/*
 * Copyright (c) 1996, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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 * questions.
 */

/*
 * (C) Copyright Taligent, Inc. 1996, 1997 - All Rights Reserved
 * (C) Copyright IBM Corp. 1996 - 1999 - All Rights Reserved
 *
 * The original version of this source code and documentation
 * is copyrighted and owned by Taligent, Inc., a wholly-owned
 * subsidiary of IBM. These materials are provided under terms
 * of a License Agreement between Taligent and Sun. This technology
 * is protected by multiple US and International patents.
 *
 * This notice and attribution to Taligent may not be removed.
 * Taligent is a registered trademark of Taligent, Inc.
 *
 */

package java.util;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
import java.lang.ref.Reference;
import java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue;
import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.net.JarURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.security.PrivilegedActionException;
import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
import java.util.spi.ResourceBundleControlProvider;
import java.util.spi.ResourceBundleProvider;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

import jdk.internal.loader.BootLoader;
import jdk.internal.access.JavaUtilResourceBundleAccess;
import jdk.internal.access.SharedSecrets;
import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection;
import sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction;
import sun.util.locale.BaseLocale;
import sun.util.locale.LocaleObjectCache;
import static sun.security.util.SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION;


Resource bundles contain locale-specific objects.  When your program needs a
locale-specific resource, a String for example, your program can
load it from the resource bundle that is appropriate for the current user's
locale. In this way, you can write program code that is largely independent
of the user's locale isolating most, if not all, of the locale-specific
information in resource bundles.

This allows you to write programs that can:

 be easily localized, or translated, into different languages
 handle multiple locales at once
 be easily modified later to support even more locales


Resource bundles belong to families whose members share a common base
name, but whose names also have additional components that identify
their locales. For example, the base name of a family of resource
bundles might be "MyResources". The family should have a default
resource bundle which simply has the same name as its family -
"MyResources" - and will be used as the bundle of last resort if a
specific locale is not supported. The family can then provide as
many locale-specific members as needed, for example a German one
named "MyResources_de".

Each resource bundle in a family contains the same items, but the items have
been translated for the locale represented by that resource bundle.
For example, both "MyResources" and "MyResources_de" may have a
String that's used on a button for canceling operations.
In "MyResources" the String may contain "Cancel" and in
"MyResources_de" it may contain "Abbrechen".

If there are different resources for different countries, you
can make specializations: for example, "MyResources_de_CH" contains objects for
the German language (de) in Switzerland (CH). If you want to only
modify some of the resources
in the specialization, you can do so.

When your program needs a locale-specific object, it loads
the ResourceBundle class using the getBundle method: 

ResourceBundle myResources =
     ResourceBundle.getBundle("MyResources", currentLocale);



Resource bundles contain key/value pairs. The keys uniquely
identify a locale-specific object in the bundle. Here's an
example of a ListResourceBundle that contains
two key/value pairs:

public class MyResources extends ListResourceBundle {
    protected Object[][] getContents() {
        return new Object[][] {
            // LOCALIZE THE SECOND STRING OF EACH ARRAY (e.g., "OK")
            {"OkKey", "OK"},
            {"CancelKey", "Cancel"},
            // END OF MATERIAL TO LOCALIZE
       };
    }
}


Keys are always Strings.
In this example, the keys are "OkKey" and "CancelKey".
In the above example, the values
are also Strings--"OK" and "Cancel"--but
they don't have to be. The values can be any type of object.

You retrieve an object from resource bundle using the appropriate
getter method. Because "OkKey" and "CancelKey"
are both strings, you would use getString to retrieve them:

button1 = new Button(myResources.getString("OkKey"));
button2 = new Button(myResources.getString("CancelKey"));


The getter methods all require the key as an argument and return
the object if found. If the object is not found, the getter method
throws a MissingResourceException.

Besides getString, ResourceBundle also provides
a method for getting string arrays, getStringArray,
as well as a generic getObject method for any other
type of object. When using getObject, you'll
have to cast the result to the appropriate type. For example:

int[] myIntegers = (int[]) myResources.getObject("intList");



The Java Platform provides two subclasses of ResourceBundle,
ListResourceBundle and PropertyResourceBundle,
that provide a fairly simple way to create resources.
As you saw briefly in a previous example, ListResourceBundle
manages its resource as a list of key/value pairs.
PropertyResourceBundle uses a properties file to manage
its resources.

If ListResourceBundle or PropertyResourceBundle
do not suit your needs, you can write your own ResourceBundle
subclass.  Your subclasses must override two methods: handleGetObject
and getKeys().
 The implementation of a ResourceBundle subclass must be thread-safe if it's simultaneously used by multiple threads. The default implementations of the non-abstract methods in this class, and the methods in the direct known concrete subclasses ListResourceBundle and PropertyResourceBundle are thread-safe. 
Resource Bundles and Named Modules
Resource bundles can be deployed in modules in the following ways:
Resource bundles together with an application
 Resource bundles can be deployed together with an application in the same module. In that case, the resource bundles are loaded by code in the module by calling the getBundle(String) or getBundle(String, Locale) method. 
Resource bundles as service providers
Resource bundles can be deployed in one or more service provider modules and they can be located using ServiceLoader. A service interface or class must be defined. The caller module declares that it uses the service, the service provider modules declare that they provide implementations of the service. Refer to ResourceBundleProvider for developing resource bundle services and deploying resource bundle providers. The module obtaining the resource bundle can be a resource bundle provider itself; in which case this module only locates the resource bundle via service provider mechanism. 
A resource bundle provider can provide resource bundles in any format such XML which replaces the need of ResourceBundle.Control. 
Resource bundles in other modules and class path
Resource bundles in a named module may be encapsulated so that it cannot be located by code in other modules. Resource bundles in unnamed modules and class path are open for any module to access. Resource bundle follows the resource encapsulation rules as specified in Module.getResourceAsStream(String). 
The getBundle factory methods with no Control parameter locate and load resource bundles from service providers. It may continue the search as if calling Module.getResourceAsStream(String) to find the named resource from a given module and calling ClassLoader.getResourceAsStream(String); refer to the specification of the getBundle method for details. Only non-encapsulated resource bundles of "java.class" or "java.properties" format are searched. 
If the caller module is a

resource bundle provider, it does not fall back to the
class loader search.
Resource bundles in automatic modules
 A common format of resource bundles is in properties file format. Typically .properties resource bundles are packaged in a JAR file. Resource bundle only JAR file can be readily deployed as an 
automatic module. For example, if the JAR file contains the entry "p/q/Foo_ja.properties" and no .class entry, when resolved and defined as an automatic module, no package is derived for this module. This allows resource bundles in .properties format packaged in one or more JAR files that may contain entries in the same directory and can be resolved successfully as automatic modules. 
ResourceBundle.Control
 The Control class provides information necessary to perform the bundle loading process by the getBundle
factory methods that take a ResourceBundle.Control instance. You can implement your own subclass in order to enable non-standard resource bundle formats, change the search strategy, or define caching parameters. Refer to the descriptions of the class and the getBundle factory method for details. 
 Control is designed for an application deployed in an unnamed module, for example to support resource bundles in non-standard formats or package localized resources in a non-traditional convention. ResourceBundleProvider is the replacement for ResourceBundle.Control when migrating to modules. UnsupportedOperationException will be thrown when a factory method that takes the ResourceBundle.Control parameter is called. 
For the getBundle factory methods that take no Control instance, their  default behavior of resource bundle loading can be modified with custom ResourceBundleControlProvider implementations. If any of the providers provides a Control for the given base name, that Control will be used instead of the default Control. If there is more than one service provider for supporting the same base name, the first one returned from ServiceLoader will be used. A custom Control implementation is ignored by named modules. 
Cache Management
Resource bundle instances created by the getBundle factory
methods are cached by default, and the factory methods return the same
resource bundle instance multiple times if it has been
cached. getBundle clients may clear the cache, manage the lifetime of cached resource bundle instances using time-to-live values, or specify not to cache resource bundle instances. Refer to the descriptions of the getBundle factory method, clearCache, 
ResourceBundle.Control.getTimeToLive, and ResourceBundle.Control.needsReload for details. 
Example
The following is a very simple example of a ResourceBundle
subclass, MyResources, that manages two resources (for a larger number of
resources you would probably use a Map).
Notice that you don't need to supply a value if
a "parent-level" ResourceBundle handles the same
key with the same value (as for the okKey below).

// default (English language, United States)
public class MyResources extends ResourceBundle {
    public Object handleGetObject(String key) {
        if (key.equals("okKey")) return "Ok";
        if (key.equals("cancelKey")) return "Cancel";
        return null;
    }
    public Enumeration<String> getKeys() {
        return Collections.enumeration(keySet());
    }
    // Overrides handleKeySet() so that the getKeys() implementation
    // can rely on the keySet() value.
    protected Set<String> handleKeySet() {
        return new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("okKey", "cancelKey"));
    }
}
// German language
public class MyResources_de extends MyResources {
    public Object handleGetObject(String key) {
        // don't need okKey, since parent level handles it.
        if (key.equals("cancelKey")) return "Abbrechen";
        return null;
    }
    protected Set<String> handleKeySet() {
        return new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("cancelKey"));
    }
}


You do not have to restrict yourself to using a single family of
ResourceBundles. For example, you could have a set of bundles for
exception messages, ExceptionResources
(ExceptionResources_fr, ExceptionResources_de, ...),
and one for widgets, WidgetResource (WidgetResources_fr,
WidgetResources_de, ...); breaking up the resources however you like.
See Also:
ListResourceBundle
PropertyResourceBundle
MissingResourceException
ResourceBundleProvider
Since:
1.1
@revised
9
@spec
JPMS/**
 *
 * Resource bundles contain locale-specific objects.  When your program needs a
 * locale-specific resource, a <code>String</code> for example, your program can
 * load it from the resource bundle that is appropriate for the current user's
 * locale. In this way, you can write program code that is largely independent
 * of the user's locale isolating most, if not all, of the locale-specific
 * information in resource bundles.
 *
 * <p>
 * This allows you to write programs that can:
 * <UL>
 * <LI> be easily localized, or translated, into different languages
 * <LI> handle multiple locales at once
 * <LI> be easily modified later to support even more locales
 * </UL>
 *
 * <P>
 * Resource bundles belong to families whose members share a common base
 * name, but whose names also have additional components that identify
 * their locales. For example, the base name of a family of resource
 * bundles might be "MyResources". The family should have a default
 * resource bundle which simply has the same name as its family -
 * "MyResources" - and will be used as the bundle of last resort if a
 * specific locale is not supported. The family can then provide as
 * many locale-specific members as needed, for example a German one
 * named "MyResources_de".
 *
 * <P>
 * Each resource bundle in a family contains the same items, but the items have
 * been translated for the locale represented by that resource bundle.
 * For example, both "MyResources" and "MyResources_de" may have a
 * <code>String</code> that's used on a button for canceling operations.
 * In "MyResources" the <code>String</code> may contain "Cancel" and in
 * "MyResources_de" it may contain "Abbrechen".
 *
 * <P>
 * If there are different resources for different countries, you
 * can make specializations: for example, "MyResources_de_CH" contains objects for
 * the German language (de) in Switzerland (CH). If you want to only
 * modify some of the resources
 * in the specialization, you can do so.
 *
 * <P>
 * When your program needs a locale-specific object, it loads
 * the <code>ResourceBundle</code> class using the
 * {@link #getBundle(java.lang.String, java.util.Locale) getBundle}
 * method:
 * <blockquote>
 * <pre>
 * ResourceBundle myResources =
 *      ResourceBundle.getBundle("MyResources", currentLocale);
 * </pre>
 * </blockquote>
 *
 * <P>
 * Resource bundles contain key/value pairs. The keys uniquely
 * identify a locale-specific object in the bundle. Here's an
 * example of a <code>ListResourceBundle</code> that contains
 * two key/value pairs:
 * <blockquote>
 * <pre>
 * public class MyResources extends ListResourceBundle {
 *     protected Object[][] getContents() {
 *         return new Object[][] {
 *             // LOCALIZE THE SECOND STRING OF EACH ARRAY (e.g., "OK")
 *             {"OkKey", "OK"},
 *             {"CancelKey", "Cancel"},
 *             // END OF MATERIAL TO LOCALIZE
 *        };
 *     }
 * }
 * </pre>
 * </blockquote>
 * Keys are always <code>String</code>s.
 * In this example, the keys are "OkKey" and "CancelKey".
 * In the above example, the values
 * are also <code>String</code>s--"OK" and "Cancel"--but
 * they don't have to be. The values can be any type of object.
 *
 * <P>
 * You retrieve an object from resource bundle using the appropriate
 * getter method. Because "OkKey" and "CancelKey"
 * are both strings, you would use <code>getString</code> to retrieve them:
 * <blockquote>
 * <pre>
 * button1 = new Button(myResources.getString("OkKey"));
 * button2 = new Button(myResources.getString("CancelKey"));
 * </pre>
 * </blockquote>
 * The getter methods all require the key as an argument and return
 * the object if found. If the object is not found, the getter method
 * throws a <code>MissingResourceException</code>.
 *
 * <P>
 * Besides <code>getString</code>, <code>ResourceBundle</code> also provides
 * a method for getting string arrays, <code>getStringArray</code>,
 * as well as a generic <code>getObject</code> method for any other
 * type of object. When using <code>getObject</code>, you'll
 * have to cast the result to the appropriate type. For example:
 * <blockquote>
 * <pre>
 * int[] myIntegers = (int[]) myResources.getObject("intList");
 * </pre>
 * </blockquote>
 *
 * <P>
 * The Java Platform provides two subclasses of <code>ResourceBundle</code>,
 * <code>ListResourceBundle</code> and <code>PropertyResourceBundle</code>,
 * that provide a fairly simple way to create resources.
 * As you saw briefly in a previous example, <code>ListResourceBundle</code>
 * manages its resource as a list of key/value pairs.
 * <code>PropertyResourceBundle</code> uses a properties file to manage
 * its resources.
 *
 * <p>
 * If <code>ListResourceBundle</code> or <code>PropertyResourceBundle</code>
 * do not suit your needs, you can write your own <code>ResourceBundle</code>
 * subclass.  Your subclasses must override two methods: <code>handleGetObject</code>
 * and <code>getKeys()</code>.
 *
 * <p>
 * The implementation of a {@code ResourceBundle} subclass must be thread-safe
 * if it's simultaneously used by multiple threads. The default implementations
 * of the non-abstract methods in this class, and the methods in the direct
 * known concrete subclasses {@code ListResourceBundle} and
 * {@code PropertyResourceBundle} are thread-safe.
 *
 * <h3><a id="resource-bundle-modules">Resource Bundles and Named Modules</a></h3>
 *
 * Resource bundles can be deployed in modules in the following ways:
 *
 * <h4>Resource bundles together with an application</h4>
 *
 * Resource bundles can be deployed together with an application in the same
 * module.  In that case, the resource bundles are loaded
 * by code in the module by calling the {@link #getBundle(String)}
 * or {@link #getBundle(String, Locale)} method.
 *
 * <h4><a id="service-providers">Resource bundles as service providers</a></h4>
 *
 * Resource bundles can be deployed in one or more <em>service provider modules</em>
 * and they can be located using {@link ServiceLoader}.
 * A {@linkplain ResourceBundleProvider service} interface or class must be
 * defined. The caller module declares that it uses the service, the service
 * provider modules declare that they provide implementations of the service.
 * Refer to {@link ResourceBundleProvider} for developing resource bundle
 * services and deploying resource bundle providers.
 * The module obtaining the resource bundle can be a resource bundle
 * provider itself; in which case this module only locates the resource bundle
 * via service provider mechanism.
 *
 * <p>A {@linkplain ResourceBundleProvider resource bundle provider} can
 * provide resource bundles in any format such XML which replaces the need
 * of {@link Control ResourceBundle.Control}.
 *
 * <h4><a id="other-modules">Resource bundles in other modules and class path</a></h4>
 *
 * Resource bundles in a named module may be <em>encapsulated</em> so that
 * it cannot be located by code in other modules.  Resource bundles
 * in unnamed modules and class path are open for any module to access.
 * Resource bundle follows the resource encapsulation rules as specified
 * in {@link Module#getResourceAsStream(String)}.
 *
 * <p>The {@code getBundle} factory methods with no {@code Control} parameter
 * locate and load resource bundles from
 * {@linkplain ResourceBundleProvider service providers}.
 * It may continue the search as if calling {@link Module#getResourceAsStream(String)}
 * to find the named resource from a given module and calling
 * {@link ClassLoader#getResourceAsStream(String)}; refer to
 * the specification of the {@code getBundle} method for details.
 * Only non-encapsulated resource bundles of "{@code java.class}"
 * or "{@code java.properties}" format are searched.
 *
 * <p>If the caller module is a
 * <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/spi/ResourceBundleProvider.html#obtain-resource-bundle">
 * resource bundle provider</a>, it does not fall back to the
 * class loader search.
 *
 * <h4>Resource bundles in automatic modules</h4>
 *
 * A common format of resource bundles is in {@linkplain PropertyResourceBundle
 * .properties} file format.  Typically {@code .properties} resource bundles
 * are packaged in a JAR file.  Resource bundle only JAR file can be readily
 * deployed as an <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/lang/module/ModuleFinder.html#automatic-modules">
 * automatic module</a>.  For example, if the JAR file contains the
 * entry "{@code p/q/Foo_ja.properties}" and no {@code .class} entry,
 * when resolved and defined as an automatic module, no package is derived
 * for this module.  This allows resource bundles in {@code .properties}
 * format packaged in one or more JAR files that may contain entries
 * in the same directory and can be resolved successfully as
 * automatic modules.
 *
 * <h3>ResourceBundle.Control</h3>
 *
 * The {@link ResourceBundle.Control} class provides information necessary
 * to perform the bundle loading process by the <code>getBundle</code>
 * factory methods that take a <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code>
 * instance. You can implement your own subclass in order to enable
 * non-standard resource bundle formats, change the search strategy, or
 * define caching parameters. Refer to the descriptions of the class and the
 * {@link #getBundle(String, Locale, ClassLoader, Control) getBundle}
 * factory method for details.
 *
 * <p> {@link ResourceBundle.Control} is designed for an application deployed
 * in an unnamed module, for example to support resource bundles in
 * non-standard formats or package localized resources in a non-traditional
 * convention. {@link ResourceBundleProvider} is the replacement for
 * {@code ResourceBundle.Control} when migrating to modules.
 * {@code UnsupportedOperationException} will be thrown when a factory
 * method that takes the {@code ResourceBundle.Control} parameter is called.
 *
 * <p><a id="modify_default_behavior">For the {@code getBundle} factory</a>
 * methods that take no {@link Control} instance, their <a
 * href="#default_behavior"> default behavior</a> of resource bundle loading
 * can be modified with custom {@link
 * ResourceBundleControlProvider} implementations.
 * If any of the
 * providers provides a {@link Control} for the given base name, that {@link
 * Control} will be used instead of the default {@link Control}. If there is
 * more than one service provider for supporting the same base name,
 * the first one returned from {@link ServiceLoader} will be used.
 * A custom {@link Control} implementation is ignored by named modules.
 *
 * <h3>Cache Management</h3>
 *
 * Resource bundle instances created by the <code>getBundle</code> factory
 * methods are cached by default, and the factory methods return the same
 * resource bundle instance multiple times if it has been
 * cached. <code>getBundle</code> clients may clear the cache, manage the
 * lifetime of cached resource bundle instances using time-to-live values,
 * or specify not to cache resource bundle instances. Refer to the
 * descriptions of the {@linkplain #getBundle(String, Locale, ClassLoader,
 * Control) <code>getBundle</code> factory method}, {@link
 * #clearCache(ClassLoader) clearCache}, {@link
 * Control#getTimeToLive(String, Locale)
 * ResourceBundle.Control.getTimeToLive}, and {@link
 * Control#needsReload(String, Locale, String, ClassLoader, ResourceBundle,
 * long) ResourceBundle.Control.needsReload} for details.
 *
 * <h3>Example</h3>
 *
 * The following is a very simple example of a <code>ResourceBundle</code>
 * subclass, <code>MyResources</code>, that manages two resources (for a larger number of
 * resources you would probably use a <code>Map</code>).
 * Notice that you don't need to supply a value if
 * a "parent-level" <code>ResourceBundle</code> handles the same
 * key with the same value (as for the okKey below).
 * <blockquote>
 * <pre>
 * // default (English language, United States)
 * public class MyResources extends ResourceBundle {
 *     public Object handleGetObject(String key) {
 *         if (key.equals("okKey")) return "Ok";
 *         if (key.equals("cancelKey")) return "Cancel";
 *         return null;
 *     }
 *
 *     public Enumeration&lt;String&gt; getKeys() {
 *         return Collections.enumeration(keySet());
 *     }
 *
 *     // Overrides handleKeySet() so that the getKeys() implementation
 *     // can rely on the keySet() value.
 *     protected Set&lt;String&gt; handleKeySet() {
 *         return new HashSet&lt;String&gt;(Arrays.asList("okKey", "cancelKey"));
 *     }
 * }
 *
 * // German language
 * public class MyResources_de extends MyResources {
 *     public Object handleGetObject(String key) {
 *         // don't need okKey, since parent level handles it.
 *         if (key.equals("cancelKey")) return "Abbrechen";
 *         return null;
 *     }
 *
 *     protected Set&lt;String&gt; handleKeySet() {
 *         return new HashSet&lt;String&gt;(Arrays.asList("cancelKey"));
 *     }
 * }
 * </pre>
 * </blockquote>
 * You do not have to restrict yourself to using a single family of
 * <code>ResourceBundle</code>s. For example, you could have a set of bundles for
 * exception messages, <code>ExceptionResources</code>
 * (<code>ExceptionResources_fr</code>, <code>ExceptionResources_de</code>, ...),
 * and one for widgets, <code>WidgetResource</code> (<code>WidgetResources_fr</code>,
 * <code>WidgetResources_de</code>, ...); breaking up the resources however you like.
 *
 * @see ListResourceBundle
 * @see PropertyResourceBundle
 * @see MissingResourceException
 * @see ResourceBundleProvider
 * @since 1.1
 * @revised 9
 * @spec JPMS
 */
public abstract class ResourceBundle {

    
initial size of the bundle cache /** initial size of the bundle cache */
    private static final int INITIAL_CACHE_SIZE = 32;

    static {
        SharedSecrets.setJavaUtilResourceBundleAccess(
            new JavaUtilResourceBundleAccess() {
                @Override
                public void setParent(ResourceBundle bundle,
                                      ResourceBundle parent) {
                    bundle.setParent(parent);
                }

