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package java.util.logging;

import java.util.Objects;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;


A Handler object takes log messages from a Logger and exports them. It might for example, write them to a console or write them to a file, or send them to a network logging service, or forward them to an OS log, or whatever. 
 A Handler can be disabled by doing a setLevel(Level.OFF) and can be re-enabled by doing a setLevel with an appropriate level. 
 Handler classes typically use LogManager properties to set default values for the Handler's Filter, Formatter, and Level. See the specific documentation for each concrete Handler class. 
Since:1.4
/**
 * A {@code Handler} object takes log messages from a {@code Logger} and
 * exports them.  It might for example, write them to a console
 * or write them to a file, or send them to a network logging service,
 * or forward them to an OS log, or whatever.
 * <p>
 * A {@code Handler} can be disabled by doing a {@code setLevel(Level.OFF)}
 * and can  be re-enabled by doing a {@code setLevel} with an appropriate level.
 * <p>
 * {@code Handler} classes typically use {@code LogManager} properties to set
 * default values for the {@code Handler}'s {@code Filter}, {@code Formatter},
 * and {@code Level}.  See the specific documentation for each concrete
 * {@code Handler} class.
 *
 *
 * @since 1.4
 */

public abstract class Handler {
    private static final int offValue = Level.OFF.intValue();
    private final LogManager manager = LogManager.getLogManager();

    // We're using volatile here to avoid synchronizing getters, which
    // would prevent other threads from calling isLoggable()
    // while publish() is executing.
    // On the other hand, setters will be synchronized to exclude concurrent
    // execution with more complex methods, such as StreamHandler.publish().
    // We wouldn't want 'level' to be changed by another thread in the middle
    // of the execution of a 'publish' call.
    private volatile Filter filter;
    private volatile Formatter formatter;
    private volatile Level logLevel = Level.ALL;
    private volatile ErrorManager errorManager = new ErrorManager();
    private volatile String encoding;

    
Default constructor. The resulting Handler has a log level of Level.ALL, no Formatter, and no Filter. A default ErrorManager instance is installed as the ErrorManager. 
/**
     * Default constructor.  The resulting {@code Handler} has a log
     * level of {@code Level.ALL}, no {@code Formatter}, and no
     * {@code Filter}.  A default {@code ErrorManager} instance is installed
     * as the {@code ErrorManager}.
     */
    protected Handler() {
    }

    
Package-private constructor for chaining from subclass constructors
that wish to configure the handler with specific default and/or
specified values.

Params:
  • defaultLevel –  a default Level to configure if one is not found in LogManager configuration properties
  • defaultFormatter –  a default Formatter to configure if one is not specified by specifiedFormatter parameter nor found in LogManager configuration properties
  • specifiedFormatter – if not null, this is the formatter to configure
/**
     * Package-private constructor for chaining from subclass constructors
     * that wish to configure the handler with specific default and/or
     * specified values.
     *
     * @param defaultLevel       a default {@link Level} to configure if one is
     *                           not found in LogManager configuration properties
     * @param defaultFormatter   a default {@link Formatter} to configure if one is
     *                           not specified by {@code specifiedFormatter} parameter
     *                           nor found in LogManager configuration properties
     * @param specifiedFormatter if not null, this is the formatter to configure
     */
    Handler(Level defaultLevel, Formatter defaultFormatter,
            Formatter specifiedFormatter) {

        LogManager manager = LogManager.getLogManager();
        String cname = getClass().getName();

        final Level level = manager.getLevelProperty(cname + ".level", defaultLevel);
        final Filter filter = manager.getFilterProperty(cname + ".filter", null);
        final Formatter formatter = specifiedFormatter == null
                                    ? manager.getFormatterProperty(cname + ".formatter", defaultFormatter)
                                    : specifiedFormatter;
        final String encoding = manager.getStringProperty(cname + ".encoding", null);

        AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void run() {
                setLevel(level);
                setFilter(filter);
                setFormatter(formatter);
                try {
                    setEncoding(encoding);
                } catch (Exception ex) {
                    try {
                        setEncoding(null);
                    } catch (Exception ex2) {
                        // doing a setEncoding with null should always work.
                        // assert false;
                    }
                }
                return null;
            }
        }, null, LogManager.controlPermission);
    }

    
Publish a LogRecord. 
 The logging request was made initially to a Logger object, which initialized the LogRecord and forwarded it here. 
 The Handler is responsible for formatting the message, when and if necessary. The formatting should include localization. 
Params:
  • record –  description of the log event. A null record is
                silently ignored and is not published
/**
     * Publish a {@code LogRecord}.
     * <p>
     * The logging request was made initially to a {@code Logger} object,
     * which initialized the {@code LogRecord} and forwarded it here.
     * <p>
     * The {@code Handler}  is responsible for formatting the message, when and
     * if necessary.  The formatting should include localization.
     *
     * @param  record  description of the log event. A null record is
     *                 silently ignored and is not published
     */
    public abstract void publish(LogRecord record);

    
Flush any buffered output.

