/*
 * Copyright (c) 1994, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
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package java.util;

import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
import java.time.Instant;
import sun.util.calendar.BaseCalendar;
import sun.util.calendar.CalendarDate;
import sun.util.calendar.CalendarSystem;
import sun.util.calendar.CalendarUtils;
import sun.util.calendar.Era;
import sun.util.calendar.Gregorian;
import sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo;

The class Date represents a specific instant in time, with millisecond precision. 
 Prior to JDK 1.1, the class Date had two additional functions. It allowed the interpretation of dates as year, month, day, hour, minute, and second values. It also allowed the formatting and parsing of date strings. Unfortunately, the API for these functions was not amenable to internationalization. As of JDK 1.1, the Calendar class should be used to convert between dates and time fields and the DateFormat class should be used to format and parse date strings. The corresponding methods in Date are deprecated. 
 Although the Date class is intended to reflect coordinated universal time (UTC), it may not do so exactly, depending on the host environment of the Java Virtual Machine. Nearly all modern operating systems assume that 1 day = 24 × 60 × 60 = 86400 seconds in all cases. In UTC, however, about once every year or two there is an extra second, called a "leap second." The leap second is always added as the last second of the day, and always on December 31 or June 30. For example, the last minute of the year 1995 was 61 seconds long, thanks to an added leap second. Most computer clocks are not accurate enough to be able to reflect the leap-second distinction. 

Some computer standards are defined in terms of Greenwich mean
time (GMT), which is equivalent to universal time (UT).  GMT is
the "civil" name for the standard; UT is the
"scientific" name for the same standard. The
distinction between UTC and UT is that UTC is based on an atomic
clock and UT is based on astronomical observations, which for all
practical purposes is an invisibly fine hair to split. Because the
earth's rotation is not uniform (it slows down and speeds up
in complicated ways), UT does not always flow uniformly. Leap
seconds are introduced as needed into UTC so as to keep UTC within
0.9 seconds of UT1, which is a version of UT with certain
corrections applied. There are other time and date systems as
well; for example, the time scale used by the satellite-based
global positioning system (GPS) is synchronized to UTC but is
not adjusted for leap seconds. An interesting source of
further information is the United States Naval Observatory (USNO):
    http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO


and the material regarding "Systems of Time" at:
    http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/time/master-clock/systems-of-time


which has descriptions of various different time systems including
UT, UT1, and UTC.
 In all methods of class Date that accept or return year, month, date, hours, minutes, and seconds values, the following representations are used: 

A year y is represented by the integer
    y - 1900. 
A month is represented by an integer from 0 to 11; 0 is January,
    1 is February, and so forth; thus 11 is December.
A date (day of month) is represented by an integer from 1 to 31
    in the usual manner.
An hour is represented by an integer from 0 to 23. Thus, the hour
    from midnight to 1 a.m. is hour 0, and the hour from noon to 1
    p.m. is hour 12.
A minute is represented by an integer from 0 to 59 in the usual manner.
A second is represented by an integer from 0 to 61; the values 60 and
    61 occur only for leap seconds and even then only in Java
    implementations that actually track leap seconds correctly. Because
    of the manner in which leap seconds are currently introduced, it is
    extremely unlikely that two leap seconds will occur in the same
    minute, but this specification follows the date and time conventions
    for ISO C.