                @Override
                public ResourceBundle getParent(ResourceBundle bundle) {
                    return bundle.parent;
                }

                @Override
                public void setLocale(ResourceBundle bundle, Locale locale) {
                    bundle.locale = locale;
                }

                @Override
                public void setName(ResourceBundle bundle, String name) {
                    bundle.name = name;
                }

                @Override
                public ResourceBundle getBundle(String baseName, Locale locale, Module module) {
                    // use the given module as the caller to bypass the access check
                    return getBundleImpl(module, module,
                                         baseName, locale,
                                         getDefaultControl(module, baseName));
                }

                @Override
                public ResourceBundle newResourceBundle(Class<? extends ResourceBundle> bundleClass) {
                    return ResourceBundleProviderHelper.newResourceBundle(bundleClass);
                }
            });
    }

    
constant indicating that no resource bundle exists /** constant indicating that no resource bundle exists */
    private static final ResourceBundle NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE = new ResourceBundle() {
            public Enumeration<String> getKeys() { return null; }
            protected Object handleGetObject(String key) { return null; }
            public String toString() { return "NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE"; }
        };


    
The cache is a map from cache keys (with bundle base name, locale, and
class loader) to either a resource bundle or NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE wrapped by a
BundleReference.
The cache is a ConcurrentMap, allowing the cache to be searched
concurrently by multiple threads.  This will also allow the cache keys
to be reclaimed along with the ClassLoaders they reference.
This variable would be better named "cache", but we keep the old
name for compatibility with some workarounds for bug 4212439.
/**
     * The cache is a map from cache keys (with bundle base name, locale, and
     * class loader) to either a resource bundle or NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE wrapped by a
     * BundleReference.
     *
     * The cache is a ConcurrentMap, allowing the cache to be searched
     * concurrently by multiple threads.  This will also allow the cache keys
     * to be reclaimed along with the ClassLoaders they reference.
     *
     * This variable would be better named "cache", but we keep the old
     * name for compatibility with some workarounds for bug 4212439.
     */
    private static final ConcurrentMap<CacheKey, BundleReference> cacheList
        = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(INITIAL_CACHE_SIZE);

    
Queue for reference objects referring to class loaders or bundles.
/**
     * Queue for reference objects referring to class loaders or bundles.
     */
    private static final ReferenceQueue<Object> referenceQueue = new ReferenceQueue<>();

    
Returns the base name of this bundle, if known, or null if unknown. If not null, then this is the value of the baseName parameter that was passed to the ResourceBundle.getBundle(...) method when the resource bundle was loaded. 
See Also:
getBundle(String, Locale, ClassLoader)
Returns:
The base name of the resource bundle, as provided to and expected by the ResourceBundle.getBundle(...) methods.
Since:
1.8/**
     * Returns the base name of this bundle, if known, or {@code null} if unknown.
     *
     * If not null, then this is the value of the {@code baseName} parameter
     * that was passed to the {@code ResourceBundle.getBundle(...)} method
     * when the resource bundle was loaded.
     *
     * @return The base name of the resource bundle, as provided to and expected
     * by the {@code ResourceBundle.getBundle(...)} methods.
     *
     * @see #getBundle(java.lang.String, java.util.Locale, java.lang.ClassLoader)
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public String getBaseBundleName() {
        return name;
    }

    
The parent bundle of this bundle. The parent bundle is searched by getObject when this bundle does not contain a particular resource. /**
     * The parent bundle of this bundle.
     * The parent bundle is searched by {@link #getObject getObject}
     * when this bundle does not contain a particular resource.
     */
    protected ResourceBundle parent = null;

    
The locale for this bundle.
/**
     * The locale for this bundle.
     */
    private Locale locale = null;

    
The base bundle name for this bundle.
/**
     * The base bundle name for this bundle.
     */
    private String name;

    
The flag indicating this bundle has expired in the cache.
/**
     * The flag indicating this bundle has expired in the cache.
     */
    private volatile boolean expired;

    
The back link to the cache key. null if this bundle isn't in
the cache (yet) or has expired.
/**
     * The back link to the cache key. null if this bundle isn't in
     * the cache (yet) or has expired.
     */
    private volatile CacheKey cacheKey;

    
A Set of the keys contained only in this ResourceBundle.
/**
     * A Set of the keys contained only in this ResourceBundle.
     */
    private volatile Set<String> keySet;

    
Sole constructor.  (For invocation by subclass constructors, typically
implicit.)
/**
     * Sole constructor.  (For invocation by subclass constructors, typically
     * implicit.)
     */
    public ResourceBundle() {
    }

    
Gets a string for the given key from this resource bundle or one of its parents.
Calling this method is equivalent to calling

(String) getObject(key).

Params:
key – the key for the desired string
Throws:
NullPointerException – if key is null
MissingResourceException – if no object for the given key can be found
ClassCastException – if the object found for the given key is not a string
Returns:
the string for the given key/**
     * Gets a string for the given key from this resource bundle or one of its parents.
     * Calling this method is equivalent to calling
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>(String) {@link #getObject(java.lang.String) getObject}(key)</code>.
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * @param key the key for the desired string
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @exception MissingResourceException if no object for the given key can be found
     * @exception ClassCastException if the object found for the given key is not a string
     * @return the string for the given key
     */
    public final String getString(String key) {
        return (String) getObject(key);
    }

    
Gets a string array for the given key from this resource bundle or one of its parents.
Calling this method is equivalent to calling

(String[]) getObject(key).

Params:
key – the key for the desired string array
Throws:
NullPointerException – if key is null
MissingResourceException – if no object for the given key can be found
ClassCastException – if the object found for the given key is not a string array
Returns:
the string array for the given key/**
     * Gets a string array for the given key from this resource bundle or one of its parents.
     * Calling this method is equivalent to calling
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>(String[]) {@link #getObject(java.lang.String) getObject}(key)</code>.
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * @param key the key for the desired string array
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @exception MissingResourceException if no object for the given key can be found
     * @exception ClassCastException if the object found for the given key is not a string array
     * @return the string array for the given key
     */
    public final String[] getStringArray(String key) {
        return (String[]) getObject(key);
    }

    
Gets an object for the given key from this resource bundle or one of its parents. This method first tries to obtain the object from this resource bundle using handleGetObject. If not successful, and the parent resource bundle is not null, it calls the parent's getObject method.
If still not successful, it throws a MissingResourceException.
Params:
key – the key for the desired object
Throws:
NullPointerException – if key is null
MissingResourceException – if no object for the given key can be found
Returns:
the object for the given key/**
     * Gets an object for the given key from this resource bundle or one of its parents.
     * This method first tries to obtain the object from this resource bundle using
     * {@link #handleGetObject(java.lang.String) handleGetObject}.
     * If not successful, and the parent resource bundle is not null,
     * it calls the parent's <code>getObject</code> method.
     * If still not successful, it throws a MissingResourceException.
     *
     * @param key the key for the desired object
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @exception MissingResourceException if no object for the given key can be found
     * @return the object for the given key
     */
    public final Object getObject(String key) {
        Object obj = handleGetObject(key);
        if (obj == null) {
            if (parent != null) {
                obj = parent.getObject(key);
            }
            if (obj == null) {
                throw new MissingResourceException("Can't find resource for bundle "
                                                   +this.getClass().getName()
                                                   +", key "+key,
                                                   this.getClass().getName(),
                                                   key);
            }
        }
        return obj;
    }

    
Returns the locale of this resource bundle. This method can be used after a
call to getBundle() to determine whether the resource bundle returned really
corresponds to the requested locale or is a fallback.
Returns:
the locale of this resource bundle/**
     * Returns the locale of this resource bundle. This method can be used after a
     * call to getBundle() to determine whether the resource bundle returned really
     * corresponds to the requested locale or is a fallback.
     *
     * @return the locale of this resource bundle
     */
    public Locale getLocale() {
        return locale;
    }

    private static ClassLoader getLoader(Module module) {
        PrivilegedAction<ClassLoader> pa = module::getClassLoader;
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(pa);
    }

    
Params:
module – a non-null-screened module form the CacheKey.getModule().
Returns:
the ClassLoader to use in Control.needsReload and Control.newBundle/**
     * @param module a non-null-screened module form the {@link CacheKey#getModule()}.
     * @return the ClassLoader to use in {@link Control#needsReload}
     *         and {@link Control#newBundle}
     */
    private static ClassLoader getLoaderForControl(Module module) {
        ClassLoader loader = getLoader(module);
        return loader == null ? ClassLoader.getPlatformClassLoader() : loader;
    }

    
Sets the parent bundle of this bundle. The parent bundle is searched by getObject when this bundle does not contain a particular resource. 
Params:
parent – this bundle's parent bundle./**
     * Sets the parent bundle of this bundle.
     * The parent bundle is searched by {@link #getObject getObject}
     * when this bundle does not contain a particular resource.
     *
     * @param parent this bundle's parent bundle.
     */
    protected void setParent(ResourceBundle parent) {
        assert parent != NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE;
        this.parent = parent;
    }

    
Key used for cached resource bundles.  The key checks the base
name, the locale, the bundle module, and the caller module
to determine if the resource is a match to the requested one.
The base name, the locale and both modules must have a non-null value.
/**
     * Key used for cached resource bundles.  The key checks the base
     * name, the locale, the bundle module, and the caller module
     * to determine if the resource is a match to the requested one.
     * The base name, the locale and both modules must have a non-null value.
     */
    private static final class CacheKey {
        // These four are the actual keys for lookup in Map.
        private final String name;
        private volatile Locale locale;
        private final KeyElementReference<Module> moduleRef;
        private final KeyElementReference<Module> callerRef;
        // this is the part of hashCode that pertains to module and callerModule
        // which can be GCed..
        private final int modulesHash;

        // bundle format which is necessary for calling
        // Control.needsReload().
        private volatile String format;

        // These time values are in CacheKey so that NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE
        // doesn't need to be cloned for caching.

        // The time when the bundle has been loaded
        private volatile long loadTime;

        // The time when the bundle expires in the cache, or either
        // Control.TTL_DONT_CACHE or Control.TTL_NO_EXPIRATION_CONTROL.
        private volatile long expirationTime;

        // Placeholder for an error report by a Throwable
        private volatile Throwable cause;

        // ResourceBundleProviders for loading ResourceBundles
        private volatile ServiceLoader<ResourceBundleProvider> providers;
        private volatile boolean providersChecked;

        // Boolean.TRUE if the factory method caller provides a ResourceBundleProvier.
        private volatile Boolean callerHasProvider;

        CacheKey(String baseName, Locale locale, Module module, Module caller) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(module);
            Objects.requireNonNull(caller);

            this.name = baseName;
            this.locale = locale;
            this.moduleRef = new KeyElementReference<>(module, referenceQueue, this);
            this.callerRef = new KeyElementReference<>(caller, referenceQueue, this);
            this.modulesHash = module.hashCode() ^ caller.hashCode();
        }

        CacheKey(CacheKey src) {
            // Create References to src's modules
            this.moduleRef = new KeyElementReference<>(
                Objects.requireNonNull(src.getModule()), referenceQueue, this);
            this.callerRef = new KeyElementReference<>(
                Objects.requireNonNull(src.getCallerModule()), referenceQueue, this);
            // Copy fields from src. ResourceBundleProviders related fields
            // and "cause" should not be copied.
            this.name = src.name;
            this.locale = src.locale;
            this.modulesHash = src.modulesHash;
            this.format = src.format;
            this.loadTime = src.loadTime;
            this.expirationTime = src.expirationTime;
        }

        String getName() {
            return name;
        }

        Locale getLocale() {
            return locale;
        }

        CacheKey setLocale(Locale locale) {
            this.locale = locale;
            return this;
        }

        Module getModule() {
            return moduleRef.get();
        }

        Module getCallerModule() {
            return callerRef.get();
        }

        ServiceLoader<ResourceBundleProvider> getProviders() {
            if (!providersChecked) {
                providers = getServiceLoader(getModule(), name);
                providersChecked = true;
            }
            return providers;
        }

        boolean hasProviders() {
            return getProviders() != null;
        }

        boolean callerHasProvider() {
            return callerHasProvider == Boolean.TRUE;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object other) {
            if (this == other) {
                return true;
            }
            try {
                final CacheKey otherEntry = (CacheKey)other;
                //quick check to see if they are not equal
                if (modulesHash != otherEntry.modulesHash) {
                    return false;
                }
                //are the names the same?
                if (!name.equals(otherEntry.name)) {
                    return false;
                }
                // are the locales the same?
                if (!locale.equals(otherEntry.locale)) {
                    return false;
                }
                // are modules and callerModules the same and non-null?
                Module module = getModule();
                Module caller = getCallerModule();
                return ((module != null) && (module.equals(otherEntry.getModule())) &&
                        (caller != null) && (caller.equals(otherEntry.getCallerModule())));
            } catch (NullPointerException | ClassCastException e) {
            }
            return false;
        }

        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            return (name.hashCode() << 3) ^ locale.hashCode() ^ modulesHash;
        }

        String getFormat() {
            return format;
        }

        void setFormat(String format) {
            this.format = format;
        }

        private void setCause(Throwable cause) {
            if (this.cause == null) {
                this.cause = cause;
            } else {
                // Override the cause if the previous one is
                // ClassNotFoundException.
                if (this.cause instanceof ClassNotFoundException) {
                    this.cause = cause;
                }
            }
        }

        private Throwable getCause() {
            return cause;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            String l = locale.toString();
            if (l.isEmpty()) {
                if (!locale.getVariant().isEmpty()) {
                    l = "__" + locale.getVariant();
                } else {
                    l = "\"\"";
                }
            }
            return "CacheKey[" + name +
                   ", locale=" + l +
                   ", module=" + getModule() +
                   ", callerModule=" + getCallerModule() +
                   ", format=" + format +
                   "]";
        }
    }

    
The common interface to get a CacheKey in LoaderReference and
BundleReference.
/**
     * The common interface to get a CacheKey in LoaderReference and
     * BundleReference.
     */
    private static interface CacheKeyReference {
        public CacheKey getCacheKey();
    }

    
References to a CacheKey element as a WeakReference so that it can be
garbage collected when nobody else is using it.
/**
     * References to a CacheKey element as a WeakReference so that it can be
     * garbage collected when nobody else is using it.
     */
    private static class KeyElementReference<T> extends WeakReference<T>
                                                implements CacheKeyReference {
        private final CacheKey cacheKey;

        KeyElementReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<Object> q, CacheKey key) {
            super(referent, q);
            cacheKey = key;
        }

        @Override
        public CacheKey getCacheKey() {
            return cacheKey;
        }
    }

    
References to bundles are soft references so that they can be garbage
collected when they have no hard references.
/**
     * References to bundles are soft references so that they can be garbage
     * collected when they have no hard references.
     */
    private static class BundleReference extends SoftReference<ResourceBundle>
                                         implements CacheKeyReference {
        private final CacheKey cacheKey;

        BundleReference(ResourceBundle referent, ReferenceQueue<Object> q, CacheKey key) {
            super(referent, q);
            cacheKey = key;
        }

        @Override
        public CacheKey getCacheKey() {
            return cacheKey;
        }
    }

    
Gets a resource bundle using the specified base name, the default locale,
and the caller module. Calling this method is equivalent to calling

getBundle(baseName, Locale.getDefault(), callerModule),

Params:
baseName – the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified class name
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
    if baseName is null
MissingResourceException – 
    if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found
See Also:
Resource Bundle Search and Loading Strategy
Resource Bundles and Named Modules
Returns:
a resource bundle for the given base name and the default locale/**
     * Gets a resource bundle using the specified base name, the default locale,
     * and the caller module. Calling this method is equivalent to calling
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>getBundle(baseName, Locale.getDefault(), callerModule)</code>,
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * @param baseName the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified class name
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException
     *     if <code>baseName</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @exception MissingResourceException
     *     if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found
     * @return a resource bundle for the given base name and the default locale
     *
     * @see <a href="#default_behavior">Resource Bundle Search and Loading Strategy</a>
     * @see <a href="#resource-bundle-modules">Resource Bundles and Named Modules</a>
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static final ResourceBundle getBundle(String baseName)
    {
        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        return getBundleImpl(baseName, Locale.getDefault(),
                             caller, getDefaultControl(caller, baseName));
    }

    
Returns a resource bundle using the specified base name, the
default locale and the specified control. Calling this method
is equivalent to calling
getBundle(baseName, Locale.getDefault(),
          this.getClass().getClassLoader(), control),

except that getClassLoader() is run with the security
privileges of ResourceBundle. See getBundle for the complete description of the resource bundle loading process with a ResourceBundle.Control.
Params:
baseName – 
       the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified class
       name
control – 
       the control which gives information for the resource bundle
       loading process
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
        if baseName or control is
        null
MissingResourceException – 
        if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found
IllegalArgumentException – 
        if the given control doesn't perform properly
        (e.g., control.getCandidateLocales returns null.)
        Note that validation of control is performed as
        needed.
UnsupportedOperationException – 
        if this method is called in a named module
Returns:
a resource bundle for the given base name and the default locale
Since:
1.6
@revised
9
@spec
JPMS/**
     * Returns a resource bundle using the specified base name, the
     * default locale and the specified control. Calling this method
     * is equivalent to calling
     * <pre>
     * getBundle(baseName, Locale.getDefault(),
     *           this.getClass().getClassLoader(), control),
     * </pre>
     * except that <code>getClassLoader()</code> is run with the security
     * privileges of <code>ResourceBundle</code>.  See {@link
     * #getBundle(String, Locale, ClassLoader, Control) getBundle} for the
     * complete description of the resource bundle loading process with a
     * <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code>.
     *
     * @param baseName
     *        the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified class
     *        name
     * @param control
     *        the control which gives information for the resource bundle
     *        loading process
     * @return a resource bundle for the given base name and the default locale
     * @throws NullPointerException
     *         if <code>baseName</code> or <code>control</code> is
     *         <code>null</code>
     * @throws MissingResourceException
     *         if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *         if the given <code>control</code> doesn't perform properly
     *         (e.g., <code>control.getCandidateLocales</code> returns null.)
     *         Note that validation of <code>control</code> is performed as
     *         needed.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException
     *         if this method is called in a named module
     * @since 1.6
     * @revised 9
     * @spec JPMS
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static final ResourceBundle getBundle(String baseName,
                                                 Control control) {
        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        Locale targetLocale = Locale.getDefault();
        checkNamedModule(caller);
        return getBundleImpl(baseName, targetLocale, caller, control);
    }

    
Gets a resource bundle using the specified base name and locale,
and the caller module. Calling this method is equivalent to calling

getBundle(baseName, locale, callerModule),

Params:
baseName – 
       the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified class name
locale – 
       the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
       if baseName or locale is null
MissingResourceException – 
       if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found
See Also:
Resource Bundle Search and Loading Strategy
Resource Bundles and Named Modules
Returns:
a resource bundle for the given base name and locale/**
     * Gets a resource bundle using the specified base name and locale,
     * and the caller module. Calling this method is equivalent to calling
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>getBundle(baseName, locale, callerModule)</code>,
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * @param baseName
     *        the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified class name
     * @param locale
     *        the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
     * @exception NullPointerException
     *        if <code>baseName</code> or <code>locale</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @exception MissingResourceException
     *        if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found
     * @return a resource bundle for the given base name and locale
     *
     * @see <a href="#default_behavior">Resource Bundle Search and Loading Strategy</a>
     * @see <a href="#resource-bundle-modules">Resource Bundles and Named Modules</a>
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static final ResourceBundle getBundle(String baseName,
                                                 Locale locale)
    {
        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        return getBundleImpl(baseName, locale,
                             caller, getDefaultControl(caller, baseName));
    }

    
Gets a resource bundle using the specified base name and the default locale
on behalf of the specified module. This method is equivalent to calling

getBundle(baseName, Locale.getDefault(), module)

Params:
baseName – the base name of the resource bundle,
                a fully qualified class name
module –   the module for which the resource bundle is searched
Throws:
NullPointerException –  if baseName or module is null
SecurityException –  if a security manager exists and the caller is not the specified module and doesn't have RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")
MissingResourceException – 
        if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found in the
        specified module
See Also:
ResourceBundleProvider
Resource Bundle Search and Loading Strategy
Resource Bundles and Named Modules
Returns:
a resource bundle for the given base name and the default locale
Since:
9
@spec
JPMS/**
     * Gets a resource bundle using the specified base name and the default locale
     * on behalf of the specified module. This method is equivalent to calling
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>getBundle(baseName, Locale.getDefault(), module)</code>
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * @param baseName the base name of the resource bundle,
     *                 a fully qualified class name
     * @param module   the module for which the resource bundle is searched
     * @throws NullPointerException
     *         if {@code baseName} or {@code module} is {@code null}
     * @throws SecurityException
     *         if a security manager exists and the caller is not the specified
     *         module and doesn't have {@code RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")}
     * @throws MissingResourceException
     *         if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found in the
     *         specified module
     * @return a resource bundle for the given base name and the default locale
     * @since 9
     * @spec JPMS
     * @see ResourceBundleProvider
     * @see <a href="#default_behavior">Resource Bundle Search and Loading Strategy</a>
     * @see <a href="#resource-bundle-modules">Resource Bundles and Named Modules</a>
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static ResourceBundle getBundle(String baseName, Module module) {
        return getBundleFromModule(Reflection.getCallerClass(), module, baseName,
                                   Locale.getDefault(),
                                   getDefaultControl(module, baseName));
    }