/**
     * Flush any buffered output.
     */
    public abstract void flush();

    
Close the Handler and free all associated resources. 
 The close method will perform a flush and then close the Handler. After close has been called this Handler should no longer be used. Method calls may either be silently ignored or may throw runtime exceptions. 
Throws:
  • SecurityException –  if a security manager exists and if the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
/**
     * Close the {@code Handler} and free all associated resources.
     * <p>
     * The close method will perform a {@code flush} and then close the
     * {@code Handler}.   After close has been called this {@code Handler}
     * should no longer be used.  Method calls may either be silently
     * ignored or may throw runtime exceptions.
     *
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have {@code LoggingPermission("control")}.
     */
    public abstract void close() throws SecurityException;

    
Set a Formatter. This Formatter will be used to format LogRecords for this Handler. 
 Some Handlers may not use Formatters, in which case the Formatter will be remembered, but not used. 
Params:
  • newFormatter – the Formatter to use (may not be null)
Throws:
  • SecurityException –  if a security manager exists and if the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
/**
     * Set a {@code Formatter}.  This {@code Formatter} will be used
     * to format {@code LogRecords} for this {@code Handler}.
     * <p>
     * Some {@code Handlers} may not use {@code Formatters}, in
     * which case the {@code Formatter} will be remembered, but not used.
     *
     * @param newFormatter the {@code Formatter} to use (may not be null)
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have {@code LoggingPermission("control")}.
     */
    public synchronized void setFormatter(Formatter newFormatter) throws SecurityException {
        checkPermission();
        formatter = Objects.requireNonNull(newFormatter);
    }

    
Return the Formatter for this Handler. 
Returns:the Formatter (may be null).
/**
     * Return the {@code Formatter} for this {@code Handler}.
     * @return the {@code Formatter} (may be null).
     */
    public Formatter getFormatter() {
        return formatter;
    }

    
Set the character encoding used by this Handler. 
 The encoding should be set before any LogRecords are written to the Handler. 
Params:
  • encoding –  The name of a supported character encoding.
       May be null, to indicate the default platform encoding.
Throws:
/**
     * Set the character encoding used by this {@code Handler}.
     * <p>
     * The encoding should be set before any {@code LogRecords} are written
     * to the {@code Handler}.
     *
     * @param encoding  The name of a supported character encoding.
     *        May be null, to indicate the default platform encoding.
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have {@code LoggingPermission("control")}.
     * @exception  UnsupportedEncodingException if the named encoding is
     *          not supported.
     */
    public synchronized void setEncoding(String encoding)
                        throws SecurityException, java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException {
        checkPermission();
        if (encoding != null) {
            try {
                if(!java.nio.charset.Charset.isSupported(encoding)) {
                    throw new UnsupportedEncodingException(encoding);
                }
            } catch (java.nio.charset.IllegalCharsetNameException e) {
                throw new UnsupportedEncodingException(encoding);
            }
        }
        this.encoding = encoding;
    }

    
Return the character encoding for this Handler. 
Returns: The encoding name.  May be null, which indicates the
         default encoding should be used.
/**
     * Return the character encoding for this {@code Handler}.
     *
     * @return  The encoding name.  May be null, which indicates the
     *          default encoding should be used.
     */
    public String getEncoding() {
        return encoding;
    }

    
Set a Filter to control output on this Handler. 
 For each call of publish the Handler will call this Filter (if it is non-null) to check if the LogRecord should be published or discarded. 
Params:
  • newFilter –  a Filter object (may be null)
Throws:
  • SecurityException –  if a security manager exists and if the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
/**
     * Set a {@code Filter} to control output on this {@code Handler}.
     * <P>
     * For each call of {@code publish} the {@code Handler} will call
     * this {@code Filter} (if it is non-null) to check if the
     * {@code LogRecord} should be published or discarded.
     *
     * @param   newFilter  a {@code Filter} object (may be null)
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have {@code LoggingPermission("control")}.
     */
    public synchronized void setFilter(Filter newFilter) throws SecurityException {
        checkPermission();
        filter = newFilter;
    }

    
Get the current Filter for this Handler. 
Returns: a Filter object (may be null)
/**
     * Get the current {@code Filter} for this {@code Handler}.
     *
     * @return  a {@code Filter} object (may be null)
     */
    public Filter getFilter() {
        return filter;
    }

    
Define an ErrorManager for this Handler.


