resource object is not reclaimed before bookkeeping on an associated ExternalResource has been performed; in particular here, to ensure that the array slot holding the ExternalResource is not nulled out in method Object.finalize, which may otherwise run concurrently. 
 
class Resource {
  private static ExternalResource[] externalResourceArray = ...
  int myIndex;
  Resource(...) {
    myIndex = ...
    externalResourceArray[myIndex] = ...;
    ...
  }
  protected void finalize() {
    externalResourceArray[myIndex] = null;
    ...
  }
  public void action() {
    try {
      // ...
      int i = myIndex;
      Resource.update(externalResourceArray[i]);
    } finally {
      Reference.reachabilityFence(this);
    }
  }
  private static void update(ExternalResource ext) {
    ext.status = ...;
  }
 }
 Here, the invocation of reachabilityFence is nonintuitively placed after the call to update, to ensure that the array slot is not nulled out by Object.finalize before the update, even if the call to action was the last use of this object. This might be the case if, for example a usage in a user program had the form new Resource().action(); which retains no other reference to this Resource. While probably overkill here, reachabilityFence is placed in a finally block to ensure that it is invoked across all paths in the method. In a method with more complex control paths, you might need further precautions to ensure that reachabilityFence is encountered along all of them. 
 It is sometimes possible to better encapsulate use of reachabilityFence. Continuing the above example, if it were acceptable for the call to method update to proceed even if the finalizer had already executed (nulling out slot), then you could localize use of reachabilityFence: 
 
public void action2() {
  // ...
  Resource.update(getExternalResource());
 }
private ExternalResource getExternalResource() {
  ExternalResource ext = externalResourceArray[myIndex];
  Reference.reachabilityFence(this);
  return ext;
 }


 Method reachabilityFence is not required in constructions that themselves ensure reachability. For example, because objects that are locked cannot, in general, be reclaimed, it would suffice if all accesses of the object, in all methods of class Resource (including finalize) were enclosed in synchronized (this) blocks. (Further, such blocks must not include infinite loops, or themselves be unreachable, which fall into the corner case exceptions to the "in general" disclaimer.) However, method reachabilityFence remains a better option in cases where this approach is not as efficient, desirable, or possible; for example because it would encounter deadlock.
Since:9
@jls12.6 Finalization of Class Instances
/**
     * Ensures that the object referenced by the given reference remains
     * <a href="package-summary.html#reachability"><em>strongly reachable</em></a>,
     * regardless of any prior actions of the program that might otherwise cause
     * the object to become unreachable; thus, the referenced object is not
     * reclaimable by garbage collection at least until after the invocation of
     * this method.  Invocation of this method does not itself initiate garbage
     * collection or finalization.
     *
     * <p> This method establishes an ordering for
     * <a href="package-summary.html#reachability"><em>strong reachability</em></a>
     * with respect to garbage collection.  It controls relations that are
     * otherwise only implicit in a program -- the reachability conditions
     * triggering garbage collection.  This method is designed for use in
     * uncommon situations of premature finalization where using
     * {@code synchronized} blocks or methods, or using other synchronization
     * facilities are not possible or do not provide the desired control.  This
     * method is applicable only when reclamation may have visible effects,
     * which is possible for objects with finalizers (See Section 12.6
     * of <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>) that
     * are implemented in ways that rely on ordering control for
     * correctness.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Finalization may occur whenever the virtual machine detects that no
     * reference to an object will ever be stored in the heap: The garbage
     * collector may reclaim an object even if the fields of that object are
     * still in use, so long as the object has otherwise become unreachable.
     * This may have surprising and undesirable effects in cases such as the
     * following example in which the bookkeeping associated with a class is
     * managed through array indices.  Here, method {@code action} uses a
     * {@code reachabilityFence} to ensure that the {@code Resource} object is
     * not reclaimed before bookkeeping on an associated
     * {@code ExternalResource} has been performed; in particular here, to
     * ensure that the array slot holding the {@code ExternalResource} is not
     * nulled out in method {@link Object#finalize}, which may otherwise run
     * concurrently.
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * class Resource {
     *   private static ExternalResource[] externalResourceArray = ...
     *
     *   int myIndex;
     *   Resource(...) {
     *     myIndex = ...
     *     externalResourceArray[myIndex] = ...;
     *     ...
     *   }
     *   protected void finalize() {
     *     externalResourceArray[myIndex] = null;
     *     ...
     *   }
     *   public void action() {
     *     try {
     *       // ...
     *       int i = myIndex;
     *       Resource.update(externalResourceArray[i]);
     *     } finally {
     *       Reference.reachabilityFence(this);
     *     }
     *   }
     *   private static void update(ExternalResource ext) {
     *     ext.status = ...;
     *   }
     * }}</pre>
     *
     * Here, the invocation of {@code reachabilityFence} is nonintuitively
     * placed <em>after</em> the call to {@code update}, to ensure that the
     * array slot is not nulled out by {@link Object#finalize} before the
     * update, even if the call to {@code action} was the last use of this
     * object.  This might be the case if, for example a usage in a user program
     * had the form {@code new Resource().action();} which retains no other
     * reference to this {@code Resource}.  While probably overkill here,
     * {@code reachabilityFence} is placed in a {@code finally} block to ensure
     * that it is invoked across all paths in the method.  In a method with more
     * complex control paths, you might need further precautions to ensure that
     * {@code reachabilityFence} is encountered along all of them.
     *
     * <p> It is sometimes possible to better encapsulate use of
     * {@code reachabilityFence}.  Continuing the above example, if it were
     * acceptable for the call to method {@code update} to proceed even if the
     * finalizer had already executed (nulling out slot), then you could
     * localize use of {@code reachabilityFence}:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * public void action2() {
     *   // ...
     *   Resource.update(getExternalResource());
     * }
     * private ExternalResource getExternalResource() {
     *   ExternalResource ext = externalResourceArray[myIndex];
     *   Reference.reachabilityFence(this);
     *   return ext;
     * }}</pre>
     *
     * <p> Method {@code reachabilityFence} is not required in constructions
     * that themselves ensure reachability.  For example, because objects that
     * are locked cannot, in general, be reclaimed, it would suffice if all
     * accesses of the object, in all methods of class {@code Resource}
     * (including {@code finalize}) were enclosed in {@code synchronized (this)}
     * blocks.  (Further, such blocks must not include infinite loops, or
     * themselves be unreachable, which fall into the corner case exceptions to
     * the "in general" disclaimer.)  However, method {@code reachabilityFence}
     * remains a better option in cases where this approach is not as efficient,
     * desirable, or possible; for example because it would encounter deadlock.
     *
     * @param ref the reference. If {@code null}, this method has no effect.
     * @since 9
     * @jls 12.6 Finalization of Class Instances
     */
    @ForceInline
    public static void reachabilityFence(Object ref) {
        // Does nothing. This method is annotated with @ForceInline to eliminate
        // most of the overhead that using @DontInline would cause with the
        // HotSpot JVM, when this fence is used in a wide variety of situations.
        // HotSpot JVM retains the ref and does not GC it before a call to
        // this method, because the JIT-compilers do not have GC-only safepoints.
    }
}