    
Gets a resource bundle using the specified base name and locale
on behalf of the specified module.
 Resource bundles in named modules may be encapsulated. When the resource bundle is loaded from a service provider, the caller module must have an appropriate uses clause in its module descriptor to declare that the module uses of ResourceBundleProvider for the named resource bundle. Otherwise, it will load the resource bundles that are local in the given module as if calling Module.getResourceAsStream(String) or that are visible to the class loader of the given module as if calling ClassLoader.getResourceAsStream(String). When the resource bundle is loaded from the specified module, it is subject to the encapsulation rules specified by Module.getResourceAsStream. 
 If the given module is an unnamed module, then this method is equivalent to calling 
getBundle(baseName, targetLocale, module.getClassLoader() to load resource bundles that are visible to the class loader of the given unnamed module. Custom ResourceBundleControlProvider implementations, if present, will only be invoked if the specified module is an unnamed module. 
Params:
baseName – the base name of the resource bundle,
                a fully qualified class name
targetLocale – the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
module –   the module for which the resource bundle is searched
Throws:
NullPointerException –  if baseName, targetLocale, or module is null
SecurityException –  if a security manager exists and the caller is not the specified module and doesn't have RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")
MissingResourceException –  if no resource bundle for the specified base name and locale can be found in the specified module
See Also:
Resource Bundle Search and Loading Strategy
Resource Bundles and Named Modules
Returns:
a resource bundle for the given base name and locale in the module
Since:
9
@spec
JPMS/**
     * Gets a resource bundle using the specified base name and locale
     * on behalf of the specified module.
     *
     * <p> Resource bundles in named modules may be encapsulated.  When
     * the resource bundle is loaded from a
     * {@linkplain ResourceBundleProvider service provider}, the caller module
     * must have an appropriate <i>uses</i> clause in its <i>module descriptor</i>
     * to declare that the module uses of {@link ResourceBundleProvider}
     * for the named resource bundle.
     * Otherwise, it will load the resource bundles that are local in the
     * given module as if calling {@link Module#getResourceAsStream(String)}
     * or that are visible to the class loader of the given module
     * as if calling {@link ClassLoader#getResourceAsStream(String)}.
     * When the resource bundle is loaded from the specified module, it is
     * subject to the encapsulation rules specified by
     * {@link Module#getResourceAsStream Module.getResourceAsStream}.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the given {@code module} is an unnamed module, then this method is
     * equivalent to calling {@link #getBundle(String, Locale, ClassLoader)
     * getBundle(baseName, targetLocale, module.getClassLoader()} to load
     * resource bundles that are visible to the class loader of the given
     * unnamed module. Custom {@link java.util.spi.ResourceBundleControlProvider}
     * implementations, if present, will only be invoked if the specified
     * module is an unnamed module.
     *
     * @param baseName the base name of the resource bundle,
     *                 a fully qualified class name
     * @param targetLocale the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
     * @param module   the module for which the resource bundle is searched
     * @throws NullPointerException
     *         if {@code baseName}, {@code targetLocale}, or {@code module} is
     *         {@code null}
     * @throws SecurityException
     *         if a security manager exists and the caller is not the specified
     *         module and doesn't have {@code RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")}
     * @throws MissingResourceException
     *         if no resource bundle for the specified base name and locale can
     *         be found in the specified {@code module}
     * @return a resource bundle for the given base name and locale in the module
     * @since 9
     * @spec JPMS
     * @see <a href="#default_behavior">Resource Bundle Search and Loading Strategy</a>
     * @see <a href="#resource-bundle-modules">Resource Bundles and Named Modules</a>
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static ResourceBundle getBundle(String baseName, Locale targetLocale, Module module) {
        return getBundleFromModule(Reflection.getCallerClass(), module, baseName, targetLocale,
                                   getDefaultControl(module, baseName));
    }

    
Returns a resource bundle using the specified base name, target
locale and control, and the caller's class loader. Calling this
method is equivalent to calling
getBundle(baseName, targetLocale, this.getClass().getClassLoader(),
          control),

except that getClassLoader() is run with the security
privileges of ResourceBundle. See getBundle for the complete description of the resource bundle loading process with a ResourceBundle.Control.
Params:
baseName – 
       the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified
       class name
targetLocale – 
       the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
control – 
       the control which gives information for the resource
       bundle loading process
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
        if baseName, locales or
        control is null
MissingResourceException – 
        if no resource bundle for the specified base name in any
        of the locales can be found.
IllegalArgumentException – 
        if the given control doesn't perform properly
        (e.g., control.getCandidateLocales returns null.)
        Note that validation of control is performed as
        needed.
UnsupportedOperationException – 
        if this method is called in a named module
Returns:
a resource bundle for the given base name and a
        Locale in locales
Since:
1.6
@revised
9
@spec
JPMS/**
     * Returns a resource bundle using the specified base name, target
     * locale and control, and the caller's class loader. Calling this
     * method is equivalent to calling
     * <pre>
     * getBundle(baseName, targetLocale, this.getClass().getClassLoader(),
     *           control),
     * </pre>
     * except that <code>getClassLoader()</code> is run with the security
     * privileges of <code>ResourceBundle</code>.  See {@link
     * #getBundle(String, Locale, ClassLoader, Control) getBundle} for the
     * complete description of the resource bundle loading process with a
     * <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code>.
     *
     * @param baseName
     *        the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified
     *        class name
     * @param targetLocale
     *        the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
     * @param control
     *        the control which gives information for the resource
     *        bundle loading process
     * @return a resource bundle for the given base name and a
     *         <code>Locale</code> in <code>locales</code>
     * @throws NullPointerException
     *         if <code>baseName</code>, <code>locales</code> or
     *         <code>control</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws MissingResourceException
     *         if no resource bundle for the specified base name in any
     *         of the <code>locales</code> can be found.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *         if the given <code>control</code> doesn't perform properly
     *         (e.g., <code>control.getCandidateLocales</code> returns null.)
     *         Note that validation of <code>control</code> is performed as
     *         needed.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException
     *         if this method is called in a named module
     * @since 1.6
     * @revised 9
     * @spec JPMS
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static final ResourceBundle getBundle(String baseName, Locale targetLocale,
                                                 Control control) {
        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        checkNamedModule(caller);
        return getBundleImpl(baseName, targetLocale, caller, control);
    }

    
Gets a resource bundle using the specified base name, locale, and class
loader.
When this method is called from a named module and the given
loader is the class loader of the caller module, this is equivalent
to calling:
getBundle(baseName, targetLocale, callerModule)

otherwise, this is equivalent to calling:
getBundle(baseName, targetLocale, loader, control)
 where control is the default instance of Control unless a Control instance is provided by ResourceBundleControlProvider SPI. Refer to the description of modifying the default
behavior. The following describes the default behavior.

Resource Bundle Search and Loading Strategy
getBundle uses the base name, the specified locale, and the default locale (obtained from 
Locale.getDefault) to generate a sequence of candidate bundle names.  If the specified
locale's language, script, country, and variant are all empty strings,
then the base name is the only candidate bundle name.  Otherwise, a list
of candidate locales is generated from the attribute values of the
specified locale (language, script, country and variant) and appended to
the base name.  Typically, this will look like the following:
    baseName + "_" + language + "_" + script + "_" + country + "_" + variant
    baseName + "_" + language + "_" + script + "_" + country
    baseName + "_" + language + "_" + script
    baseName + "_" + language + "_" + country + "_" + variant
    baseName + "_" + language + "_" + country
    baseName + "_" + language

Candidate bundle names where the final component is an empty string
are omitted, along with the underscore.  For example, if country is an
empty string, the second and the fifth candidate bundle names above
would be omitted.  Also, if script is an empty string, the candidate names
including script are omitted.  For example, a locale with language "de"
and variant "JAVA" will produce candidate names with base name
"MyResource" below.
    MyResource_de__JAVA
    MyResource_de

In the case that the variant contains one or more underscores ('_'), a
sequence of bundle names generated by truncating the last underscore and
the part following it is inserted after a candidate bundle name with the
original variant.  For example, for a locale with language "en", script
"Latn, country "US" and variant "WINDOWS_VISTA", and bundle base name
"MyResource", the list of candidate bundle names below is generated:
MyResource_en_Latn_US_WINDOWS_VISTA
MyResource_en_Latn_US_WINDOWS
MyResource_en_Latn_US
MyResource_en_Latn
MyResource_en_US_WINDOWS_VISTA
MyResource_en_US_WINDOWS
MyResource_en_US
MyResource_en

Note: For some Locales, the list of candidate bundle names contains extra names, or the order of bundle names is slightly modified. See the description of the default implementation of 
getCandidateLocales for details.
getBundle then iterates over the candidate bundle names
to find the first one for which it can instantiate an actual resource bundle. It uses the default controls' 
getFormats method, which generates two bundle names for each generated name, the first a class name and the second a properties file name. For each candidate bundle name, it attempts to create a resource bundle: 
First, it attempts to load a class using the generated class name.
If such a class can be found and loaded using the specified class
loader, is assignment compatible with ResourceBundle, is accessible from
ResourceBundle, and can be instantiated, getBundle creates a
new instance of this class and uses it as the result resource
bundle.
Otherwise, getBundle attempts to locate a property resource file using the generated properties file name. It generates a path name from the candidate bundle name by replacing all "." characters with "/" and appending the string ".properties". It attempts to find a "resource" with this name using 
ClassLoader.getResource. (Note that a "resource" in the sense of getResource has nothing to do with the contents of a resource bundle, it is just a container of data, such as a file.) If it finds a "resource", it attempts to create a new PropertyResourceBundle instance from its contents. If successful, this instance becomes the result resource bundle.  
This continues until a result resource bundle is instantiated or the list of candidate bundle names is exhausted. If no matching resource bundle is found, the default control's 
getFallbackLocale method is called, which returns the current default locale. A new sequence of candidate locale names is generated using this locale and searched again, as above. 
If still no result bundle is found, the base name alone is looked up. If
this still fails, a MissingResourceException is thrown.
 Once a result resource bundle has been found,
its parent chain is instantiated.  If the result bundle already
has a parent (perhaps because it was returned from a cache) the chain is
complete.
Otherwise, getBundle examines the remainder of the
candidate locale list that was used during the pass that generated the
result resource bundle.  (As before, candidate bundle names where the
final component is an empty string are omitted.)  When it comes to the
end of the candidate list, it tries the plain bundle name.  With each of the
candidate bundle names it attempts to instantiate a resource bundle (first
looking for a class and then a properties file, as described above).
Whenever it succeeds, it calls the previously instantiated resource bundle's setParent method with the new resource bundle. This continues until the list of names is exhausted or the current bundle already has a non-null parent. 
Once the parent chain is complete, the bundle is returned.
Note: getBundle caches instantiated resource
bundles and might return the same resource bundle instance multiple times.
Note:The baseName argument should be a fully
qualified class name. However, for compatibility with earlier versions,
Java SE Runtime Environments do not verify this, and so it is
possible to access PropertyResourceBundles by specifying a
path name (using "/") instead of a fully qualified class name (using
".").

Example:

The following class and property files are provided:

    
MyResources.class
    
MyResources.properties
    
MyResources_fr.properties
    
MyResources_fr_CH.class
    
MyResources_fr_CH.properties
    
MyResources_en.properties
    
MyResources_es_ES.class

The contents of all files are valid (that is, public non-abstract
subclasses of ResourceBundle for the ".class" files,
syntactically correct ".properties" files).  The default locale is
Locale("en", "GB").
Calling getBundle with the locale arguments below will
instantiate resource bundles as follows:

getBundle() locale to resource bundle mapping

Locale
Resource bundle


Locale("fr", "CH")
MyResources_fr_CH.class, parent MyResources_fr.properties, parent MyResources.class
Locale("fr", "FR")
MyResources_fr.properties, parent MyResources.class
Locale("de", "DE")
MyResources_en.properties, parent MyResources.class
Locale("en", "US")
MyResources_en.properties, parent MyResources.class
Locale("es", "ES")
MyResources_es_ES.class, parent MyResources.class


The file MyResources_fr_CH.properties is never used because it is
hidden by the MyResources_fr_CH.class. Likewise, MyResources.properties
is also hidden by MyResources.class.
Params:
baseName – the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified class name
locale – the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
loader – the class loader from which to load the resource bundle
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
       if baseName, locale, or loader is null
MissingResourceException – 
       if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found
See Also:
Resource Bundles and Named Modules
API Note:
If the caller module is a named module and the given loader is the caller module's class loader, this method is equivalent to getBundle(baseName, locale); otherwise, it may not find resource bundles from named modules. Use getBundle(String, Locale, Module) to load resource bundles on behalf on a specific module instead.
Returns:
a resource bundle for the given base name and locale
Since:
1.2
@revised
9
@spec
JPMS/**
     * Gets a resource bundle using the specified base name, locale, and class
     * loader.
     *
     * <p>When this method is called from a named module and the given
     * loader is the class loader of the caller module, this is equivalent
     * to calling:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * getBundle(baseName, targetLocale, callerModule)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * otherwise, this is equivalent to calling:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * getBundle(baseName, targetLocale, loader, control)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * where {@code control} is the default instance of {@link Control} unless
     * a {@code Control} instance is provided by
     * {@link ResourceBundleControlProvider} SPI.  Refer to the
     * description of <a href="#modify_default_behavior">modifying the default
     * behavior</a>. The following describes the default behavior.
     *
     * <p>
     * <b><a id="default_behavior">Resource Bundle Search and Loading Strategy</a></b>
     *
     * <p><code>getBundle</code> uses the base name, the specified locale, and
     * the default locale (obtained from {@link java.util.Locale#getDefault()
     * Locale.getDefault}) to generate a sequence of <a
     * id="candidates"><em>candidate bundle names</em></a>.  If the specified
     * locale's language, script, country, and variant are all empty strings,
     * then the base name is the only candidate bundle name.  Otherwise, a list
     * of candidate locales is generated from the attribute values of the
     * specified locale (language, script, country and variant) and appended to
     * the base name.  Typically, this will look like the following:
     *
     * <pre>
     *     baseName + "_" + language + "_" + script + "_" + country + "_" + variant
     *     baseName + "_" + language + "_" + script + "_" + country
     *     baseName + "_" + language + "_" + script
     *     baseName + "_" + language + "_" + country + "_" + variant
     *     baseName + "_" + language + "_" + country
     *     baseName + "_" + language
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>Candidate bundle names where the final component is an empty string
     * are omitted, along with the underscore.  For example, if country is an
     * empty string, the second and the fifth candidate bundle names above
     * would be omitted.  Also, if script is an empty string, the candidate names
     * including script are omitted.  For example, a locale with language "de"
     * and variant "JAVA" will produce candidate names with base name
     * "MyResource" below.
     *
     * <pre>
     *     MyResource_de__JAVA
     *     MyResource_de
     * </pre>
     *
     * In the case that the variant contains one or more underscores ('_'), a
     * sequence of bundle names generated by truncating the last underscore and
     * the part following it is inserted after a candidate bundle name with the
     * original variant.  For example, for a locale with language "en", script
     * "Latn, country "US" and variant "WINDOWS_VISTA", and bundle base name
     * "MyResource", the list of candidate bundle names below is generated:
     *
     * <pre>
     * MyResource_en_Latn_US_WINDOWS_VISTA
     * MyResource_en_Latn_US_WINDOWS
     * MyResource_en_Latn_US
     * MyResource_en_Latn
     * MyResource_en_US_WINDOWS_VISTA
     * MyResource_en_US_WINDOWS
     * MyResource_en_US
     * MyResource_en
     * </pre>
     *
     * <blockquote><b>Note:</b> For some <code>Locale</code>s, the list of
     * candidate bundle names contains extra names, or the order of bundle names
     * is slightly modified.  See the description of the default implementation
     * of {@link Control#getCandidateLocales(String, Locale)
     * getCandidateLocales} for details.</blockquote>
     *
     * <p><code>getBundle</code> then iterates over the candidate bundle names
     * to find the first one for which it can <em>instantiate</em> an actual
     * resource bundle. It uses the default controls' {@link Control#getFormats
     * getFormats} method, which generates two bundle names for each generated
     * name, the first a class name and the second a properties file name. For
     * each candidate bundle name, it attempts to create a resource bundle:
     *
     * <ul><li>First, it attempts to load a class using the generated class name.
     * If such a class can be found and loaded using the specified class
     * loader, is assignment compatible with ResourceBundle, is accessible from
     * ResourceBundle, and can be instantiated, <code>getBundle</code> creates a
     * new instance of this class and uses it as the <em>result resource
     * bundle</em>.
     *
     * <li>Otherwise, <code>getBundle</code> attempts to locate a property
     * resource file using the generated properties file name.  It generates a
     * path name from the candidate bundle name by replacing all "." characters
     * with "/" and appending the string ".properties".  It attempts to find a
     * "resource" with this name using {@link
     * java.lang.ClassLoader#getResource(java.lang.String)
     * ClassLoader.getResource}.  (Note that a "resource" in the sense of
     * <code>getResource</code> has nothing to do with the contents of a
     * resource bundle, it is just a container of data, such as a file.)  If it
     * finds a "resource", it attempts to create a new {@link
     * PropertyResourceBundle} instance from its contents.  If successful, this
     * instance becomes the <em>result resource bundle</em>.  </ul>
     *
     * <p>This continues until a result resource bundle is instantiated or the
     * list of candidate bundle names is exhausted.  If no matching resource
     * bundle is found, the default control's {@link Control#getFallbackLocale
     * getFallbackLocale} method is called, which returns the current default
     * locale.  A new sequence of candidate locale names is generated using this
     * locale and searched again, as above.
     *
     * <p>If still no result bundle is found, the base name alone is looked up. If
     * this still fails, a <code>MissingResourceException</code> is thrown.
     *
     * <p><a id="parent_chain"> Once a result resource bundle has been found,
     * its <em>parent chain</em> is instantiated</a>.  If the result bundle already
     * has a parent (perhaps because it was returned from a cache) the chain is
     * complete.
     *
     * <p>Otherwise, <code>getBundle</code> examines the remainder of the
     * candidate locale list that was used during the pass that generated the
     * result resource bundle.  (As before, candidate bundle names where the
     * final component is an empty string are omitted.)  When it comes to the
     * end of the candidate list, it tries the plain bundle name.  With each of the
     * candidate bundle names it attempts to instantiate a resource bundle (first
     * looking for a class and then a properties file, as described above).
     *
     * <p>Whenever it succeeds, it calls the previously instantiated resource
     * bundle's {@link #setParent(java.util.ResourceBundle) setParent} method
     * with the new resource bundle.  This continues until the list of names
     * is exhausted or the current bundle already has a non-null parent.
     *
     * <p>Once the parent chain is complete, the bundle is returned.
     *
     * <p><b>Note:</b> <code>getBundle</code> caches instantiated resource
     * bundles and might return the same resource bundle instance multiple times.
     *
     * <p><b>Note:</b>The <code>baseName</code> argument should be a fully
     * qualified class name. However, for compatibility with earlier versions,
     * Java SE Runtime Environments do not verify this, and so it is
     * possible to access <code>PropertyResourceBundle</code>s by specifying a
     * path name (using "/") instead of a fully qualified class name (using
     * ".").
     *
     * <p><a id="default_behavior_example">
     * <strong>Example:</strong></a>
     * <p>
     * The following class and property files are provided:
     * <ul>
     *     <li>MyResources.class
     *     <li>MyResources.properties
     *     <li>MyResources_fr.properties
     *     <li>MyResources_fr_CH.class
     *     <li>MyResources_fr_CH.properties
     *     <li>MyResources_en.properties
     *     <li>MyResources_es_ES.class
     * </ul>
     *
     * The contents of all files are valid (that is, public non-abstract
     * subclasses of <code>ResourceBundle</code> for the ".class" files,
     * syntactically correct ".properties" files).  The default locale is
     * <code>Locale("en", "GB")</code>.
     *
     * <p>Calling <code>getBundle</code> with the locale arguments below will
     * instantiate resource bundles as follows:
     *
     * <table class="striped">
     * <caption style="display:none">getBundle() locale to resource bundle mapping</caption>
     * <thead>
     * <tr><th scope="col">Locale</th><th scope="col">Resource bundle</th></tr>
     * </thead>
     * <tbody>
     * <tr><th scope="row">Locale("fr", "CH")</th><td>MyResources_fr_CH.class, parent MyResources_fr.properties, parent MyResources.class</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">Locale("fr", "FR")</th><td>MyResources_fr.properties, parent MyResources.class</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">Locale("de", "DE")</th><td>MyResources_en.properties, parent MyResources.class</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">Locale("en", "US")</th><td>MyResources_en.properties, parent MyResources.class</td></tr>
     * <tr><th scope="row">Locale("es", "ES")</th><td>MyResources_es_ES.class, parent MyResources.class</td></tr>
     * </tbody>
     * </table>
     *
     * <p>The file MyResources_fr_CH.properties is never used because it is
     * hidden by the MyResources_fr_CH.class. Likewise, MyResources.properties
     * is also hidden by MyResources.class.
     *
     * @apiNote If the caller module is a named module and the given
     * {@code loader} is the caller module's class loader, this method is
     * equivalent to {@code getBundle(baseName, locale)}; otherwise, it may not
     * find resource bundles from named modules.
     * Use {@link #getBundle(String, Locale, Module)} to load resource bundles
     * on behalf on a specific module instead.
     *
     * @param baseName the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified class name
     * @param locale the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
     * @param loader the class loader from which to load the resource bundle
     * @return a resource bundle for the given base name and locale
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException
     *        if <code>baseName</code>, <code>locale</code>, or <code>loader</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @exception MissingResourceException
     *        if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found
     * @since 1.2
     * @revised 9
     * @spec JPMS
     * @see <a href="#resource-bundle-modules">Resource Bundles and Named Modules</a>
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static ResourceBundle getBundle(String baseName, Locale locale,
                                           ClassLoader loader)
    {
        if (loader == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        return getBundleImpl(baseName, locale, caller, loader, getDefaultControl(caller, baseName));
    }

    
Returns a resource bundle using the specified base name, target locale, class loader and control. Unlike the getBundle factory methods with no control argument, the given control specifies how to locate and instantiate resource
bundles. Conceptually, the bundle loading process with the given
control is performed in the following steps.