The ErrorManager's "error" method will be invoked if any
errors occur while using this Handler.

Params:
  • em –  the new ErrorManager
Throws:
  • SecurityException –  if a security manager exists and if the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
/**
     * Define an ErrorManager for this Handler.
     * <p>
     * The ErrorManager's "error" method will be invoked if any
     * errors occur while using this Handler.
     *
     * @param em  the new ErrorManager
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have {@code LoggingPermission("control")}.
     */
    public synchronized void setErrorManager(ErrorManager em) {
        checkPermission();
        if (em == null) {
           throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        errorManager = em;
    }

    
Retrieves the ErrorManager for this Handler.

Throws:
  • SecurityException –  if a security manager exists and if the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
Returns:the ErrorManager for this Handler
/**
     * Retrieves the ErrorManager for this Handler.
     *
     * @return the ErrorManager for this Handler
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have {@code LoggingPermission("control")}.
     */
    public ErrorManager getErrorManager() {
        checkPermission();
        return errorManager;
    }

   
Protected convenience method to report an error to this Handler's
ErrorManager.  Note that this method retrieves and uses the ErrorManager
without doing a security check.  It can therefore be used in
environments where the caller may be non-privileged.

Params:
  • msg –    a descriptive string (may be null)
  • ex –     an exception (may be null)
  • code –   an error code defined in ErrorManager
/**
     * Protected convenience method to report an error to this Handler's
     * ErrorManager.  Note that this method retrieves and uses the ErrorManager
     * without doing a security check.  It can therefore be used in
     * environments where the caller may be non-privileged.
     *
     * @param msg    a descriptive string (may be null)
     * @param ex     an exception (may be null)
     * @param code   an error code defined in ErrorManager
     */
    protected void reportError(String msg, Exception ex, int code) {
        try {
            errorManager.error(msg, ex, code);
        } catch (Exception ex2) {
            System.err.println("Handler.reportError caught:");
            ex2.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    
Set the log level specifying which message levels will be logged by this Handler. Message levels lower than this value will be discarded. 
 The intention is to allow developers to turn on voluminous logging, but to limit the messages that are sent to certain Handlers. 
Params:
  • newLevel –   the new value for the log level
Throws:
  • SecurityException –  if a security manager exists and if the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
/**
     * Set the log level specifying which message levels will be
     * logged by this {@code Handler}.  Message levels lower than this
     * value will be discarded.
     * <p>
     * The intention is to allow developers to turn on voluminous
     * logging, but to limit the messages that are sent to certain
     * {@code Handlers}.
     *
     * @param newLevel   the new value for the log level
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
     *             the caller does not have {@code LoggingPermission("control")}.
     */
    public synchronized void setLevel(Level newLevel) throws SecurityException {
        if (newLevel == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        checkPermission();
        logLevel = newLevel;
    }

    
Get the log level specifying which messages will be logged by this Handler. Message levels lower than this level will be discarded. 
Returns: the level of messages being logged.
/**
     * Get the log level specifying which messages will be
     * logged by this {@code Handler}.  Message levels lower
     * than this level will be discarded.
     * @return  the level of messages being logged.
     */
    public Level getLevel() {
        return logLevel;
    }

    
Check if this Handler would actually log a given LogRecord. 
 This method checks if the LogRecord has an appropriate Level and whether it satisfies any Filter. It also may make other Handler specific checks that might prevent a handler from logging the LogRecord. It will return false if the LogRecord is null. 
Params:
  • record –  a LogRecord (may be null).
Returns:true if the LogRecord would be logged.
/**
     * Check if this {@code Handler} would actually log a given {@code LogRecord}.
     * <p>
     * This method checks if the {@code LogRecord} has an appropriate
     * {@code Level} and  whether it satisfies any {@code Filter}.  It also
     * may make other {@code Handler} specific checks that might prevent a
     * handler from logging the {@code LogRecord}. It will return false if
     * the {@code LogRecord} is null.
     *
     * @param record  a {@code LogRecord} (may be null).
     * @return true if the {@code LogRecord} would be logged.
     *
     */
    public boolean isLoggable(LogRecord record) {
        final int levelValue = getLevel().intValue();
        if (record == null) return false;
        if (record.getLevel().intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
            return false;
        }
        final Filter filter = getFilter();
        if (filter == null) {
            return true;
        }
        return filter.isLoggable(record);
    }

    // Package-private support method for security checks.
    // We check that the caller has appropriate security privileges
    // to update Handler state and if not throw a SecurityException.
    void checkPermission() throws SecurityException {
        manager.checkPermission();
    }
}