In all cases, arguments given to methods for these purposes need
not fall within the indicated ranges; for example, a date may be
specified as January 32 and is interpreted as meaning February 1.
Author:
 James Gosling,  Arthur van Hoff,  Alan Liu
See Also:
DateFormat
Calendar
TimeZone
Since:
  1.0/**
 * The class {@code Date} represents a specific instant
 * in time, with millisecond precision.
 * <p>
 * Prior to JDK&nbsp;1.1, the class {@code Date} had two additional
 * functions.  It allowed the interpretation of dates as year, month, day, hour,
 * minute, and second values.  It also allowed the formatting and parsing
 * of date strings.  Unfortunately, the API for these functions was not
 * amenable to internationalization.  As of JDK&nbsp;1.1, the
 * {@code Calendar} class should be used to convert between dates and time
 * fields and the {@code DateFormat} class should be used to format and
 * parse date strings.
 * The corresponding methods in {@code Date} are deprecated.
 * <p>
 * Although the {@code Date} class is intended to reflect
 * coordinated universal time (UTC), it may not do so exactly,
 * depending on the host environment of the Java Virtual Machine.
 * Nearly all modern operating systems assume that 1&nbsp;day&nbsp;=
 * 24&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;60&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;60&nbsp;= 86400 seconds
 * in all cases. In UTC, however, about once every year or two there
 * is an extra second, called a "leap second." The leap
 * second is always added as the last second of the day, and always
 * on December 31 or June 30. For example, the last minute of the
 * year 1995 was 61 seconds long, thanks to an added leap second.
 * Most computer clocks are not accurate enough to be able to reflect
 * the leap-second distinction.
 * <p>
 * Some computer standards are defined in terms of Greenwich mean
 * time (GMT), which is equivalent to universal time (UT).  GMT is
 * the "civil" name for the standard; UT is the
 * "scientific" name for the same standard. The
 * distinction between UTC and UT is that UTC is based on an atomic
 * clock and UT is based on astronomical observations, which for all
 * practical purposes is an invisibly fine hair to split. Because the
 * earth's rotation is not uniform (it slows down and speeds up
 * in complicated ways), UT does not always flow uniformly. Leap
 * seconds are introduced as needed into UTC so as to keep UTC within
 * 0.9 seconds of UT1, which is a version of UT with certain
 * corrections applied. There are other time and date systems as
 * well; for example, the time scale used by the satellite-based
 * global positioning system (GPS) is synchronized to UTC but is
 * <i>not</i> adjusted for leap seconds. An interesting source of
 * further information is the United States Naval Observatory (USNO):
 * <blockquote><pre>
 *     <a href="http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO">http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO</a>
 * </pre></blockquote>
 * <p>
 * and the material regarding "Systems of Time" at:
 * <blockquote><pre>
 *     <a href="http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/time/master-clock/systems-of-time">http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/time/master-clock/systems-of-time</a>
 * </pre></blockquote>
 * <p>
 * which has descriptions of various different time systems including
 * UT, UT1, and UTC.
 * <p>
 * In all methods of class {@code Date} that accept or return
 * year, month, date, hours, minutes, and seconds values, the
 * following representations are used:
 * <ul>
 * <li>A year <i>y</i> is represented by the integer
 *     <i>y</i>&nbsp;{@code - 1900}.
 * <li>A month is represented by an integer from 0 to 11; 0 is January,
 *     1 is February, and so forth; thus 11 is December.
 * <li>A date (day of month) is represented by an integer from 1 to 31
 *     in the usual manner.
 * <li>An hour is represented by an integer from 0 to 23. Thus, the hour
 *     from midnight to 1 a.m. is hour 0, and the hour from noon to 1
 *     p.m. is hour 12.
 * <li>A minute is represented by an integer from 0 to 59 in the usual manner.
 * <li>A second is represented by an integer from 0 to 61; the values 60 and
 *     61 occur only for leap seconds and even then only in Java
 *     implementations that actually track leap seconds correctly. Because
 *     of the manner in which leap seconds are currently introduced, it is
 *     extremely unlikely that two leap seconds will occur in the same
 *     minute, but this specification follows the date and time conventions
 *     for ISO C.
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * In all cases, arguments given to methods for these purposes need
 * not fall within the indicated ranges; for example, a date may be
 * specified as January 32 and is interpreted as meaning February 1.
 *
 * @author  James Gosling
 * @author  Arthur van Hoff
 * @author  Alan Liu
 * @see     java.text.DateFormat
 * @see     java.util.Calendar
 * @see     java.util.TimeZone
 * @since   1.0
 */
public class Date
    implements java.io.Serializable, Cloneable, Comparable<Date>
{
    private static final BaseCalendar gcal =
                                CalendarSystem.getGregorianCalendar();
    private static BaseCalendar jcal;

    private transient long fastTime;

    /*
     * If cdate is null, then fastTime indicates the time in millis.
     * If cdate.isNormalized() is true, then fastTime and cdate are in
     * synch. Otherwise, fastTime is ignored, and cdate indicates the
     * time.
     */
    private transient BaseCalendar.Date cdate;

    // Initialized just before the value is used. See parse().
    private static int defaultCenturyStart;

    /* use serialVersionUID from modified java.util.Date for
     * interoperability with JDK1.1. The Date was modified to write
     * and read only the UTC time.
     */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 7523967970034938905L;

    
Allocates a Date object and initializes it so that it represents the time at which it was allocated, measured to the nearest millisecond. 
See Also:
System.currentTimeMillis()/**
     * Allocates a {@code Date} object and initializes it so that
     * it represents the time at which it was allocated, measured to the
     * nearest millisecond.
     *
     * @see     java.lang.System#currentTimeMillis()
     */
    public Date() {
        this(System.currentTimeMillis());
    }

    
Allocates a Date object and initializes it to represent the specified number of milliseconds since the standard base time known as "the epoch", namely January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT. 
Params:
date –   the milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT.
See Also:
System.currentTimeMillis()/**
     * Allocates a {@code Date} object and initializes it to
     * represent the specified number of milliseconds since the
     * standard base time known as "the epoch", namely January 1,
     * 1970, 00:00:00 GMT.
     *
     * @param   date   the milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT.
     * @see     java.lang.System#currentTimeMillis()
     */
    public Date(long date) {
        fastTime = date;
    }

    
Allocates a Date object and initializes it so that it represents midnight, local time, at the beginning of the day specified by the year, month, and date arguments. 
Params:
year –    the year minus 1900.
month –   the month between 0-11.
date –    the day of the month between 1-31.
See Also:
Calendar
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.set(year + 1900, month, date) or GregorianCalendar(year + 1900, month, date)./**
     * Allocates a {@code Date} object and initializes it so that
     * it represents midnight, local time, at the beginning of the day
     * specified by the {@code year}, {@code month}, and
     * {@code date} arguments.
     *
     * @param   year    the year minus 1900.
     * @param   month   the month between 0-11.
     * @param   date    the day of the month between 1-31.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.set(year + 1900, month, date)}
     * or {@code GregorianCalendar(year + 1900, month, date)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public Date(int year, int month, int date) {
        this(year, month, date, 0, 0, 0);
    }