This factory method looks up the resource bundle in the cache for
the specified baseName, targetLocale and
loader.  If the requested resource bundle instance is
found in the cache and the time-to-live periods of the instance and
all of its parent instances have not expired, the instance is returned
to the caller. Otherwise, this factory method proceeds with the
loading process below.
The 
control.getFormats method is called to get resource bundle formats to produce bundle or resource names. The strings "java.class" and "java.properties" designate class-based and 
property-based resource bundles, respectively. Other strings starting with "java." are reserved for future extensions
and must not be used for application-defined formats. Other strings
designate application-defined formats.
The control.getCandidateLocales method is called with the target locale to get a list of candidate Locales for
which resource bundles are searched.
The control.newBundle method is called to instantiate a ResourceBundle for the base bundle name, a
candidate locale, and a format. (Refer to the note on the cache
lookup below.) This step is iterated over all combinations of the
candidate locales and formats until the newBundle method
returns a ResourceBundle instance or the iteration has
used up all the combinations. For example, if the candidate locales
are Locale("de", "DE"), Locale("de") and
Locale("") and the formats are "java.class"
and "java.properties", then the following is the
sequence of locale-format combinations to be used to call
control.newBundle.

locale-format combinations for newBundle


Index
Locale
format




1
Locale("de", "DE")
java.class


2
Locale("de", "DE")
java.properties


3
Locale("de")
java.class


4
Locale("de")
java.properties


5
Locale("")
java.class


6
Locale("")
java.properties




If the previous step has found no resource bundle, proceed to
Step 6. If a bundle has been found that is a base bundle (a bundle
for Locale("")), and the candidate locale list only contained
Locale(""), return the bundle to the caller. If a bundle
has been found that is a base bundle, but the candidate locale list
contained locales other than Locale(""), put the bundle on hold and
proceed to Step 6. If a bundle has been found that is not a base
bundle, proceed to Step 7.
The control.getFallbackLocale method is called to get a fallback locale (alternative to the current target locale) to try further finding a resource bundle. If the method returns a non-null locale, it becomes the next target locale and the loading process starts over from Step 3. Otherwise, if a base bundle was found and put on hold in a previous Step 5, it is returned to the caller now. Otherwise, a MissingResourceException is thrown.
At this point, we have found a resource bundle that's not the
base bundle. If this bundle set its parent during its instantiation,
it is returned to the caller. Otherwise, its parent chain is
instantiated based on the list of candidate locales from which it was
found. Finally, the bundle is returned to the caller.

During the resource bundle loading process above, this factory method looks up the cache before calling the 
control.newBundle method. If the time-to-live period of the resource bundle found in the cache has expired, the factory method calls the control.needsReload method to determine whether the resource bundle needs to be reloaded. If reloading is required, the factory method calls control.newBundle to reload the resource bundle.  If
control.newBundle returns null, the factory
method puts a dummy resource bundle in the cache as a mark of
nonexistent resource bundles in order to avoid lookup overhead for
subsequent requests. Such dummy resource bundles are under the same
expiration control as specified by control.
All resource bundles loaded are cached by default. Refer to 
control.getTimeToLive for details. 
The following is an example of the bundle loading process with the
default ResourceBundle.Control implementation.
Conditions:

Base bundle name: foo.bar.Messages
Requested Locale: Locale.ITALY
Default Locale: Locale.FRENCH
Available resource bundles:
foo/bar/Messages_fr.properties and
foo/bar/Messages.properties

First, getBundle tries loading a resource bundle in
the following sequence.

class foo.bar.Messages_it_IT
file foo/bar/Messages_it_IT.properties
class foo.bar.Messages_it
file foo/bar/Messages_it.properties
class foo.bar.Messages
file foo/bar/Messages.properties

At this point, getBundle finds
foo/bar/Messages.properties, which is put on hold
because it's the base bundle.  getBundle calls 
control.getFallbackLocale("foo.bar.Messages", Locale.ITALY) which returns Locale.FRENCH. Next, getBundle
tries loading a bundle in the following sequence.

class foo.bar.Messages_fr
file foo/bar/Messages_fr.properties
class foo.bar.Messages
file foo/bar/Messages.properties

getBundle finds
foo/bar/Messages_fr.properties and creates a
ResourceBundle instance. Then, getBundle
sets up its parent chain from the list of the candidate locales.  Only
foo/bar/Messages.properties is found in the list and
getBundle creates a ResourceBundle instance
that becomes the parent of the instance for
foo/bar/Messages_fr.properties.
Params:
baseName – 
       the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified
       class name
targetLocale – 
       the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
loader – 
       the class loader from which to load the resource bundle
control – 
       the control which gives information for the resource
       bundle loading process
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
        if baseName, targetLocale,
        loader, or control is
        null
MissingResourceException – 
        if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found
IllegalArgumentException – 
        if the given control doesn't perform properly
        (e.g., control.getCandidateLocales returns null.)
        Note that validation of control is performed as
        needed.
UnsupportedOperationException – 
        if this method is called in a named module
Returns:
a resource bundle for the given base name and locale
Since:
1.6
@revised
9
@spec
JPMS/**
     * Returns a resource bundle using the specified base name, target
     * locale, class loader and control. Unlike the {@link
     * #getBundle(String, Locale, ClassLoader) getBundle}
     * factory methods with no {@code control} argument, the given
     * <code>control</code> specifies how to locate and instantiate resource
     * bundles. Conceptually, the bundle loading process with the given
     * <code>control</code> is performed in the following steps.
     *
     * <ol>
     * <li>This factory method looks up the resource bundle in the cache for
     * the specified <code>baseName</code>, <code>targetLocale</code> and
     * <code>loader</code>.  If the requested resource bundle instance is
     * found in the cache and the time-to-live periods of the instance and
     * all of its parent instances have not expired, the instance is returned
     * to the caller. Otherwise, this factory method proceeds with the
     * loading process below.</li>
     *
     * <li>The {@link ResourceBundle.Control#getFormats(String)
     * control.getFormats} method is called to get resource bundle formats
     * to produce bundle or resource names. The strings
     * <code>"java.class"</code> and <code>"java.properties"</code>
     * designate class-based and {@linkplain PropertyResourceBundle
     * property}-based resource bundles, respectively. Other strings
     * starting with <code>"java."</code> are reserved for future extensions
     * and must not be used for application-defined formats. Other strings
     * designate application-defined formats.</li>
     *
     * <li>The {@link ResourceBundle.Control#getCandidateLocales(String,
     * Locale) control.getCandidateLocales} method is called with the target
     * locale to get a list of <em>candidate <code>Locale</code>s</em> for
     * which resource bundles are searched.</li>
     *
     * <li>The {@link ResourceBundle.Control#newBundle(String, Locale,
     * String, ClassLoader, boolean) control.newBundle} method is called to
     * instantiate a <code>ResourceBundle</code> for the base bundle name, a
     * candidate locale, and a format. (Refer to the note on the cache
     * lookup below.) This step is iterated over all combinations of the
     * candidate locales and formats until the <code>newBundle</code> method
     * returns a <code>ResourceBundle</code> instance or the iteration has
     * used up all the combinations. For example, if the candidate locales
     * are <code>Locale("de", "DE")</code>, <code>Locale("de")</code> and
     * <code>Locale("")</code> and the formats are <code>"java.class"</code>
     * and <code>"java.properties"</code>, then the following is the
     * sequence of locale-format combinations to be used to call
     * <code>control.newBundle</code>.
     *
     * <table class=striped style="width: 50%; text-align: left; margin-left: 40px;">
     * <caption style="display:none">locale-format combinations for newBundle</caption>
     * <thead>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="col">Index</th>
     * <th scope="col"><code>Locale</code></th>
     * <th scope="col"><code>format</code></th>
     * </tr>
     * </thead>
     * <tbody>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="row">1</th>
     * <td><code>Locale("de", "DE")</code></td>
     * <td><code>java.class</code></td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="row">2</th>
     * <td><code>Locale("de", "DE")</code></td>
     * <td><code>java.properties</code></td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="row">3</th>
     * <td><code>Locale("de")</code></td>
     * <td><code>java.class</code></td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="row">4</th>
     * <td><code>Locale("de")</code></td>
     * <td><code>java.properties</code></td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="row">5</th>
     * <td><code>Locale("")</code></td>
     * <td><code>java.class</code></td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     * <th scope="row">6</th>
     * <td><code>Locale("")</code></td>
     * <td><code>java.properties</code></td>
     * </tr>
     * </tbody>
     * </table>
     * </li>
     *
     * <li>If the previous step has found no resource bundle, proceed to
     * Step 6. If a bundle has been found that is a base bundle (a bundle
     * for <code>Locale("")</code>), and the candidate locale list only contained
     * <code>Locale("")</code>, return the bundle to the caller. If a bundle
     * has been found that is a base bundle, but the candidate locale list
     * contained locales other than Locale(""), put the bundle on hold and
     * proceed to Step 6. If a bundle has been found that is not a base
     * bundle, proceed to Step 7.</li>
     *
     * <li>The {@link ResourceBundle.Control#getFallbackLocale(String,
     * Locale) control.getFallbackLocale} method is called to get a fallback
     * locale (alternative to the current target locale) to try further
     * finding a resource bundle. If the method returns a non-null locale,
     * it becomes the next target locale and the loading process starts over
     * from Step 3. Otherwise, if a base bundle was found and put on hold in
     * a previous Step 5, it is returned to the caller now. Otherwise, a
     * MissingResourceException is thrown.</li>
     *
     * <li>At this point, we have found a resource bundle that's not the
     * base bundle. If this bundle set its parent during its instantiation,
     * it is returned to the caller. Otherwise, its <a
     * href="./ResourceBundle.html#parent_chain">parent chain</a> is
     * instantiated based on the list of candidate locales from which it was
     * found. Finally, the bundle is returned to the caller.</li>
     * </ol>
     *
     * <p>During the resource bundle loading process above, this factory
     * method looks up the cache before calling the {@link
     * Control#newBundle(String, Locale, String, ClassLoader, boolean)
     * control.newBundle} method.  If the time-to-live period of the
     * resource bundle found in the cache has expired, the factory method
     * calls the {@link ResourceBundle.Control#needsReload(String, Locale,
     * String, ClassLoader, ResourceBundle, long) control.needsReload}
     * method to determine whether the resource bundle needs to be reloaded.
     * If reloading is required, the factory method calls
     * <code>control.newBundle</code> to reload the resource bundle.  If
     * <code>control.newBundle</code> returns <code>null</code>, the factory
     * method puts a dummy resource bundle in the cache as a mark of
     * nonexistent resource bundles in order to avoid lookup overhead for
     * subsequent requests. Such dummy resource bundles are under the same
     * expiration control as specified by <code>control</code>.
     *
     * <p>All resource bundles loaded are cached by default. Refer to
     * {@link Control#getTimeToLive(String,Locale)
     * control.getTimeToLive} for details.
     *
     * <p>The following is an example of the bundle loading process with the
     * default <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> implementation.
     *
     * <p>Conditions:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Base bundle name: <code>foo.bar.Messages</code>
     * <li>Requested <code>Locale</code>: {@link Locale#ITALY}</li>
     * <li>Default <code>Locale</code>: {@link Locale#FRENCH}</li>
     * <li>Available resource bundles:
     * <code>foo/bar/Messages_fr.properties</code> and
     * <code>foo/bar/Messages.properties</code></li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>First, <code>getBundle</code> tries loading a resource bundle in
     * the following sequence.
     *
     * <ul>
     * <li>class <code>foo.bar.Messages_it_IT</code>
     * <li>file <code>foo/bar/Messages_it_IT.properties</code>
     * <li>class <code>foo.bar.Messages_it</code></li>
     * <li>file <code>foo/bar/Messages_it.properties</code></li>
     * <li>class <code>foo.bar.Messages</code></li>
     * <li>file <code>foo/bar/Messages.properties</code></li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>At this point, <code>getBundle</code> finds
     * <code>foo/bar/Messages.properties</code>, which is put on hold
     * because it's the base bundle.  <code>getBundle</code> calls {@link
     * Control#getFallbackLocale(String, Locale)
     * control.getFallbackLocale("foo.bar.Messages", Locale.ITALY)} which
     * returns <code>Locale.FRENCH</code>. Next, <code>getBundle</code>
     * tries loading a bundle in the following sequence.
     *
     * <ul>
     * <li>class <code>foo.bar.Messages_fr</code></li>
     * <li>file <code>foo/bar/Messages_fr.properties</code></li>
     * <li>class <code>foo.bar.Messages</code></li>
     * <li>file <code>foo/bar/Messages.properties</code></li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p><code>getBundle</code> finds
     * <code>foo/bar/Messages_fr.properties</code> and creates a
     * <code>ResourceBundle</code> instance. Then, <code>getBundle</code>
     * sets up its parent chain from the list of the candidate locales.  Only
     * <code>foo/bar/Messages.properties</code> is found in the list and
     * <code>getBundle</code> creates a <code>ResourceBundle</code> instance
     * that becomes the parent of the instance for
     * <code>foo/bar/Messages_fr.properties</code>.
     *
     * @param baseName
     *        the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified
     *        class name
     * @param targetLocale
     *        the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
     * @param loader
     *        the class loader from which to load the resource bundle
     * @param control
     *        the control which gives information for the resource
     *        bundle loading process
     * @return a resource bundle for the given base name and locale
     * @throws NullPointerException
     *         if <code>baseName</code>, <code>targetLocale</code>,
     *         <code>loader</code>, or <code>control</code> is
     *         <code>null</code>
     * @throws MissingResourceException
     *         if no resource bundle for the specified base name can be found
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *         if the given <code>control</code> doesn't perform properly
     *         (e.g., <code>control.getCandidateLocales</code> returns null.)
     *         Note that validation of <code>control</code> is performed as
     *         needed.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException
     *         if this method is called in a named module
     * @since 1.6
     * @revised 9
     * @spec JPMS
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static ResourceBundle getBundle(String baseName, Locale targetLocale,
                                           ClassLoader loader, Control control) {
        if (loader == null || control == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        checkNamedModule(caller);
        return getBundleImpl(baseName, targetLocale, caller, loader, control);
    }

    private static Control getDefaultControl(Class<?> caller, String baseName) {
        return getDefaultControl(caller.getModule(), baseName);
    }

    private static Control getDefaultControl(Module targetModule, String baseName) {
        return targetModule.isNamed() ?
            Control.INSTANCE :
            ResourceBundleControlProviderHolder.getControl(baseName);
    }

    private static class ResourceBundleControlProviderHolder {
        private static final PrivilegedAction<List<ResourceBundleControlProvider>> pa =
            () -> {
                return Collections.unmodifiableList(
                    ServiceLoader.load(ResourceBundleControlProvider.class,
                                       ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()).stream()
                        .map(ServiceLoader.Provider::get)
                        .collect(Collectors.toList()));
            };

        private static final List<ResourceBundleControlProvider> CONTROL_PROVIDERS =
            AccessController.doPrivileged(pa);

        private static Control getControl(String baseName) {
            return CONTROL_PROVIDERS.isEmpty() ?
                Control.INSTANCE :
                CONTROL_PROVIDERS.stream()
                    .flatMap(provider -> Stream.ofNullable(provider.getControl(baseName)))
                    .findFirst()
                    .orElse(Control.INSTANCE);
        }
    }

    private static void checkNamedModule(Class<?> caller) {
        if (caller.getModule().isNamed()) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
                    "ResourceBundle.Control not supported in named modules");
        }
    }

    private static ResourceBundle getBundleImpl(String baseName,
                                                Locale locale,
                                                Class<?> caller,
                                                Control control) {
        return getBundleImpl(baseName, locale, caller, caller.getClassLoader(), control);
    }

    
This method will find resource bundles using the legacy mechanism
if the caller is unnamed module or the given class loader is
not the class loader of the caller module getting the resource
bundle, i.e. find the class that is visible to the class loader
and properties from unnamed module.
The module-aware resource bundle lookup mechanism will load
the service providers using the service loader mechanism
as well as properties local in the caller module.
/**
     * This method will find resource bundles using the legacy mechanism
     * if the caller is unnamed module or the given class loader is
     * not the class loader of the caller module getting the resource
     * bundle, i.e. find the class that is visible to the class loader
     * and properties from unnamed module.
     *
     * The module-aware resource bundle lookup mechanism will load
     * the service providers using the service loader mechanism
     * as well as properties local in the caller module.
     */
    private static ResourceBundle getBundleImpl(String baseName,
                                                Locale locale,
                                                Class<?> caller,
                                                ClassLoader loader,
                                                Control control) {
        if (caller == null) {
            throw new InternalError("null caller");
        }
        Module callerModule = caller.getModule();

        // get resource bundles for a named module only if loader is the module's class loader
        if (callerModule.isNamed() && loader == getLoader(callerModule)) {
            return getBundleImpl(callerModule, callerModule, baseName, locale, control);
        }

        // find resource bundles from unnamed module of given class loader
        // Java agent can add to the bootclasspath e.g. via
        // java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation and load classes in unnamed module.
        // It may call RB::getBundle that will end up here with loader == null.
        Module unnamedModule = loader != null
            ? loader.getUnnamedModule()
            : BootLoader.getUnnamedModule();

        return getBundleImpl(callerModule, unnamedModule, baseName, locale, control);
    }

    private static ResourceBundle getBundleFromModule(Class<?> caller,
                                                      Module module,
                                                      String baseName,
                                                      Locale locale,
                                                      Control control) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(module);
        Module callerModule = caller.getModule();
        if (callerModule != module) {
            SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
            if (sm != null) {
                sm.checkPermission(GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
            }
        }
        return getBundleImpl(callerModule, module, baseName, locale, control);
    }

    private static ResourceBundle getBundleImpl(Module callerModule,
                                                Module module,
                                                String baseName,
                                                Locale locale,
                                                Control control) {
        if (locale == null || control == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }

        // We create a CacheKey here for use by this call. The base name
        // and modules will never change during the bundle loading
        // process. We have to make sure that the locale is set before
        // using it as a cache key.
        CacheKey cacheKey = new CacheKey(baseName, locale, module, callerModule);
        ResourceBundle bundle = null;

        // Quick lookup of the cache.
        BundleReference bundleRef = cacheList.get(cacheKey);
        if (bundleRef != null) {
            bundle = bundleRef.get();
            bundleRef = null;
        }

        // If this bundle and all of its parents are valid (not expired),
        // then return this bundle. If any of the bundles is expired, we
        // don't call control.needsReload here but instead drop into the
        // complete loading process below.
        if (isValidBundle(bundle) && hasValidParentChain(bundle)) {
            return bundle;
        }

        // No valid bundle was found in the cache, so we need to load the
        // resource bundle and its parents.

        boolean isKnownControl = (control == Control.INSTANCE) ||
                                   (control instanceof SingleFormatControl);
        List<String> formats = control.getFormats(baseName);
        if (!isKnownControl && !checkList(formats)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid Control: getFormats");
        }

        ResourceBundle baseBundle = null;
        for (Locale targetLocale = locale;
             targetLocale != null;
             targetLocale = control.getFallbackLocale(baseName, targetLocale)) {
            List<Locale> candidateLocales = control.getCandidateLocales(baseName, targetLocale);
            if (!isKnownControl && !checkList(candidateLocales)) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid Control: getCandidateLocales");
            }

            bundle = findBundle(callerModule, module, cacheKey,
                                candidateLocales, formats, 0, control, baseBundle);

            // If the loaded bundle is the base bundle and exactly for the
            // requested locale or the only candidate locale, then take the
            // bundle as the resulting one. If the loaded bundle is the base
            // bundle, it's put on hold until we finish processing all
            // fallback locales.
            if (isValidBundle(bundle)) {
                boolean isBaseBundle = Locale.ROOT.equals(bundle.locale);
                if (!isBaseBundle || bundle.locale.equals(locale)
                    || (candidateLocales.size() == 1
                        && bundle.locale.equals(candidateLocales.get(0)))) {
                    break;
                }

                // If the base bundle has been loaded, keep the reference in
                // baseBundle so that we can avoid any redundant loading in case
                // the control specify not to cache bundles.
                if (isBaseBundle && baseBundle == null) {
                    baseBundle = bundle;
                }
            }
        }

        if (bundle == null) {
            if (baseBundle == null) {
                throwMissingResourceException(baseName, locale, cacheKey.getCause());
            }
            bundle = baseBundle;
        }

        // keep callerModule and module reachable for as long as we are operating
        // with WeakReference(s) to them (in CacheKey)...
        Reference.reachabilityFence(callerModule);
        Reference.reachabilityFence(module);

        return bundle;
    }

    
Checks if the given List is not null, not empty,
not having null in its elements.
/**
     * Checks if the given <code>List</code> is not null, not empty,
     * not having null in its elements.
     */
    private static boolean checkList(List<?> a) {
        boolean valid = (a != null && !a.isEmpty());
        if (valid) {
            int size = a.size();
            for (int i = 0; valid && i < size; i++) {
                valid = (a.get(i) != null);
            }
        }
        return valid;
    }

    private static ResourceBundle findBundle(Module callerModule,
                                             Module module,
                                             CacheKey cacheKey,
                                             List<Locale> candidateLocales,
                                             List<String> formats,
                                             int index,
                                             Control control,
                                             ResourceBundle baseBundle) {
        Locale targetLocale = candidateLocales.get(index);
        ResourceBundle parent = null;
        if (index != candidateLocales.size() - 1) {
            parent = findBundle(callerModule, module, cacheKey,
                                candidateLocales, formats, index + 1,
                                control, baseBundle);
        } else if (baseBundle != null && Locale.ROOT.equals(targetLocale)) {
            return baseBundle;
        }

        // Before we do the real loading work, see whether we need to
        // do some housekeeping: If references to modules or
        // resource bundles have been nulled out, remove all related
        // information from the cache.
        Object ref;
        while ((ref = referenceQueue.poll()) != null) {
            cacheList.remove(((CacheKeyReference)ref).getCacheKey());
        }

        // flag indicating the resource bundle has expired in the cache
        boolean expiredBundle = false;

        // First, look up the cache to see if it's in the cache, without
        // attempting to load bundle.
        cacheKey.setLocale(targetLocale);
        ResourceBundle bundle = findBundleInCache(cacheKey, control);
        if (isValidBundle(bundle)) {
            expiredBundle = bundle.expired;
            if (!expiredBundle) {
                // If its parent is the one asked for by the candidate
                // locales (the runtime lookup path), we can take the cached
                // one. (If it's not identical, then we'd have to check the
                // parent's parents to be consistent with what's been
                // requested.)
                if (bundle.parent == parent) {
                    return bundle;
                }
                // Otherwise, remove the cached one since we can't keep
                // the same bundles having different parents.
                BundleReference bundleRef = cacheList.get(cacheKey);
                if (bundleRef != null && bundleRef.get() == bundle) {
                    cacheList.remove(cacheKey, bundleRef);
                }
            }
        }

        if (bundle != NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE) {
            trace("findBundle: %d %s %s formats: %s%n", index, candidateLocales, cacheKey, formats);
            if (module.isNamed()) {
                bundle = loadBundle(cacheKey, formats, control, module, callerModule);
            } else {
                bundle = loadBundle(cacheKey, formats, control, expiredBundle);
            }
            if (bundle != null) {
                if (bundle.parent == null) {
                    bundle.setParent(parent);
                }
                bundle.locale = targetLocale;
                bundle = putBundleInCache(cacheKey, bundle, control);
                return bundle;
            }

            // Put NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE in the cache as a mark that there's no bundle
            // instance for the locale.
            putBundleInCache(cacheKey, NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE, control);
        }
        return parent;
    }

    private static final String UNKNOWN_FORMAT = "";


    /*
     * Loads a ResourceBundle in named modules
     */
    private static ResourceBundle loadBundle(CacheKey cacheKey,
                                             List<String> formats,
                                             Control control,
                                             Module module,
                                             Module callerModule) {
        String baseName = cacheKey.getName();
        Locale targetLocale = cacheKey.getLocale();

        ResourceBundle bundle = null;
        if (cacheKey.hasProviders()) {
            if (callerModule == module) {
                bundle = loadBundleFromProviders(baseName,
                                                 targetLocale,
                                                 cacheKey.getProviders(),
                                                 cacheKey);
            } else {
                // load from provider if the caller module has access to the
                // service type and also declares `uses`
                ClassLoader loader = getLoader(module);
                Class<ResourceBundleProvider> svc =
                    getResourceBundleProviderType(baseName, loader);
                if (svc != null
                        && Reflection.verifyModuleAccess(callerModule, svc)
                        && callerModule.canUse(svc)) {
                    bundle = loadBundleFromProviders(baseName,
                                                     targetLocale,
                                                     cacheKey.getProviders(),
                                                     cacheKey);
                }
            }

            if (bundle != null) {
                cacheKey.setFormat(UNKNOWN_FORMAT);
            }
        }

        // If none of providers returned a bundle and the caller has no provider,
        // look up module-local bundles or from the class path
        if (bundle == null && !cacheKey.callerHasProvider()) {
            for (String format : formats) {
                try {
                    switch (format) {
                    case "java.class":
                        bundle = ResourceBundleProviderHelper
                            .loadResourceBundle(callerModule, module, baseName, targetLocale);

                        break;
                    case "java.properties":
                        bundle = ResourceBundleProviderHelper
                            .loadPropertyResourceBundle(callerModule, module, baseName, targetLocale);
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw new InternalError("unexpected format: " + format);
                    }

                    if (bundle != null) {
                        cacheKey.setFormat(format);
                        break;
                    }
                } catch (LinkageError|Exception e) {
                    cacheKey.setCause(e);
                }
            }
        }
        return bundle;
    }

    
Returns a ServiceLoader that will find providers that are bound to
a given named module.
/**
     * Returns a ServiceLoader that will find providers that are bound to
     * a given named module.
     */
    private static ServiceLoader<ResourceBundleProvider> getServiceLoader(Module module,
                                                                          String baseName)
    {
        if (!module.isNamed()) {
            return null;
        }

        ClassLoader loader = getLoader(module);
        Class<ResourceBundleProvider> service =
                getResourceBundleProviderType(baseName, loader);
        if (service != null && Reflection.verifyModuleAccess(module, service)) {
            try {
                // locate providers that are visible to the class loader
                // ServiceConfigurationError will be thrown if the module
                // does not declare `uses` the service type
                return ServiceLoader.load(service, loader, module);
            } catch (ServiceConfigurationError e) {
                // "uses" not declared
                return null;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    
Returns the service type of the given baseName that is visible
to the given class loader
/**
     * Returns the service type of the given baseName that is visible
     * to the given class loader
     */
    private static Class<ResourceBundleProvider>
            getResourceBundleProviderType(String baseName, ClassLoader loader)
    {
        // Look up <packagename> + ".spi." + <name>"Provider"
        int i = baseName.lastIndexOf('.');
        if (i <= 0) {
            return null;
        }

        String name = baseName.substring(i+1, baseName.length()) + "Provider";
        String providerName = baseName.substring(0, i) + ".spi." + name;

        // Use the class loader of the getBundle caller so that the caller's
        // visibility of the provider type is checked.
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new PrivilegedAction<>() {
                @Override
                public Class<ResourceBundleProvider> run() {
                    try {
                        Class<?> c = Class.forName(providerName, false, loader);
                        if (ResourceBundleProvider.class.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
                            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                            Class<ResourceBundleProvider> s = (Class<ResourceBundleProvider>) c;
                            return s;
                        }
                    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {}
                    return null;
                }
            });
    }

    
Loads ResourceBundle from service providers.
/**
     * Loads ResourceBundle from service providers.
     */
    private static ResourceBundle loadBundleFromProviders(String baseName,
                                                          Locale locale,
                                                          ServiceLoader<ResourceBundleProvider> providers,
                                                          CacheKey cacheKey)
    {
        if (providers == null) return null;

        return AccessController.doPrivileged(
                new PrivilegedAction<>() {
                    public ResourceBundle run() {
                        for (Iterator<ResourceBundleProvider> itr = providers.iterator(); itr.hasNext(); ) {
                            try {
                                ResourceBundleProvider provider = itr.next();
                                if (cacheKey != null && cacheKey.callerHasProvider == null
                                        && cacheKey.getModule() == provider.getClass().getModule()) {
                                    cacheKey.callerHasProvider = Boolean.TRUE;
                                }
                                ResourceBundle bundle = provider.getBundle(baseName, locale);
                                trace("provider %s %s locale: %s bundle: %s%n", provider, baseName, locale, bundle);
                                if (bundle != null) {
                                    return bundle;
                                }
                            } catch (ServiceConfigurationError | SecurityException e) {
                                if (cacheKey != null) {
                                    cacheKey.setCause(e);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        if (cacheKey != null && cacheKey.callerHasProvider == null) {
                            cacheKey.callerHasProvider = Boolean.FALSE;
                        }
                        return null;
                    }
                });

    }

    /*
     * Legacy mechanism to load resource bundles
     */
    private static ResourceBundle loadBundle(CacheKey cacheKey,
                                             List<String> formats,
                                             Control control,
                                             boolean reload) {

        // Here we actually load the bundle in the order of formats
        // specified by the getFormats() value.
        Locale targetLocale = cacheKey.getLocale();

        Module module = cacheKey.getModule();
        if (module == null) {
            // should not happen
            throw new InternalError(
                "Module for cache key: " + cacheKey + " has been GCed.");
        }
        ClassLoader loader = getLoaderForControl(module);

        ResourceBundle bundle = null;
        for (String format : formats) {
            try {
                // ResourceBundle.Control.newBundle may be overridden
                bundle = control.newBundle(cacheKey.getName(), targetLocale, format,
                                           loader, reload);
            } catch (LinkageError | Exception error) {
                // We need to handle the LinkageError case due to
                // inconsistent case-sensitivity in ClassLoader.
                // See 6572242 for details.
                cacheKey.setCause(error);
            }
            if (bundle != null) {
                // Set the format in the cache key so that it can be
                // used when calling needsReload later.
                cacheKey.setFormat(format);
                bundle.name = cacheKey.getName();
                bundle.locale = targetLocale;
                // Bundle provider might reuse instances. So we should make
                // sure to clear the expired flag here.
                bundle.expired = false;
                break;
            }
        }

        return bundle;
    }

    private static boolean isValidBundle(ResourceBundle bundle) {
        return bundle != null && bundle != NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE;
    }

    
Determines whether any of resource bundles in the parent chain,
including the leaf, have expired.
/**
     * Determines whether any of resource bundles in the parent chain,
     * including the leaf, have expired.
     */
    private static boolean hasValidParentChain(ResourceBundle bundle) {
        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
        while (bundle != null) {
            if (bundle.expired) {
                return false;
            }
            CacheKey key = bundle.cacheKey;
            if (key != null) {
                long expirationTime = key.expirationTime;
                if (expirationTime >= 0 && expirationTime <= now) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            bundle = bundle.parent;
        }
        return true;
    }

    
Throw a MissingResourceException with proper message
/**
     * Throw a MissingResourceException with proper message
     */
    private static void throwMissingResourceException(String baseName,
                                                      Locale locale,
                                                      Throwable cause) {
        // If the cause is a MissingResourceException, avoid creating
        // a long chain. (6355009)
        if (cause instanceof MissingResourceException) {
            cause = null;
        }
        throw new MissingResourceException("Can't find bundle for base name "
                                           + baseName + ", locale " + locale,
                                           baseName + "_" + locale, // className
                                           "",                      // key
                                           cause);
    }

    
Finds a bundle in the cache. Any expired bundles are marked as
`expired' and removed from the cache upon return.
Params:
cacheKey – the key to look up the cache
control – the Control to be used for the expiration control
Returns:
the cached bundle, or null if the bundle is not found in the
cache or its parent has expired. bundle.expire is true
upon return if the bundle in the cache has expired./**
     * Finds a bundle in the cache. Any expired bundles are marked as
     * `expired' and removed from the cache upon return.
     *
     * @param cacheKey the key to look up the cache
     * @param control the Control to be used for the expiration control
     * @return the cached bundle, or null if the bundle is not found in the
     * cache or its parent has expired. <code>bundle.expire</code> is true
     * upon return if the bundle in the cache has expired.
     */
    private static ResourceBundle findBundleInCache(CacheKey cacheKey,
                                                    Control control) {
        BundleReference bundleRef = cacheList.get(cacheKey);
        if (bundleRef == null) {
            return null;
        }
        ResourceBundle bundle = bundleRef.get();
        if (bundle == null) {
            return null;
        }
        ResourceBundle p = bundle.parent;
        assert p != NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE;
        // If the parent has expired, then this one must also expire. We
        // check only the immediate parent because the actual loading is
        // done from the root (base) to leaf (child) and the purpose of
        // checking is to propagate expiration towards the leaf. For
        // example, if the requested locale is ja_JP_JP and there are
        // bundles for all of the candidates in the cache, we have a list,
        //
        // base <- ja <- ja_JP <- ja_JP_JP
        //
        // If ja has expired, then it will reload ja and the list becomes a
        // tree.
        //
        // base <- ja (new)
        //  "   <- ja (expired) <- ja_JP <- ja_JP_JP
        //
        // When looking up ja_JP in the cache, it finds ja_JP in the cache
        // which references to the expired ja. Then, ja_JP is marked as
        // expired and removed from the cache. This will be propagated to
        // ja_JP_JP.
        //
        // Now, it's possible, for example, that while loading new ja_JP,
        // someone else has started loading the same bundle and finds the
        // base bundle has expired. Then, what we get from the first
        // getBundle call includes the expired base bundle. However, if
        // someone else didn't start its loading, we wouldn't know if the
        // base bundle has expired at the end of the loading process. The
        // expiration control doesn't guarantee that the returned bundle and
        // its parents haven't expired.
        //
        // We could check the entire parent chain to see if there's any in
        // the chain that has expired. But this process may never end. An
        // extreme case would be that getTimeToLive returns 0 and
        // needsReload always returns true.
        if (p != null && p.expired) {
            assert bundle != NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE;
            bundle.expired = true;
            bundle.cacheKey = null;
            cacheList.remove(cacheKey, bundleRef);
            bundle = null;
        } else {
            CacheKey key = bundleRef.getCacheKey();
            long expirationTime = key.expirationTime;
            if (!bundle.expired && expirationTime >= 0 &&
                expirationTime <= System.currentTimeMillis()) {
                // its TTL period has expired.
                if (bundle != NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE) {
                    // Synchronize here to call needsReload to avoid
                    // redundant concurrent calls for the same bundle.
                    synchronized (bundle) {
                        expirationTime = key.expirationTime;
                        if (!bundle.expired && expirationTime >= 0 &&
                            expirationTime <= System.currentTimeMillis()) {
                            try {
                                Module module = cacheKey.getModule();
                                bundle.expired =
                                    module == null || // already GCed
                                    control.needsReload(key.getName(),
                                                        key.getLocale(),
                                                        key.getFormat(),
                                                        getLoaderForControl(module),
                                                        bundle,
                                                        key.loadTime);
                            } catch (Exception e) {
                                cacheKey.setCause(e);
                            }
                            if (bundle.expired) {
                                // If the bundle needs to be reloaded, then
                                // remove the bundle from the cache, but
                                // return the bundle with the expired flag
                                // on.
                                bundle.cacheKey = null;
                                cacheList.remove(cacheKey, bundleRef);
                            } else {
                                // Update the expiration control info. and reuse
                                // the same bundle instance
                                setExpirationTime(key, control);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    // We just remove NONEXISTENT_BUNDLE from the cache.
                    cacheList.remove(cacheKey, bundleRef);
                    bundle = null;
                }
            }
        }
        return bundle;
    }

    
Put a new bundle in the cache.
Params:
cacheKey – the key for the resource bundle
bundle – the resource bundle to be put in the cache
Returns:
the ResourceBundle for the cacheKey; if someone has put
the bundle before this call, the one found in the cache is
returned./**
     * Put a new bundle in the cache.
     *
     * @param cacheKey the key for the resource bundle
     * @param bundle the resource bundle to be put in the cache
     * @return the ResourceBundle for the cacheKey; if someone has put
     * the bundle before this call, the one found in the cache is
     * returned.
     */
    private static ResourceBundle putBundleInCache(CacheKey cacheKey,
                                                   ResourceBundle bundle,
                                                   Control control) {
        setExpirationTime(cacheKey, control);
        if (cacheKey.expirationTime != Control.TTL_DONT_CACHE) {
            CacheKey key = new CacheKey(cacheKey);
            BundleReference bundleRef = new BundleReference(bundle, referenceQueue, key);
            bundle.cacheKey = key;

            // Put the bundle in the cache if it's not been in the cache.
            BundleReference result = cacheList.putIfAbsent(key, bundleRef);

            // If someone else has put the same bundle in the cache before
            // us and it has not expired, we should use the one in the cache.
            if (result != null) {
                ResourceBundle rb = result.get();
                if (rb != null && !rb.expired) {
                    // Clear the back link to the cache key
                    bundle.cacheKey = null;
                    bundle = rb;
                    // Clear the reference in the BundleReference so that
                    // it won't be enqueued.
                    bundleRef.clear();
                } else {
                    // Replace the invalid (garbage collected or expired)
                    // instance with the valid one.
                    cacheList.put(key, bundleRef);
                }
            }
        }
        return bundle;
    }

    private static void setExpirationTime(CacheKey cacheKey, Control control) {
        long ttl = control.getTimeToLive(cacheKey.getName(),
                                         cacheKey.getLocale());
        if (ttl >= 0) {
            // If any expiration time is specified, set the time to be
            // expired in the cache.
            long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
            cacheKey.loadTime = now;
            cacheKey.expirationTime = now + ttl;
        } else if (ttl >= Control.TTL_NO_EXPIRATION_CONTROL) {
            cacheKey.expirationTime = ttl;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid Control: TTL=" + ttl);
        }
    }

    
Removes all resource bundles from the cache that have been loaded
by the caller's module.
See Also:
Control.getTimeToLive(String, Locale)
Since:
1.6
@revised
9
@spec
JPMS/**
     * Removes all resource bundles from the cache that have been loaded
     * by the caller's module.
     *
     * @since 1.6
     * @revised 9
     * @spec JPMS
     * @see ResourceBundle.Control#getTimeToLive(String,Locale)
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static final void clearCache() {
        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        cacheList.keySet().removeIf(
            key -> key.getCallerModule() == caller.getModule()
        );
    }

    
Removes all resource bundles from the cache that have been loaded
by the given class loader.
Params:
loader – the class loader
Throws:
NullPointerException – if loader is null
See Also:
Control.getTimeToLive(String, Locale)
Since:
1.6/**
     * Removes all resource bundles from the cache that have been loaded
     * by the given class loader.
     *
     * @param loader the class loader
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>loader</code> is null
     * @since 1.6
     * @see ResourceBundle.Control#getTimeToLive(String,Locale)
     */
    public static final void clearCache(ClassLoader loader) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(loader);
        cacheList.keySet().removeIf(
            key -> {
                Module m;
                return (m = key.getModule()) != null &&
                       getLoader(m) == loader;
            }
        );
    }

    
Gets an object for the given key from this resource bundle.
Returns null if this resource bundle does not contain an
object for the given key.
Params:
key – the key for the desired object
Throws:
NullPointerException – if key is null
Returns:
the object for the given key, or null/**
     * Gets an object for the given key from this resource bundle.
     * Returns null if this resource bundle does not contain an
     * object for the given key.
     *
     * @param key the key for the desired object
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @return the object for the given key, or null
     */
    protected abstract Object handleGetObject(String key);

    
Returns an enumeration of the keys.
Returns:
an Enumeration of the keys contained in
        this ResourceBundle and its parent bundles./**
     * Returns an enumeration of the keys.
     *
     * @return an <code>Enumeration</code> of the keys contained in
     *         this <code>ResourceBundle</code> and its parent bundles.
     */
    public abstract Enumeration<String> getKeys();

    
Determines whether the given key is contained in
this ResourceBundle or its parent bundles.
Params:
key – 
       the resource key
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
        if key is null
Returns:
true if the given key is
       contained in this ResourceBundle or its
       parent bundles; false otherwise.
Since:
1.6/**
     * Determines whether the given <code>key</code> is contained in
     * this <code>ResourceBundle</code> or its parent bundles.
     *
     * @param key
     *        the resource <code>key</code>
     * @return <code>true</code> if the given <code>key</code> is
     *        contained in this <code>ResourceBundle</code> or its
     *        parent bundles; <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @exception NullPointerException
     *         if <code>key</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public boolean containsKey(String key) {
        if (key == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        for (ResourceBundle rb = this; rb != null; rb = rb.parent) {
            if (rb.handleKeySet().contains(key)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    
Returns a Set of all keys contained in this
ResourceBundle and its parent bundles.
Returns:
a Set of all keys contained in this
        ResourceBundle and its parent bundles.
Since:
1.6/**
     * Returns a <code>Set</code> of all keys contained in this
     * <code>ResourceBundle</code> and its parent bundles.
     *
     * @return a <code>Set</code> of all keys contained in this
     *         <code>ResourceBundle</code> and its parent bundles.
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public Set<String> keySet() {
        Set<String> keys = new HashSet<>();
        for (ResourceBundle rb = this; rb != null; rb = rb.parent) {
            keys.addAll(rb.handleKeySet());
        }
        return keys;
    }

    
Returns a Set of the keys contained only
in this ResourceBundle.
The default implementation returns a Set of the keys returned by the getKeys method except for the ones for which the 
handleGetObject method returns null. Once the
Set has been created, the value is kept in this
ResourceBundle in order to avoid producing the
same Set in subsequent calls. Subclasses can
override this method for faster handling.
Returns:
a Set of the keys contained only in this
       ResourceBundle
Since:
1.6/**
     * Returns a <code>Set</code> of the keys contained <em>only</em>
     * in this <code>ResourceBundle</code>.
     *
     * <p>The default implementation returns a <code>Set</code> of the
     * keys returned by the {@link #getKeys() getKeys} method except
     * for the ones for which the {@link #handleGetObject(String)
     * handleGetObject} method returns <code>null</code>. Once the
     * <code>Set</code> has been created, the value is kept in this
     * <code>ResourceBundle</code> in order to avoid producing the
     * same <code>Set</code> in subsequent calls. Subclasses can
     * override this method for faster handling.
     *
     * @return a <code>Set</code> of the keys contained only in this
     *        <code>ResourceBundle</code>
     * @since 1.6
     */
    protected Set<String> handleKeySet() {
        if (keySet == null) {
            synchronized (this) {
                if (keySet == null) {
                    Set<String> keys = new HashSet<>();
                    Enumeration<String> enumKeys = getKeys();
                    while (enumKeys.hasMoreElements()) {
                        String key = enumKeys.nextElement();
                        if (handleGetObject(key) != null) {
                            keys.add(key);
                        }
                    }
                    keySet = keys;
                }
            }
        }
        return keySet;
    }



    
ResourceBundle.Control defines a set of callback methods that are invoked by the ResourceBundle.getBundle factory methods during the bundle loading process. In other words, a ResourceBundle.Control collaborates with the factory
methods for loading resource bundles. The default implementation of
the callback methods provides the information necessary for the
factory methods to perform the default behavior.
 Control is designed for an application deployed in an unnamed module, for example to support resource bundles in non-standard formats or package localized resources in a non-traditional convention. ResourceBundleProvider is the replacement for ResourceBundle.Control when migrating to modules. UnsupportedOperationException will be thrown when a factory method that takes the ResourceBundle.Control parameter is called. 
In addition to the callback methods, the toBundleName and toResourceName methods are defined primarily for convenience in implementing the callback methods. However, the toBundleName method could be
overridden to provide different conventions in the organization and
packaging of localized resources.  The toResourceName
method is final to avoid use of wrong resource and class
name separators.
Two factory methods, getControl(List<String>) and getNoFallbackControl(List<String>), provide ResourceBundle.Control instances that implement common
variations of the default bundle loading process.
The formats returned by the 
getFormats method and candidate locales returned by the 
getCandidateLocales method must be consistent in all ResourceBundle.getBundle invocations for the same base
bundle. Otherwise, the ResourceBundle.getBundle methods
may return unintended bundles. For example, if only
"java.class" is returned by the getFormats
method for the first call to ResourceBundle.getBundle
and only "java.properties" for the second call, then the
second call will return the class-based one that has been cached
during the first call.
A ResourceBundle.Control instance must be thread-safe
if it's simultaneously used by multiple threads.
ResourceBundle.getBundle does not synchronize to call
the ResourceBundle.Control methods. The default
implementations of the methods are thread-safe.
Applications can specify ResourceBundle.Control
instances returned by the getControl factory methods or
created from a subclass of ResourceBundle.Control to
customize the bundle loading process. The following are examples of
changing the default bundle loading process.
Example 1
The following code lets ResourceBundle.getBundle look
up only properties-based resources.
import java.util.*;
import static java.util.ResourceBundle.Control.*;
...
ResourceBundle bundle =
  ResourceBundle.getBundle("MyResources", new Locale("fr", "CH"),
                           ResourceBundle.Control.getControl(FORMAT_PROPERTIES));

Given the resource bundles in the example in
the ResourceBundle.getBundle description, this
ResourceBundle.getBundle call loads
MyResources_fr_CH.properties whose parent is
MyResources_fr.properties whose parent is
MyResources.properties. (MyResources_fr_CH.properties
is not hidden, but MyResources_fr_CH.class is.)
Example 2
The following is an example of loading XML-based bundles using 
Properties.loadFromXML. 
ResourceBundle rb = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Messages",
    new ResourceBundle.Control() {
        public List<String> getFormats(String baseName) {
            if (baseName == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            return Arrays.asList("xml");
        }
        public ResourceBundle newBundle(String baseName,
                                        Locale locale,
                                        String format,
                                        ClassLoader loader,
                                        boolean reload)
                         throws IllegalAccessException,
                                InstantiationException,
                                IOException {
            if (baseName == null || locale == null
                  || format == null || loader == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            ResourceBundle bundle = null;
            if (format.equals("xml")) {
                String bundleName = toBundleName(baseName, locale);
                String resourceName = toResourceName(bundleName, format);
                InputStream stream = null;
                if (reload) {
                    URL url = loader.getResource(resourceName);
                    if (url != null) {
                        URLConnection connection = url.openConnection();
                        if (connection != null) {
                            // Disable caches to get fresh data for
                            // reloading.
                            connection.setUseCaches(false);
                            stream = connection.getInputStream();
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    stream = loader.getResourceAsStream(resourceName);
                }
                if (stream != null) {
                    BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(stream);
                    bundle = new XMLResourceBundle(bis);
                    bis.close();
                }
            }
            return bundle;
        }
    });
...
private static class XMLResourceBundle extends ResourceBundle {
    private Properties props;
    XMLResourceBundle(InputStream stream) throws IOException {
        props = new Properties();
        props.loadFromXML(stream);
    }
    protected Object handleGetObject(String key) {
        return props.getProperty(key);
    }
    public Enumeration<String> getKeys() {
        ...
    }
}

See Also:
ResourceBundleProvider
API Note:
ResourceBundle.Control is not supported in named modules. If the ResourceBundle.getBundle method with a ResourceBundle.Control is called in a named module, the method will throw an UnsupportedOperationException. Any service providers of ResourceBundleControlProvider are ignored in named modules.
Since:
1.6
@revised
9
@spec
JPMS/**
     * <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> defines a set of callback methods
     * that are invoked by the {@link ResourceBundle#getBundle(String,
     * Locale, ClassLoader, Control) ResourceBundle.getBundle} factory
     * methods during the bundle loading process. In other words, a
     * <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> collaborates with the factory
     * methods for loading resource bundles. The default implementation of
     * the callback methods provides the information necessary for the
     * factory methods to perform the <a
     * href="./ResourceBundle.html#default_behavior">default behavior</a>.
     *
     * <p> {@link ResourceBundle.Control} is designed for an application deployed
     * in an unnamed module, for example to support resource bundles in
     * non-standard formats or package localized resources in a non-traditional
     * convention. {@link ResourceBundleProvider} is the replacement for
     * {@code ResourceBundle.Control} when migrating to modules.
     * {@code UnsupportedOperationException} will be thrown when a factory
     * method that takes the {@code ResourceBundle.Control} parameter is called.
     *
     * <p>In addition to the callback methods, the {@link
     * #toBundleName(String, Locale) toBundleName} and {@link
     * #toResourceName(String, String) toResourceName} methods are defined
     * primarily for convenience in implementing the callback
     * methods. However, the <code>toBundleName</code> method could be
     * overridden to provide different conventions in the organization and
     * packaging of localized resources.  The <code>toResourceName</code>
     * method is <code>final</code> to avoid use of wrong resource and class
     * name separators.
     *
     * <p>Two factory methods, {@link #getControl(List)} and {@link
     * #getNoFallbackControl(List)}, provide
     * <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> instances that implement common
     * variations of the default bundle loading process.
     *
     * <p>The formats returned by the {@link Control#getFormats(String)
     * getFormats} method and candidate locales returned by the {@link
     * ResourceBundle.Control#getCandidateLocales(String, Locale)
     * getCandidateLocales} method must be consistent in all
     * <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> invocations for the same base
     * bundle. Otherwise, the <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> methods
     * may return unintended bundles. For example, if only
     * <code>"java.class"</code> is returned by the <code>getFormats</code>
     * method for the first call to <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code>
     * and only <code>"java.properties"</code> for the second call, then the
     * second call will return the class-based one that has been cached
     * during the first call.
     *
     * <p>A <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> instance must be thread-safe
     * if it's simultaneously used by multiple threads.
     * <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> does not synchronize to call
     * the <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> methods. The default
     * implementations of the methods are thread-safe.
     *
     * <p>Applications can specify <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code>
     * instances returned by the <code>getControl</code> factory methods or
     * created from a subclass of <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> to
     * customize the bundle loading process. The following are examples of
     * changing the default bundle loading process.
     *
     * <p><b>Example 1</b>
     *
     * <p>The following code lets <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> look
     * up only properties-based resources.
     *
     * <pre>
     * import java.util.*;
     * import static java.util.ResourceBundle.Control.*;
     * ...
     * ResourceBundle bundle =
     *   ResourceBundle.getBundle("MyResources", new Locale("fr", "CH"),
     *                            ResourceBundle.Control.getControl(FORMAT_PROPERTIES));
     * </pre>
     *
     * Given the resource bundles in the <a
     * href="./ResourceBundle.html#default_behavior_example">example</a> in
     * the <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> description, this
     * <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> call loads
     * <code>MyResources_fr_CH.properties</code> whose parent is
     * <code>MyResources_fr.properties</code> whose parent is
     * <code>MyResources.properties</code>. (<code>MyResources_fr_CH.properties</code>
     * is not hidden, but <code>MyResources_fr_CH.class</code> is.)
     *
     * <p><b>Example 2</b>
     *
     * <p>The following is an example of loading XML-based bundles
     * using {@link Properties#loadFromXML(java.io.InputStream)
     * Properties.loadFromXML}.
     *
     * <pre>
     * ResourceBundle rb = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Messages",
     *     new ResourceBundle.Control() {
     *         public List&lt;String&gt; getFormats(String baseName) {
     *             if (baseName == null)
     *                 throw new NullPointerException();
     *             return Arrays.asList("xml");
     *         }
     *         public ResourceBundle newBundle(String baseName,
     *                                         Locale locale,
     *                                         String format,
     *                                         ClassLoader loader,
     *                                         boolean reload)
     *                          throws IllegalAccessException,
     *                                 InstantiationException,
     *                                 IOException {
     *             if (baseName == null || locale == null
     *                   || format == null || loader == null)
     *                 throw new NullPointerException();
     *             ResourceBundle bundle = null;
     *             if (format.equals("xml")) {
     *                 String bundleName = toBundleName(baseName, locale);
     *                 String resourceName = toResourceName(bundleName, format);
     *                 InputStream stream = null;
     *                 if (reload) {
     *                     URL url = loader.getResource(resourceName);
     *                     if (url != null) {
     *                         URLConnection connection = url.openConnection();
     *                         if (connection != null) {
     *                             // Disable caches to get fresh data for
     *                             // reloading.
     *                             connection.setUseCaches(false);
     *                             stream = connection.getInputStream();
     *                         }
     *                     }
     *                 } else {
     *                     stream = loader.getResourceAsStream(resourceName);
     *                 }
     *                 if (stream != null) {
     *                     BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(stream);
     *                     bundle = new XMLResourceBundle(bis);
     *                     bis.close();
     *                 }
     *             }
     *             return bundle;
     *         }
     *     });
     *
     * ...
     *
     * private static class XMLResourceBundle extends ResourceBundle {
     *     private Properties props;
     *     XMLResourceBundle(InputStream stream) throws IOException {
     *         props = new Properties();
     *         props.loadFromXML(stream);
     *     }
     *     protected Object handleGetObject(String key) {
     *         return props.getProperty(key);
     *     }
     *     public Enumeration&lt;String&gt; getKeys() {
     *         ...
     *     }
     * }
     * </pre>
     *
     * @apiNote {@code ResourceBundle.Control} is not supported
     * in named modules. If the {@code ResourceBundle.getBundle} method with
     * a {@code ResourceBundle.Control} is called in a named module, the method
     * will throw an {@link UnsupportedOperationException}. Any service providers
     * of {@link ResourceBundleControlProvider} are ignored in named modules.
     *
     * @since 1.6
     * @revised 9
     * @spec JPMS
     * @see java.util.spi.ResourceBundleProvider
     */
    public static class Control {
        
The default format List, which contains the strings
"java.class" and "java.properties", in
this order. This List is unmodifiable.
See Also:
getFormats(String)/**
         * The default format <code>List</code>, which contains the strings
         * <code>"java.class"</code> and <code>"java.properties"</code>, in
         * this order. This <code>List</code> is unmodifiable.
         *
         * @see #getFormats(String)
         */
        public static final List<String> FORMAT_DEFAULT
            = List.of("java.class", "java.properties");

        
The class-only format List containing
"java.class". This List is unmodifiable.
See Also:
getFormats(String)/**
         * The class-only format <code>List</code> containing
         * <code>"java.class"</code>. This <code>List</code> is unmodifiable.
         *
         * @see #getFormats(String)
         */
        public static final List<String> FORMAT_CLASS = List.of("java.class");

        
The properties-only format List containing
"java.properties". This List is unmodifiable.
See Also:
getFormats(String)/**
         * The properties-only format <code>List</code> containing
         * <code>"java.properties"</code>. This <code>List</code> is unmodifiable.
         *
         * @see #getFormats(String)
         */
        public static final List<String> FORMAT_PROPERTIES
            = List.of("java.properties");

        
The time-to-live constant for not caching loaded resource bundle
instances.
See Also:
getTimeToLive(String, Locale)/**
         * The time-to-live constant for not caching loaded resource bundle
         * instances.
         *
         * @see #getTimeToLive(String, Locale)
         */
        public static final long TTL_DONT_CACHE = -1;

        
The time-to-live constant for disabling the expiration control
for loaded resource bundle instances in the cache.
See Also:
getTimeToLive(String, Locale)/**
         * The time-to-live constant for disabling the expiration control
         * for loaded resource bundle instances in the cache.
         *
         * @see #getTimeToLive(String, Locale)
         */
        public static final long TTL_NO_EXPIRATION_CONTROL = -2;

        private static final Control INSTANCE = new Control();

        
Sole constructor. (For invocation by subclass constructors,
typically implicit.)
/**
         * Sole constructor. (For invocation by subclass constructors,
         * typically implicit.)
         */
        protected Control() {
        }

        
Returns a ResourceBundle.Control in which the getFormats method returns the specified formats. The formats must be equal to one of FORMAT_PROPERTIES, FORMAT_CLASS or FORMAT_DEFAULT. ResourceBundle.Control
instances returned by this method are singletons and thread-safe.
Specifying FORMAT_DEFAULT is equivalent to instantiating the ResourceBundle.Control class,
except that this method returns a singleton.
Params:
formats – 
       the formats to be returned by the
       ResourceBundle.Control.getFormats method
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
       if formats is null
IllegalArgumentException – 
       if formats is unknown
Returns:
a ResourceBundle.Control supporting the
       specified formats/**
         * Returns a <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> in which the {@link
         * #getFormats(String) getFormats} method returns the specified
         * <code>formats</code>. The <code>formats</code> must be equal to
         * one of {@link Control#FORMAT_PROPERTIES}, {@link
         * Control#FORMAT_CLASS} or {@link
         * Control#FORMAT_DEFAULT}. <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code>
         * instances returned by this method are singletons and thread-safe.
         *
         * <p>Specifying {@link Control#FORMAT_DEFAULT} is equivalent to
         * instantiating the <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> class,
         * except that this method returns a singleton.
         *
         * @param formats
         *        the formats to be returned by the
         *        <code>ResourceBundle.Control.getFormats</code> method
         * @return a <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> supporting the
         *        specified <code>formats</code>
         * @exception NullPointerException
         *        if <code>formats</code> is <code>null</code>
         * @exception IllegalArgumentException
         *        if <code>formats</code> is unknown
         */
        public static final Control getControl(List<String> formats) {
            if (formats.equals(Control.FORMAT_PROPERTIES)) {
                return SingleFormatControl.PROPERTIES_ONLY;
            }
            if (formats.equals(Control.FORMAT_CLASS)) {
                return SingleFormatControl.CLASS_ONLY;
            }
            if (formats.equals(Control.FORMAT_DEFAULT)) {
                return Control.INSTANCE;
            }
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }

        
Returns a ResourceBundle.Control in which the getFormats method returns the specified formats and the getFallbackLocale method returns null. The formats must be equal to one of FORMAT_PROPERTIES, FORMAT_CLASS or FORMAT_DEFAULT. ResourceBundle.Control instances returned by this
method are singletons and thread-safe.
Params:
formats – 
       the formats to be returned by the
       ResourceBundle.Control.getFormats method
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
       if formats is null
IllegalArgumentException – 
       if formats is unknown
Returns:
a ResourceBundle.Control supporting the
       specified formats with no fallback
       Locale support/**
         * Returns a <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> in which the {@link
         * #getFormats(String) getFormats} method returns the specified
         * <code>formats</code> and the {@link
         * Control#getFallbackLocale(String, Locale) getFallbackLocale}
         * method returns <code>null</code>. The <code>formats</code> must
         * be equal to one of {@link Control#FORMAT_PROPERTIES}, {@link
         * Control#FORMAT_CLASS} or {@link Control#FORMAT_DEFAULT}.
         * <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> instances returned by this
         * method are singletons and thread-safe.
         *
         * @param formats
         *        the formats to be returned by the
         *        <code>ResourceBundle.Control.getFormats</code> method
         * @return a <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code> supporting the
         *        specified <code>formats</code> with no fallback
         *        <code>Locale</code> support
         * @exception NullPointerException
         *        if <code>formats</code> is <code>null</code>
         * @exception IllegalArgumentException
         *        if <code>formats</code> is unknown
         */
        public static final Control getNoFallbackControl(List<String> formats) {
            if (formats.equals(Control.FORMAT_DEFAULT)) {
                return NoFallbackControl.NO_FALLBACK;
            }
            if (formats.equals(Control.FORMAT_PROPERTIES)) {
                return NoFallbackControl.PROPERTIES_ONLY_NO_FALLBACK;
            }
            if (formats.equals(Control.FORMAT_CLASS)) {
                return NoFallbackControl.CLASS_ONLY_NO_FALLBACK;
            }
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }

        
Returns a List of Strings containing
formats to be used to load resource bundles for the given
baseName. The ResourceBundle.getBundle
factory method tries to load resource bundles with formats in the
order specified by the list. The list returned by this method
must have at least one String. The predefined
formats are "java.class" for class-based resource
bundles and "java.properties" for properties-based ones. Strings starting with "java." are reserved for future extensions and
must not be used by application-defined formats.
It is not a requirement to return an immutable (unmodifiable)
List.  However, the returned List must
not be mutated after it has been returned by
getFormats.
The default implementation returns FORMAT_DEFAULT so that the ResourceBundle.getBundle factory method
looks up first class-based resource bundles, then
properties-based ones.
Params:
baseName – 
       the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified class
       name
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
       if baseName is null
See Also:
FORMAT_DEFAULT
FORMAT_CLASS
FORMAT_PROPERTIES
Returns:
a List of Strings containing
       formats for loading resource bundles./**
         * Returns a <code>List</code> of <code>String</code>s containing
         * formats to be used to load resource bundles for the given
         * <code>baseName</code>. The <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code>
         * factory method tries to load resource bundles with formats in the
         * order specified by the list. The list returned by this method
         * must have at least one <code>String</code>. The predefined
         * formats are <code>"java.class"</code> for class-based resource
         * bundles and <code>"java.properties"</code> for {@linkplain
         * PropertyResourceBundle properties-based} ones. Strings starting
         * with <code>"java."</code> are reserved for future extensions and
         * must not be used by application-defined formats.
         *
         * <p>It is not a requirement to return an immutable (unmodifiable)
         * <code>List</code>.  However, the returned <code>List</code> must
         * not be mutated after it has been returned by
         * <code>getFormats</code>.
         *
         * <p>The default implementation returns {@link #FORMAT_DEFAULT} so
         * that the <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> factory method
         * looks up first class-based resource bundles, then
         * properties-based ones.
         *
         * @param baseName
         *        the base name of the resource bundle, a fully qualified class
         *        name
         * @return a <code>List</code> of <code>String</code>s containing
         *        formats for loading resource bundles.
         * @exception NullPointerException
         *        if <code>baseName</code> is null
         * @see #FORMAT_DEFAULT
         * @see #FORMAT_CLASS
         * @see #FORMAT_PROPERTIES
         */
        public List<String> getFormats(String baseName) {
            if (baseName == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            return FORMAT_DEFAULT;
        }

        
Returns a List of Locales as candidate
locales for baseName and locale. This
method is called by the ResourceBundle.getBundle
factory method each time the factory method tries finding a
resource bundle for a target Locale.
The sequence of the candidate locales also corresponds to the
runtime resource lookup path (also known as the parent
chain), if the corresponding resource bundles for the candidate locales exist and their parents are not defined by loaded resource bundles themselves. The last element of the list must be a root locale if it is desired to have the base bundle as the terminal of the parent chain. 
If the given locale is equal to Locale.ROOT (the
root locale), a List containing only the root
Locale must be returned. In this case, the
ResourceBundle.getBundle factory method loads only
the base bundle as the resulting resource bundle.
It is not a requirement to return an immutable (unmodifiable)
List. However, the returned List must not
be mutated after it has been returned by
getCandidateLocales.
The default implementation returns a List containing
Locales using the rules described below.  In the
description below, L, S, C and V
respectively represent non-empty language, script, country, and
variant.  For example, [L, C] represents a
Locale that has non-empty values only for language and
country.  The form L("xx") represents the (non-empty)
language value is "xx".  For all cases, Locales whose
final component values are empty strings are omitted.
For an input Locale with an empty script value,
append candidate Locales by omitting the final component
one by one as below:

 [L, C, V] 
 [L, C] 
 [L] 
 Locale.ROOT 

For an input Locale with a non-empty script value,
append candidate Locales by omitting the final component
up to language, then append candidates generated from the
Locale with country and variant restored:

 [L, S, C, V]
 [L, S, C]
 [L, S]
 [L, C, V]
 [L, C]
 [L]
 Locale.ROOT

For an input Locale with a variant value consisting
of multiple subtags separated by underscore, generate candidate
Locales by omitting the variant subtags one by one, then
insert them after every occurrence of  Locales with the
full variant value in the original list.  For example, if
the variant consists of two subtags V1 and V2:

 [L, S, C, V1, V2]
 [L, S, C, V1]
 [L, S, C]
 [L, S]
 [L, C, V1, V2]
 [L, C, V1]
 [L, C]
 [L]
 Locale.ROOT

Special cases for Chinese.  When an input Locale has the
language "zh" (Chinese) and an empty script value, either "Hans" (Simplified) or
"Hant" (Traditional) might be supplied, depending on the country.
When the country is "CN" (China) or "SG" (Singapore), "Hans" is supplied.
When the country is "HK" (Hong Kong SAR China), "MO" (Macau SAR China),
or "TW" (Taiwan), "Hant" is supplied.  For all other countries or when the country
is empty, no script is supplied.  For example, for Locale("zh", "CN")
, the candidate list will be:

 [L("zh"), S("Hans"), C("CN")]
 [L("zh"), S("Hans")]
 [L("zh"), C("CN")]
 [L("zh")]
 Locale.ROOT

For Locale("zh", "TW"), the candidate list will be:

 [L("zh"), S("Hant"), C("TW")]
 [L("zh"), S("Hant")]
 [L("zh"), C("TW")]
 [L("zh")]
 Locale.ROOT

Special cases for Norwegian.  Both Locale("no", "NO",
"NY") and Locale("nn", "NO") represent Norwegian
Nynorsk.  When a locale's language is "nn", the standard candidate
list is generated up to [L("nn")], and then the following
candidates are added:
 [L("no"), C("NO"), V("NY")]
 [L("no"), C("NO")]
 [L("no")]
 Locale.ROOT

If the locale is exactly Locale("no", "NO", "NY"), it is first
converted to Locale("nn", "NO") and then the above procedure is
followed.
Also, Java treats the language "no" as a synonym of Norwegian
Bokmål "nb".  Except for the single case Locale("no",
"NO", "NY") (handled above), when an input Locale
has language "no" or "nb", candidate Locales with
language code "no" and "nb" are interleaved, first using the
requested language, then using its synonym. For example,
Locale("nb", "NO", "POSIX") generates the following
candidate list:

 [L("nb"), C("NO"), V("POSIX")]
 [L("no"), C("NO"), V("POSIX")]
 [L("nb"), C("NO")]
 [L("no"), C("NO")]
 [L("nb")]
 [L("no")]
 Locale.ROOT

Locale("no", "NO", "POSIX") would generate the same list
except that locales with "no" would appear before the corresponding
locales with "nb".

The default implementation uses an ArrayList that overriding implementations may modify before returning it to the caller. However, a subclass must not modify it after it has been returned by getCandidateLocales.
For example, if the given baseName is "Messages"
and the given locale is
Locale("ja", "", "XX"), then a
List of Locales:
    Locale("ja", "", "XX")
    Locale("ja")
    Locale.ROOT

is returned. And if the resource bundles for the "ja" and
"" Locales are found, then the runtime resource
lookup path (parent chain) is:

    Messages_ja -> Messages

Params:
baseName – 
       the base name of the resource bundle, a fully
       qualified class name
locale – 
       the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
       if baseName or locale is
       null
Returns:
a List of candidate
       Locales for the given locale/**
         * Returns a <code>List</code> of <code>Locale</code>s as candidate
         * locales for <code>baseName</code> and <code>locale</code>. This
         * method is called by the <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code>
         * factory method each time the factory method tries finding a
         * resource bundle for a target <code>Locale</code>.
         *
         * <p>The sequence of the candidate locales also corresponds to the
         * runtime resource lookup path (also known as the <I>parent
         * chain</I>), if the corresponding resource bundles for the
         * candidate locales exist and their parents are not defined by
         * loaded resource bundles themselves.  The last element of the list
         * must be a {@linkplain Locale#ROOT root locale} if it is desired to
         * have the base bundle as the terminal of the parent chain.
         *
         * <p>If the given locale is equal to <code>Locale.ROOT</code> (the
         * root locale), a <code>List</code> containing only the root
         * <code>Locale</code> must be returned. In this case, the
         * <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> factory method loads only
         * the base bundle as the resulting resource bundle.
         *
         * <p>It is not a requirement to return an immutable (unmodifiable)
         * <code>List</code>. However, the returned <code>List</code> must not
         * be mutated after it has been returned by
         * <code>getCandidateLocales</code>.
         *
         * <p>The default implementation returns a <code>List</code> containing
         * <code>Locale</code>s using the rules described below.  In the
         * description below, <em>L</em>, <em>S</em>, <em>C</em> and <em>V</em>
         * respectively represent non-empty language, script, country, and
         * variant.  For example, [<em>L</em>, <em>C</em>] represents a
         * <code>Locale</code> that has non-empty values only for language and
         * country.  The form <em>L</em>("xx") represents the (non-empty)
         * language value is "xx".  For all cases, <code>Locale</code>s whose
         * final component values are empty strings are omitted.
         *
         * <ol><li>For an input <code>Locale</code> with an empty script value,
         * append candidate <code>Locale</code>s by omitting the final component
         * one by one as below:
         *
         * <ul>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>C</em>, <em>V</em>] </li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>C</em>] </li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>] </li>
         * <li> <code>Locale.ROOT</code> </li>
         * </ul></li>
         *
         * <li>For an input <code>Locale</code> with a non-empty script value,
         * append candidate <code>Locale</code>s by omitting the final component
         * up to language, then append candidates generated from the
         * <code>Locale</code> with country and variant restored:
         *
         * <ul>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>S</em>, <em>C</em>, <em>V</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>S</em>, <em>C</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>S</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>C</em>, <em>V</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>C</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>]</li>
         * <li> <code>Locale.ROOT</code></li>
         * </ul></li>
         *
         * <li>For an input <code>Locale</code> with a variant value consisting
         * of multiple subtags separated by underscore, generate candidate
         * <code>Locale</code>s by omitting the variant subtags one by one, then
         * insert them after every occurrence of <code> Locale</code>s with the
         * full variant value in the original list.  For example, if
         * the variant consists of two subtags <em>V1</em> and <em>V2</em>:
         *
         * <ul>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>S</em>, <em>C</em>, <em>V1</em>, <em>V2</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>S</em>, <em>C</em>, <em>V1</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>S</em>, <em>C</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>S</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>C</em>, <em>V1</em>, <em>V2</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>C</em>, <em>V1</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>, <em>C</em>]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>]</li>
         * <li> <code>Locale.ROOT</code></li>
         * </ul></li>
         *
         * <li>Special cases for Chinese.  When an input <code>Locale</code> has the
         * language "zh" (Chinese) and an empty script value, either "Hans" (Simplified) or
         * "Hant" (Traditional) might be supplied, depending on the country.
         * When the country is "CN" (China) or "SG" (Singapore), "Hans" is supplied.
         * When the country is "HK" (Hong Kong SAR China), "MO" (Macau SAR China),
         * or "TW" (Taiwan), "Hant" is supplied.  For all other countries or when the country
         * is empty, no script is supplied.  For example, for <code>Locale("zh", "CN")
         * </code>, the candidate list will be:
         * <ul>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("zh"), <em>S</em>("Hans"), <em>C</em>("CN")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("zh"), <em>S</em>("Hans")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("zh"), <em>C</em>("CN")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("zh")]</li>
         * <li> <code>Locale.ROOT</code></li>
         * </ul>
         *
         * For <code>Locale("zh", "TW")</code>, the candidate list will be:
         * <ul>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("zh"), <em>S</em>("Hant"), <em>C</em>("TW")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("zh"), <em>S</em>("Hant")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("zh"), <em>C</em>("TW")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("zh")]</li>
         * <li> <code>Locale.ROOT</code></li>
         * </ul></li>
         *
         * <li>Special cases for Norwegian.  Both <code>Locale("no", "NO",
         * "NY")</code> and <code>Locale("nn", "NO")</code> represent Norwegian
         * Nynorsk.  When a locale's language is "nn", the standard candidate
         * list is generated up to [<em>L</em>("nn")], and then the following
         * candidates are added:
         *
         * <ul><li> [<em>L</em>("no"), <em>C</em>("NO"), <em>V</em>("NY")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("no"), <em>C</em>("NO")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("no")]</li>
         * <li> <code>Locale.ROOT</code></li>
         * </ul>
         *
         * If the locale is exactly <code>Locale("no", "NO", "NY")</code>, it is first
         * converted to <code>Locale("nn", "NO")</code> and then the above procedure is
         * followed.
         *
         * <p>Also, Java treats the language "no" as a synonym of Norwegian
         * Bokm&#xE5;l "nb".  Except for the single case <code>Locale("no",
         * "NO", "NY")</code> (handled above), when an input <code>Locale</code>
         * has language "no" or "nb", candidate <code>Locale</code>s with
         * language code "no" and "nb" are interleaved, first using the
         * requested language, then using its synonym. For example,
         * <code>Locale("nb", "NO", "POSIX")</code> generates the following
         * candidate list:
         *
         * <ul>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("nb"), <em>C</em>("NO"), <em>V</em>("POSIX")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("no"), <em>C</em>("NO"), <em>V</em>("POSIX")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("nb"), <em>C</em>("NO")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("no"), <em>C</em>("NO")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("nb")]</li>
         * <li> [<em>L</em>("no")]</li>
         * <li> <code>Locale.ROOT</code></li>
         * </ul>
         *
         * <code>Locale("no", "NO", "POSIX")</code> would generate the same list
         * except that locales with "no" would appear before the corresponding
         * locales with "nb".</li>
         * </ol>
         *
         * <p>The default implementation uses an {@link ArrayList} that
         * overriding implementations may modify before returning it to the
         * caller. However, a subclass must not modify it after it has
         * been returned by <code>getCandidateLocales</code>.
         *
         * <p>For example, if the given <code>baseName</code> is "Messages"
         * and the given <code>locale</code> is
         * <code>Locale("ja",&nbsp;"",&nbsp;"XX")</code>, then a
         * <code>List</code> of <code>Locale</code>s:
         * <pre>
         *     Locale("ja", "", "XX")
         *     Locale("ja")
         *     Locale.ROOT
         * </pre>
         * is returned. And if the resource bundles for the "ja" and
         * "" <code>Locale</code>s are found, then the runtime resource
         * lookup path (parent chain) is:
         * <pre>{@code
         *     Messages_ja -> Messages
         * }</pre>
         *
         * @param baseName
         *        the base name of the resource bundle, a fully
         *        qualified class name
         * @param locale
         *        the locale for which a resource bundle is desired
         * @return a <code>List</code> of candidate
         *        <code>Locale</code>s for the given <code>locale</code>
         * @exception NullPointerException
         *        if <code>baseName</code> or <code>locale</code> is
         *        <code>null</code>
         */
        public List<Locale> getCandidateLocales(String baseName, Locale locale) {
            if (baseName == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            return new ArrayList<>(CANDIDATES_CACHE.get(locale.getBaseLocale()));
        }

        private static final CandidateListCache CANDIDATES_CACHE = new CandidateListCache();

        private static class CandidateListCache extends LocaleObjectCache<BaseLocale, List<Locale>> {
            protected List<Locale> createObject(BaseLocale base) {
                String language = base.getLanguage();
                String script = base.getScript();
                String region = base.getRegion();
                String variant = base.getVariant();

                // Special handling for Norwegian
                boolean isNorwegianBokmal = false;
                boolean isNorwegianNynorsk = false;
                if (language.equals("no")) {
                    if (region.equals("NO") && variant.equals("NY")) {
                        variant = "";
                        isNorwegianNynorsk = true;
                    } else {
                        isNorwegianBokmal = true;
                    }
                }
                if (language.equals("nb") || isNorwegianBokmal) {
                    List<Locale> tmpList = getDefaultList("nb", script, region, variant);
                    // Insert a locale replacing "nb" with "no" for every list entry
                    List<Locale> bokmalList = new LinkedList<>();
                    for (Locale l : tmpList) {
                        bokmalList.add(l);
                        if (l.getLanguage().isEmpty()) {
                            break;
                        }
                        bokmalList.add(Locale.getInstance("no", l.getScript(), l.getCountry(),
                                l.getVariant(), null));
                    }
                    return bokmalList;
                } else if (language.equals("nn") || isNorwegianNynorsk) {
                    // Insert no_NO_NY, no_NO, no after nn
                    List<Locale> nynorskList = getDefaultList("nn", script, region, variant);
                    int idx = nynorskList.size() - 1;
                    nynorskList.add(idx++, Locale.getInstance("no", "NO", "NY"));
                    nynorskList.add(idx++, Locale.getInstance("no", "NO", ""));
                    nynorskList.add(idx++, Locale.getInstance("no", "", ""));
                    return nynorskList;
                }
                // Special handling for Chinese
                else if (language.equals("zh")) {
                    if (script.isEmpty() && !region.isEmpty()) {
                        // Supply script for users who want to use zh_Hans/zh_Hant
                        // as bundle names (recommended for Java7+)
                        switch (region) {
                        case "TW":
                        case "HK":
                        case "MO":
                            script = "Hant";
                            break;
                        case "CN":
                        case "SG":
                            script = "Hans";
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }

                return getDefaultList(language, script, region, variant);
            }

            private static List<Locale> getDefaultList(String language, String script, String region, String variant) {
                List<String> variants = null;

                if (!variant.isEmpty()) {
                    variants = new LinkedList<>();
                    int idx = variant.length();
                    while (idx != -1) {
                        variants.add(variant.substring(0, idx));
                        idx = variant.lastIndexOf('_', --idx);
                    }
                }

                List<Locale> list = new LinkedList<>();

                if (variants != null) {
                    for (String v : variants) {
                        list.add(Locale.getInstance(language, script, region, v, null));
                    }
                }
                if (!region.isEmpty()) {
                    list.add(Locale.getInstance(language, script, region, "", null));
                }
                if (!script.isEmpty()) {
                    list.add(Locale.getInstance(language, script, "", "", null));
                    // Special handling for Chinese
                    if (language.equals("zh")) {
                        if (region.isEmpty()) {
                            // Supply region(country) for users who still package Chinese
                            // bundles using old convension.
                            switch (script) {
                                case "Hans":
                                    region = "CN";
                                    break;
                                case "Hant":
                                    region = "TW";
                                    break;
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    // With script, after truncating variant, region and script,
                    // start over without script.
                    if (variants != null) {
                        for (String v : variants) {
                            list.add(Locale.getInstance(language, "", region, v, null));
                        }
                    }
                    if (!region.isEmpty()) {
                        list.add(Locale.getInstance(language, "", region, "", null));
                    }
                }
                if (!language.isEmpty()) {
                    list.add(Locale.getInstance(language, "", "", "", null));
                }
                // Add root locale at the end
                list.add(Locale.ROOT);

                return list;
            }
        }

        
Returns a Locale to be used as a fallback locale for
further resource bundle searches by the
ResourceBundle.getBundle factory method. This method
is called from the factory method every time when no resulting
resource bundle has been found for baseName and
locale, where locale is either the parameter for
ResourceBundle.getBundle or the previous fallback
locale returned by this method.
The method returns null if no further fallback
search is desired.
The default implementation returns the default Locale if the given locale isn't the default one.  Otherwise,
null is returned.
Params:
baseName – 
       the base name of the resource bundle, a fully
       qualified class name for which
       ResourceBundle.getBundle has been
       unable to find any resource bundles (except for the
       base bundle)
locale – 
       the Locale for which
       ResourceBundle.getBundle has been
       unable to find any resource bundles (except for the
       base bundle)
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
       if baseName or locale
       is null
Returns:
a Locale for the fallback search,
       or null if no further fallback search
       is desired./**
         * Returns a <code>Locale</code> to be used as a fallback locale for
         * further resource bundle searches by the
         * <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> factory method. This method
         * is called from the factory method every time when no resulting
         * resource bundle has been found for <code>baseName</code> and
         * <code>locale</code>, where locale is either the parameter for
         * <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> or the previous fallback
         * locale returned by this method.
         *
         * <p>The method returns <code>null</code> if no further fallback
         * search is desired.
         *
         * <p>The default implementation returns the {@linkplain
         * Locale#getDefault() default <code>Locale</code>} if the given
         * <code>locale</code> isn't the default one.  Otherwise,
         * <code>null</code> is returned.
         *
         * @param baseName
         *        the base name of the resource bundle, a fully
         *        qualified class name for which
         *        <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> has been
         *        unable to find any resource bundles (except for the
         *        base bundle)
         * @param locale
         *        the <code>Locale</code> for which
         *        <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> has been
         *        unable to find any resource bundles (except for the
         *        base bundle)
         * @return a <code>Locale</code> for the fallback search,
         *        or <code>null</code> if no further fallback search
         *        is desired.
         * @exception NullPointerException
         *        if <code>baseName</code> or <code>locale</code>
         *        is <code>null</code>
         */
        public Locale getFallbackLocale(String baseName, Locale locale) {
            if (baseName == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            Locale defaultLocale = Locale.getDefault();
            return locale.equals(defaultLocale) ? null : defaultLocale;
        }

        
Instantiates a resource bundle for the given bundle name of the
given format and locale, using the given class loader if
necessary. This method returns null if there is no
resource bundle available for the given parameters. If a resource
bundle can't be instantiated due to an unexpected error, the
error must be reported by throwing an Error or
Exception rather than simply returning
null.
If the reload flag is true, it
indicates that this method is being called because the previously
loaded resource bundle has expired.
Params:
baseName – 
       the base bundle name of the resource bundle, a fully
       qualified class name
locale – 
       the locale for which the resource bundle should be
       instantiated
format – 
       the resource bundle format to be loaded
loader – 
       the ClassLoader to use to load the bundle
reload – 
       the flag to indicate bundle reloading; true
       if reloading an expired resource bundle,
       false otherwise
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
       if bundleName, locale,
       format, or loader is
       null, or if null is returned by toBundleName
IllegalArgumentException – 
       if format is unknown, or if the resource
       found for the given parameters contains malformed data.
ClassCastException – 
       if the loaded class cannot be cast to ResourceBundle
IllegalAccessException – 
       if the class or its nullary constructor is not
       accessible.
InstantiationException – 
       if the instantiation of a class fails for some other
       reason.
ExceptionInInitializerError – 
       if the initialization provoked by this method fails.
SecurityException –  If a security manager is present and creation of new instances is denied. See Class.newInstance() for details.
IOException – 
       if an error occurred when reading resources using
       any I/O operations
See Also:
ResourceBundleProvider.getBundle(String, Locale)
Implementation Requirements:
 Resource bundles in named modules are subject to the encapsulation rules specified by Module.getResourceAsStream. A resource bundle in a named module visible to the given class loader is accessible when the package of the resource file corresponding to the resource bundle is open unconditionally. 
The default implementation instantiates a
ResourceBundle as follows.

The bundle name is obtained by calling toBundleName(baseName,
locale).
If format is "java.class", the Class specified by the bundle name is loaded with the given class loader. If the Class is found and accessible then the ResourceBundle is instantiated. The resource bundle is accessible if the package of the bundle class file is open unconditionally; otherwise, IllegalAccessException will be thrown. Note that the reload flag is ignored for loading
class-based resource bundles in this default implementation.

If format is "java.properties", toResourceName(bundlename,
"properties") is called to get the resource name. If reload is true, load.getResource is called to get a URL for creating a URLConnection. This URLConnection is used to disable the
caches of the underlying resource loading layers, and to get an
InputStream. Otherwise, 
loader.getResourceAsStream is called to get an InputStream. Then, a PropertyResourceBundle is constructed with the InputStream.
If format is neither "java.class"
nor "java.properties", an
IllegalArgumentException is thrown.
Returns:
the resource bundle instance,
       or null if none could be found.
@revised
9
@spec
JPMS/**
         * Instantiates a resource bundle for the given bundle name of the
         * given format and locale, using the given class loader if
         * necessary. This method returns <code>null</code> if there is no
         * resource bundle available for the given parameters. If a resource
         * bundle can't be instantiated due to an unexpected error, the
         * error must be reported by throwing an <code>Error</code> or
         * <code>Exception</code> rather than simply returning
         * <code>null</code>.
         *
         * <p>If the <code>reload</code> flag is <code>true</code>, it
         * indicates that this method is being called because the previously
         * loaded resource bundle has expired.
         *
         * @implSpec
         *
         * Resource bundles in named modules are subject to the encapsulation
         * rules specified by {@link Module#getResourceAsStream Module.getResourceAsStream}.
         * A resource bundle in a named module visible to the given class loader
         * is accessible when the package of the resource file corresponding
         * to the resource bundle is open unconditionally.
         *
         * <p>The default implementation instantiates a
         * <code>ResourceBundle</code> as follows.
         *
         * <ul>
         *
         * <li>The bundle name is obtained by calling {@link
         * #toBundleName(String, Locale) toBundleName(baseName,
         * locale)}.</li>
         *
         * <li>If <code>format</code> is <code>"java.class"</code>, the
         * {@link Class} specified by the bundle name is loaded with the
         * given class loader. If the {@code Class} is found and accessible
         * then the <code>ResourceBundle</code> is instantiated.  The
         * resource bundle is accessible if the package of the bundle class file
         * is open unconditionally; otherwise, {@code IllegalAccessException}
         * will be thrown.
         * Note that the <code>reload</code> flag is ignored for loading
         * class-based resource bundles in this default implementation.
         * </li>
         *
         * <li>If <code>format</code> is <code>"java.properties"</code>,
         * {@link #toResourceName(String, String) toResourceName(bundlename,
         * "properties")} is called to get the resource name.
         * If <code>reload</code> is <code>true</code>, {@link
         * ClassLoader#getResource(String) load.getResource} is called
         * to get a {@link URL} for creating a {@link
         * URLConnection}. This <code>URLConnection</code> is used to
         * {@linkplain URLConnection#setUseCaches(boolean) disable the
         * caches} of the underlying resource loading layers,
         * and to {@linkplain URLConnection#getInputStream() get an
         * <code>InputStream</code>}.
         * Otherwise, {@link ClassLoader#getResourceAsStream(String)
         * loader.getResourceAsStream} is called to get an {@link
         * InputStream}. Then, a {@link
         * PropertyResourceBundle} is constructed with the
         * <code>InputStream</code>.</li>
         *
         * <li>If <code>format</code> is neither <code>"java.class"</code>
         * nor <code>"java.properties"</code>, an
         * <code>IllegalArgumentException</code> is thrown.</li>
         *
         * </ul>
         *
         * @param baseName
         *        the base bundle name of the resource bundle, a fully
         *        qualified class name
         * @param locale
         *        the locale for which the resource bundle should be
         *        instantiated
         * @param format
         *        the resource bundle format to be loaded
         * @param loader
         *        the <code>ClassLoader</code> to use to load the bundle
         * @param reload
         *        the flag to indicate bundle reloading; <code>true</code>
         *        if reloading an expired resource bundle,
         *        <code>false</code> otherwise
         * @return the resource bundle instance,
         *        or <code>null</code> if none could be found.
         * @exception NullPointerException
         *        if <code>bundleName</code>, <code>locale</code>,
         *        <code>format</code>, or <code>loader</code> is
         *        <code>null</code>, or if <code>null</code> is returned by
         *        {@link #toBundleName(String, Locale) toBundleName}
         * @exception IllegalArgumentException
         *        if <code>format</code> is unknown, or if the resource
         *        found for the given parameters contains malformed data.
         * @exception ClassCastException
         *        if the loaded class cannot be cast to <code>ResourceBundle</code>
         * @exception IllegalAccessException
         *        if the class or its nullary constructor is not
         *        accessible.
         * @exception InstantiationException
         *        if the instantiation of a class fails for some other
         *        reason.
         * @exception ExceptionInInitializerError
         *        if the initialization provoked by this method fails.
         * @exception SecurityException
         *        If a security manager is present and creation of new
         *        instances is denied. See {@link Class#newInstance()}
         *        for details.
         * @exception IOException
         *        if an error occurred when reading resources using
         *        any I/O operations
         * @see java.util.spi.ResourceBundleProvider#getBundle(String, Locale)
         * @revised 9
         * @spec JPMS
         */
        public ResourceBundle newBundle(String baseName, Locale locale, String format,
                                        ClassLoader loader, boolean reload)
                    throws IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException, IOException {
            /*
             * Legacy mechanism to locate resource bundle in unnamed module only
             * that is visible to the given loader and accessible to the given caller.
             */
            String bundleName = toBundleName(baseName, locale);
            ResourceBundle bundle = null;
            if (format.equals("java.class")) {
                try {
                    Class<?> c = loader.loadClass(bundleName);
                    // If the class isn't a ResourceBundle subclass, throw a
                    // ClassCastException.
                    if (ResourceBundle.class.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                        Class<ResourceBundle> bundleClass = (Class<ResourceBundle>)c;
                        Module m = bundleClass.getModule();

                        // To access a resource bundle in a named module,
                        // either class-based or properties-based, the resource
                        // bundle must be opened unconditionally,
                        // same rule as accessing a resource file.
                        if (m.isNamed() && !m.isOpen(bundleClass.getPackageName())) {
                            throw new IllegalAccessException("unnamed module can't load " +
                                bundleClass.getName() + " in " + m.toString());
                        }
                        try {
                            Constructor<ResourceBundle> ctor = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                                new PrivilegedExceptionAction<>() {
                                    @Override
                                    public Constructor<ResourceBundle> run() throws NoSuchMethodException {
                                        return bundleClass.getDeclaredConstructor();
                                    }
                                });
                            if (!Modifier.isPublic(ctor.getModifiers())) {
                                throw new IllegalAccessException("no-arg constructor in " +
                                    bundleClass.getName() + " is not publicly accessible.");
                            }

                            // java.base may not be able to read the bundleClass's module.
                            PrivilegedAction<Void> pa1 = () -> { ctor.setAccessible(true); return null; };
                            AccessController.doPrivileged(pa1);
                            bundle = ctor.newInstance((Object[]) null);
                        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
                            uncheckedThrow(e);
                        } catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
                            assert e.getException() instanceof NoSuchMethodException;
                            throw new InstantiationException("public no-arg constructor " +
                                "does not exist in " + bundleClass.getName());
                        }
                    } else {
                        throw new ClassCastException(c.getName()
                                + " cannot be cast to ResourceBundle");
                    }
                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                }
            } else if (format.equals("java.properties")) {
                final String resourceName = toResourceName0(bundleName, "properties");
                if (resourceName == null) {
                    return bundle;
                }

                final boolean reloadFlag = reload;
                InputStream stream = null;
                try {
                    stream = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                        new PrivilegedExceptionAction<>() {
                            public InputStream run() throws IOException {
                                URL url = loader.getResource(resourceName);
                                if (url == null) return null;

                                URLConnection connection = url.openConnection();
                                if (reloadFlag) {
                                    // Disable caches to get fresh data for
                                    // reloading.
                                    connection.setUseCaches(false);
                                }
                                return connection.getInputStream();
                            }
                        });
                } catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
                    throw (IOException) e.getException();
                }
                if (stream != null) {
                    try {
                        bundle = new PropertyResourceBundle(stream);
                    } finally {
                        stream.close();
                    }
                }
            } else {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("unknown format: " + format);
            }
            return bundle;
        }

        
Returns the time-to-live (TTL) value for resource bundles that
are loaded under this
ResourceBundle.Control. Positive time-to-live values specify the number of milliseconds a bundle can remain in the cache without being validated against the source data from which it was constructed. The value 0 indicates that a bundle must be validated each time it is retrieved from the cache. TTL_DONT_CACHE specifies that loaded resource bundles are not put in the cache. TTL_NO_EXPIRATION_CONTROL specifies that loaded resource bundles are put in the cache with no expiration control. 
The expiration affects only the bundle loading process by the
ResourceBundle.getBundle factory method. That is, if the factory method finds a resource bundle in the cache that has expired, the factory method calls the needsReload method to determine whether the resource bundle needs to be reloaded. If needsReload returns
true, the cached resource bundle instance is removed
from the cache. Otherwise, the instance stays in the cache,
updated with the new TTL value returned by this method.
All cached resource bundles are subject to removal from the
cache due to memory constraints of the runtime environment.
Returning a large positive value doesn't mean to lock loaded
resource bundles in the cache.
The default implementation returns TTL_NO_EXPIRATION_CONTROL. 
Params:
baseName – 
       the base name of the resource bundle for which the
       expiration value is specified.
locale – 
       the locale of the resource bundle for which the
       expiration value is specified.
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
       if baseName or locale is
       null
Returns:
the time (0 or a positive millisecond offset from the cached time) to get loaded bundles expired in the cache, TTL_NO_EXPIRATION_CONTROL to disable the expiration control, or TTL_DONT_CACHE to disable caching./**
         * Returns the time-to-live (TTL) value for resource bundles that
         * are loaded under this
         * <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code>. Positive time-to-live values
         * specify the number of milliseconds a bundle can remain in the
         * cache without being validated against the source data from which
         * it was constructed. The value 0 indicates that a bundle must be
         * validated each time it is retrieved from the cache. {@link
         * #TTL_DONT_CACHE} specifies that loaded resource bundles are not
         * put in the cache. {@link #TTL_NO_EXPIRATION_CONTROL} specifies
         * that loaded resource bundles are put in the cache with no
         * expiration control.
         *
         * <p>The expiration affects only the bundle loading process by the
         * <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> factory method.  That is,
         * if the factory method finds a resource bundle in the cache that
         * has expired, the factory method calls the {@link
         * #needsReload(String, Locale, String, ClassLoader, ResourceBundle,
         * long) needsReload} method to determine whether the resource
         * bundle needs to be reloaded. If <code>needsReload</code> returns
         * <code>true</code>, the cached resource bundle instance is removed
         * from the cache. Otherwise, the instance stays in the cache,
         * updated with the new TTL value returned by this method.
         *
         * <p>All cached resource bundles are subject to removal from the
         * cache due to memory constraints of the runtime environment.
         * Returning a large positive value doesn't mean to lock loaded
         * resource bundles in the cache.
         *
         * <p>The default implementation returns {@link #TTL_NO_EXPIRATION_CONTROL}.
         *
         * @param baseName
         *        the base name of the resource bundle for which the
         *        expiration value is specified.
         * @param locale
         *        the locale of the resource bundle for which the
         *        expiration value is specified.
         * @return the time (0 or a positive millisecond offset from the
         *        cached time) to get loaded bundles expired in the cache,
         *        {@link #TTL_NO_EXPIRATION_CONTROL} to disable the
         *        expiration control, or {@link #TTL_DONT_CACHE} to disable
         *        caching.
         * @exception NullPointerException
         *        if <code>baseName</code> or <code>locale</code> is
         *        <code>null</code>
         */
        public long getTimeToLive(String baseName, Locale locale) {
            if (baseName == null || locale == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            return TTL_NO_EXPIRATION_CONTROL;
        }

        
Determines if the expired bundle in the cache needs
to be reloaded based on the loading time given by
loadTime or some other criteria. The method returns
true if reloading is required; false
otherwise. loadTime is a millisecond offset since
the  Calendar
Epoch.

The calling ResourceBundle.getBundle factory method
calls this method on the ResourceBundle.Control
instance used for its current invocation, not on the instance
used in the invocation that originally loaded the resource
bundle.
The default implementation compares loadTime and
the last modified time of the source data of the resource
bundle. If it's determined that the source data has been modified
since loadTime, true is
returned. Otherwise, false is returned. This
implementation assumes that the given format is the
same string as its file suffix if it's not one of the default
formats, "java.class" or
"java.properties".
Params:
baseName – 
       the base bundle name of the resource bundle, a
       fully qualified class name
locale – 
       the locale for which the resource bundle
       should be instantiated
format – 
       the resource bundle format to be loaded
loader – 
       the ClassLoader to use to load the bundle
bundle – 
       the resource bundle instance that has been expired
       in the cache
loadTime – 
       the time when bundle was loaded and put
       in the cache
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
       if baseName, locale,
       format, loader, or
       bundle is null
Returns:
true if the expired bundle needs to be
       reloaded; false otherwise./**
         * Determines if the expired <code>bundle</code> in the cache needs
         * to be reloaded based on the loading time given by
         * <code>loadTime</code> or some other criteria. The method returns
         * <code>true</code> if reloading is required; <code>false</code>
         * otherwise. <code>loadTime</code> is a millisecond offset since
         * the <a href="Calendar.html#Epoch"> <code>Calendar</code>
         * Epoch</a>.
         *
         * <p>
         * The calling <code>ResourceBundle.getBundle</code> factory method
         * calls this method on the <code>ResourceBundle.Control</code>
         * instance used for its current invocation, not on the instance
         * used in the invocation that originally loaded the resource
         * bundle.
         *
         * <p>The default implementation compares <code>loadTime</code> and
         * the last modified time of the source data of the resource
         * bundle. If it's determined that the source data has been modified
         * since <code>loadTime</code>, <code>true</code> is
         * returned. Otherwise, <code>false</code> is returned. This
         * implementation assumes that the given <code>format</code> is the
         * same string as its file suffix if it's not one of the default
         * formats, <code>"java.class"</code> or
         * <code>"java.properties"</code>.
         *
         * @param baseName
         *        the base bundle name of the resource bundle, a
         *        fully qualified class name
         * @param locale
         *        the locale for which the resource bundle
         *        should be instantiated
         * @param format
         *        the resource bundle format to be loaded
         * @param loader
         *        the <code>ClassLoader</code> to use to load the bundle
         * @param bundle
         *        the resource bundle instance that has been expired
         *        in the cache
         * @param loadTime
         *        the time when <code>bundle</code> was loaded and put
         *        in the cache
         * @return <code>true</code> if the expired bundle needs to be
         *        reloaded; <code>false</code> otherwise.
         * @exception NullPointerException
         *        if <code>baseName</code>, <code>locale</code>,
         *        <code>format</code>, <code>loader</code>, or
         *        <code>bundle</code> is <code>null</code>
         */
        public boolean needsReload(String baseName, Locale locale,
                                   String format, ClassLoader loader,
                                   ResourceBundle bundle, long loadTime) {
            if (bundle == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            if (format.equals("java.class") || format.equals("java.properties")) {
                format = format.substring(5);
            }
            boolean result = false;
            try {
                String resourceName = toResourceName0(toBundleName(baseName, locale), format);
                if (resourceName == null) {
                    return result;
                }
                URL url = loader.getResource(resourceName);
                if (url != null) {
                    long lastModified = 0;
                    URLConnection connection = url.openConnection();
                    if (connection != null) {
                        // disable caches to get the correct data
                        connection.setUseCaches(false);
                        if (connection instanceof JarURLConnection) {
                            JarEntry ent = ((JarURLConnection)connection).getJarEntry();
                            if (ent != null) {
                                lastModified = ent.getTime();
                                if (lastModified == -1) {
                                    lastModified = 0;
                                }
                            }
                        } else {
                            lastModified = connection.getLastModified();
                        }
                    }
                    result = lastModified >= loadTime;
                }
            } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
                throw npe;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                // ignore other exceptions
            }
            return result;
        }

        
Converts the given baseName and locale to the bundle name. This method is called from the default implementation of the newBundle and needsReload methods. 
This implementation returns the following value:
    baseName + "_" + language + "_" + script + "_" + country + "_" + variant

where language, script, country,
and variant are the language, script, country, and variant
values of locale, respectively. Final component values that
are empty Strings are omitted along with the preceding '_'.  When the
script is empty, the script value is omitted along with the preceding '_'.
If all of the values are empty strings, then baseName
is returned.
For example, if baseName is
"baseName" and locale is
Locale("ja", "", "XX"), then
"baseName_ja_ _XX" is returned. If the given
locale is Locale("en"), then
"baseName_en" is returned.
Overriding this method allows applications to use different
conventions in the organization and packaging of localized
resources.
Params:
baseName – 
       the base name of the resource bundle, a fully
       qualified class name
locale – 
       the locale for which a resource bundle should be
       loaded
Throws:
NullPointerException – 
       if baseName or locale
       is null
See Also:
AbstractResourceBundleProvider.toBundleName(String, Locale)
Returns:
the bundle name for the resource bundle/**
         * Converts the given <code>baseName</code> and <code>locale</code>
         * to the bundle name. This method is called from the default
         * implementation of the {@link #newBundle(String, Locale, String,
         * ClassLoader, boolean) newBundle} and {@link #needsReload(String,
         * Locale, String, ClassLoader, ResourceBundle, long) needsReload}
         * methods.
         *
         * <p>This implementation returns the following value:
         * <pre>
         *     baseName + "_" + language + "_" + script + "_" + country + "_" + variant
         * </pre>
         * where <code>language</code>, <code>script</code>, <code>country</code>,
         * and <code>variant</code> are the language, script, country, and variant
         * values of <code>locale</code>, respectively. Final component values that
         * are empty Strings are omitted along with the preceding '_'.  When the
         * script is empty, the script value is omitted along with the preceding '_'.
         * If all of the values are empty strings, then <code>baseName</code>
         * is returned.
         *
         * <p>For example, if <code>baseName</code> is
         * <code>"baseName"</code> and <code>locale</code> is
         * <code>Locale("ja",&nbsp;"",&nbsp;"XX")</code>, then
         * <code>"baseName_ja_&thinsp;_XX"</code> is returned. If the given
         * locale is <code>Locale("en")</code>, then
         * <code>"baseName_en"</code> is returned.
         *
         * <p>Overriding this method allows applications to use different
         * conventions in the organization and packaging of localized
         * resources.
         *
         * @param baseName
         *        the base name of the resource bundle, a fully
         *        qualified class name
         * @param locale
         *        the locale for which a resource bundle should be
         *        loaded
         * @return the bundle name for the resource bundle
         * @exception NullPointerException
         *        if <code>baseName</code> or <code>locale</code>
         *        is <code>null</code>
         * @see java.util.spi.AbstractResourceBundleProvider#toBundleName(String, Locale)
         */
        public String toBundleName(String baseName, Locale locale) {
            if (locale == Locale.ROOT) {
                return baseName;
            }

            String language = locale.getLanguage();
            String script = locale.getScript();
            String country = locale.getCountry();
            String variant = locale.getVariant();

            if (language == "" && country == "" && variant == "") {
                return baseName;
            }

            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(baseName);
            sb.append('_');
            if (script != "") {
                if (variant != "") {
                    sb.append(language).append('_').append(script).append('_').append(country).append('_').append(variant);
                } else if (country != "") {
                    sb.append(language).append('_').append(script).append('_').append(country);
                } else {
                    sb.append(language).append('_').append(script);
                }
            } else {
                if (variant != "") {
                    sb.append(language).append('_').append(country).append('_').append(variant);
                } else if (country != "") {
                    sb.append(language).append('_').append(country);
                } else {
                    sb.append(language);
                }
            }
            return sb.toString();

        }

        
Converts the given bundleName to the form required by the ClassLoader.getResource method by replacing all occurrences of '.' in bundleName with '/' and appending a '.' and the given file suffix. For example, if bundleName is "foo.bar.MyResources_ja_JP" and suffix is "properties", then "foo/bar/MyResources_ja_JP.properties" is returned. 
Params:
bundleName – 
       the bundle name
suffix – 
       the file type suffix
Throws:
NullPointerException –  if bundleName or suffix is null
Returns:
the converted resource name/**
         * Converts the given {@code bundleName} to the form required
         * by the {@link ClassLoader#getResource ClassLoader.getResource}
         * method by replacing all occurrences of {@code '.'} in
         * {@code bundleName} with {@code '/'} and appending a
         * {@code '.'} and the given file {@code suffix}. For
         * example, if {@code bundleName} is
         * {@code "foo.bar.MyResources_ja_JP"} and {@code suffix}
         * is {@code "properties"}, then
         * {@code "foo/bar/MyResources_ja_JP.properties"} is returned.
         *
         * @param bundleName
         *        the bundle name
         * @param suffix
         *        the file type suffix
         * @return the converted resource name
         * @exception NullPointerException
         *         if {@code bundleName} or {@code suffix}
         *         is {@code null}
         */
        public final String toResourceName(String bundleName, String suffix) {
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(bundleName.length() + 1 + suffix.length());
            sb.append(bundleName.replace('.', '/')).append('.').append(suffix);
            return sb.toString();
        }

        private String toResourceName0(String bundleName, String suffix) {
            // application protocol check
            if (bundleName.contains("://")) {
                return null;
            } else {
                return toResourceName(bundleName, suffix);
            }
        }
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static <T extends Throwable> void uncheckedThrow(Throwable t) throws T {
        if (t != null)
            throw (T)t;
        else
            throw new Error("Unknown Exception");
    }

    private static class SingleFormatControl extends Control {
        private static final Control PROPERTIES_ONLY
            = new SingleFormatControl(FORMAT_PROPERTIES);

        private static final Control CLASS_ONLY
            = new SingleFormatControl(FORMAT_CLASS);

        private final List<String> formats;

        protected SingleFormatControl(List<String> formats) {
            this.formats = formats;
        }

        public List<String> getFormats(String baseName) {
            if (baseName == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            return formats;
        }
    }

    private static final class NoFallbackControl extends SingleFormatControl {
        private static final Control NO_FALLBACK
            = new NoFallbackControl(FORMAT_DEFAULT);

        private static final Control PROPERTIES_ONLY_NO_FALLBACK
            = new NoFallbackControl(FORMAT_PROPERTIES);

        private static final Control CLASS_ONLY_NO_FALLBACK
            = new NoFallbackControl(FORMAT_CLASS);

        protected NoFallbackControl(List<String> formats) {
            super(formats);
        }

        public Locale getFallbackLocale(String baseName, Locale locale) {
            if (baseName == null || locale == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            return null;
        }
    }

    private static class ResourceBundleProviderHelper {
        
Returns a new ResourceBundle instance of the given bundleClass
/**
         * Returns a new ResourceBundle instance of the given bundleClass
         */
        static ResourceBundle newResourceBundle(Class<? extends ResourceBundle> bundleClass) {
            try {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                Constructor<? extends ResourceBundle> ctor =
                    bundleClass.getConstructor();
                if (!Modifier.isPublic(ctor.getModifiers())) {
                    return null;
                }
                // java.base may not be able to read the bundleClass's module.
                PrivilegedAction<Void> pa = () -> { ctor.setAccessible(true); return null;};
                AccessController.doPrivileged(pa);
                try {
                    return ctor.newInstance((Object[]) null);
                } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
                    uncheckedThrow(e);
                } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e) {
                    throw new InternalError(e);
                }
            } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
                throw new InternalError(e);
            }
            return null;
        }

        
Loads a ResourceBundle of the given bundleName local to the given module. If not found, search the bundle class that is visible from the module's class loader. The caller module is used for access check only. /**
         * Loads a {@code ResourceBundle} of the given {@code bundleName} local to
         * the given {@code module}. If not found, search the bundle class
         * that is visible from the module's class loader.
         *
         * The caller module is used for access check only.
         */
        static ResourceBundle loadResourceBundle(Module callerModule,
                                                 Module module,
                                                 String baseName,
                                                 Locale locale)
        {
            String bundleName = Control.INSTANCE.toBundleName(baseName, locale);
            try {
                PrivilegedAction<Class<?>> pa = () -> Class.forName(module, bundleName);
                Class<?> c = AccessController.doPrivileged(pa, null, GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
                trace("local in %s %s caller %s: %s%n", module, bundleName, callerModule, c);

                if (c == null) {
                    // if not found from the given module, locate resource bundle
                    // that is visible to the module's class loader
                    ClassLoader loader = getLoader(module);
                    if (loader != null) {
                        c = Class.forName(bundleName, false, loader);
                    } else {
                        c = BootLoader.loadClassOrNull(bundleName);
                    }
                    trace("loader for %s %s caller %s: %s%n", module, bundleName, callerModule, c);
                }

                if (c != null && ResourceBundle.class.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                    Class<ResourceBundle> bundleClass = (Class<ResourceBundle>) c;
                    Module m = bundleClass.getModule();
                    if (!isAccessible(callerModule, m, bundleClass.getPackageName())) {
                        trace("   %s does not have access to %s/%s%n", callerModule,
                              m.getName(), bundleClass.getPackageName());
                        return null;
                    }

                    return newResourceBundle(bundleClass);
                }
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {}
            return null;
        }

        
Tests if resources of the given package name from the given module are
open to the caller module.
/**
         * Tests if resources of the given package name from the given module are
         * open to the caller module.
         */
        static boolean isAccessible(Module callerModule, Module module, String pn) {
            if (!module.isNamed() || callerModule == module)
                return true;

            return module.isOpen(pn, callerModule);
        }

        
Loads properties of the given bundleName local in the given module. If the .properties is not found or not open to the caller module to access, it will find the resource that is visible to the module's class loader. The caller module is used for access check only. /**
         * Loads properties of the given {@code bundleName} local in the given
         * {@code module}.  If the .properties is not found or not open
         * to the caller module to access, it will find the resource that
         * is visible to the module's class loader.
         *
         * The caller module is used for access check only.
         */
        static ResourceBundle loadPropertyResourceBundle(Module callerModule,
                                                         Module module,
                                                         String baseName,
                                                         Locale locale)
            throws IOException
        {
            String bundleName = Control.INSTANCE.toBundleName(baseName, locale);

            PrivilegedAction<InputStream> pa = () -> {
                try {
                    String resourceName = Control.INSTANCE
                        .toResourceName0(bundleName, "properties");
                    if (resourceName == null) {
                        return null;
                    }
                    trace("local in %s %s caller %s%n", module, resourceName, callerModule);

                    // if the package is in the given module but not opened
                    // locate it from the given module first.
                    String pn = toPackageName(bundleName);
                    trace("   %s/%s is accessible to %s : %s%n",
                            module.getName(), pn, callerModule,
                            isAccessible(callerModule, module, pn));
                    if (isAccessible(callerModule, module, pn)) {
                        InputStream in = module.getResourceAsStream(resourceName);
                        if (in != null) {
                            return in;
                        }
                    }

                    ClassLoader loader = module.getClassLoader();
                    trace("loader for %s %s caller %s%n", module, resourceName, callerModule);

                    try {
                        if (loader != null) {
                            return loader.getResourceAsStream(resourceName);
                        } else {
                            URL url = BootLoader.findResource(resourceName);
                            if (url != null) {
                                return url.openStream();
                            }
                        }
                    } catch (Exception e) {}
                    return null;

                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new UncheckedIOException(e);
                }
            };

            try (InputStream stream = AccessController.doPrivileged(pa)) {
                if (stream != null) {
                    return new PropertyResourceBundle(stream);
                } else {
                    return null;
                }
            } catch (UncheckedIOException e) {
                throw e.getCause();
            }
        }

        private static String toPackageName(String bundleName) {
            int i = bundleName.lastIndexOf('.');
            return i != -1 ? bundleName.substring(0, i) : "";
        }

    }

    private static final boolean TRACE_ON = Boolean.valueOf(
        GetPropertyAction.privilegedGetProperty("resource.bundle.debug", "false"));

    private static void trace(String format, Object... params) {
        if (TRACE_ON)
            System.out.format(format, params);
    }
}