    
Allocates a Date object and initializes it so that it represents the instant at the start of the minute specified by the year, month, date, hrs, and min arguments, in the local time zone. 
Params:
year –    the year minus 1900.
month –   the month between 0-11.
date –    the day of the month between 1-31.
hrs –     the hours between 0-23.
min –     the minutes between 0-59.
See Also:
Calendar
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.set(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min) or GregorianCalendar(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min)./**
     * Allocates a {@code Date} object and initializes it so that
     * it represents the instant at the start of the minute specified by
     * the {@code year}, {@code month}, {@code date},
     * {@code hrs}, and {@code min} arguments, in the local
     * time zone.
     *
     * @param   year    the year minus 1900.
     * @param   month   the month between 0-11.
     * @param   date    the day of the month between 1-31.
     * @param   hrs     the hours between 0-23.
     * @param   min     the minutes between 0-59.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.set(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min)}
     * or {@code GregorianCalendar(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public Date(int year, int month, int date, int hrs, int min) {
        this(year, month, date, hrs, min, 0);
    }

    
Allocates a Date object and initializes it so that it represents the instant at the start of the second specified by the year, month, date, hrs, min, and sec arguments, in the local time zone. 
Params:
year –    the year minus 1900.
month –   the month between 0-11.
date –    the day of the month between 1-31.
hrs –     the hours between 0-23.
min –     the minutes between 0-59.
sec –     the seconds between 0-59.
See Also:
Calendar
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.set(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min, sec) or GregorianCalendar(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min, sec)./**
     * Allocates a {@code Date} object and initializes it so that
     * it represents the instant at the start of the second specified
     * by the {@code year}, {@code month}, {@code date},
     * {@code hrs}, {@code min}, and {@code sec} arguments,
     * in the local time zone.
     *
     * @param   year    the year minus 1900.
     * @param   month   the month between 0-11.
     * @param   date    the day of the month between 1-31.
     * @param   hrs     the hours between 0-23.
     * @param   min     the minutes between 0-59.
     * @param   sec     the seconds between 0-59.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.set(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min, sec)}
     * or {@code GregorianCalendar(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min, sec)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public Date(int year, int month, int date, int hrs, int min, int sec) {
        int y = year + 1900;
        // month is 0-based. So we have to normalize month to support Long.MAX_VALUE.
        if (month >= 12) {
            y += month / 12;
            month %= 12;
        } else if (month < 0) {
            y += CalendarUtils.floorDivide(month, 12);
            month = CalendarUtils.mod(month, 12);
        }
        BaseCalendar cal = getCalendarSystem(y);
        cdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.getDefaultRef());
        cdate.setNormalizedDate(y, month + 1, date).setTimeOfDay(hrs, min, sec, 0);
        getTimeImpl();
        cdate = null;
    }

    
Allocates a Date object and initializes it so that it represents the date and time indicated by the string s, which is interpreted as if by the parse method. 
Params:
s –   a string representation of the date.
See Also:
DateFormat
parse(String)
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by DateFormat.parse(String s)./**
     * Allocates a {@code Date} object and initializes it so that
     * it represents the date and time indicated by the string
     * {@code s}, which is interpreted as if by the
     * {@link Date#parse} method.
     *
     * @param   s   a string representation of the date.
     * @see     java.text.DateFormat
     * @see     java.util.Date#parse(java.lang.String)
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code DateFormat.parse(String s)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public Date(String s) {
        this(parse(s));
    }

    
Return a copy of this object.
/**
     * Return a copy of this object.
     */
    public Object clone() {
        Date d = null;
        try {
            d = (Date)super.clone();
            if (cdate != null) {
                d.cdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) cdate.clone();
            }
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {} // Won't happen
        return d;
    }

    
Determines the date and time based on the arguments. The arguments are interpreted as a year, month, day of the month, hour of the day, minute within the hour, and second within the minute, exactly as for the Date constructor with six arguments, except that the arguments are interpreted relative to UTC rather than to the local time zone. The time indicated is returned represented as the distance, measured in milliseconds, of that time from the epoch (00:00:00 GMT on January 1, 1970). 
Params:
year –    the year minus 1900.
month –   the month between 0-11.
date –    the day of the month between 1-31.
hrs –     the hours between 0-23.
min –     the minutes between 0-59.
sec –     the seconds between 0-59.
See Also:
Calendar
Returns:
 the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT for
         the date and time specified by the arguments.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.set(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min, sec) or GregorianCalendar(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min, sec), using a UTC TimeZone, followed by Calendar.getTime().getTime()./**
     * Determines the date and time based on the arguments. The
     * arguments are interpreted as a year, month, day of the month,
     * hour of the day, minute within the hour, and second within the
     * minute, exactly as for the {@code Date} constructor with six
     * arguments, except that the arguments are interpreted relative
     * to UTC rather than to the local time zone. The time indicated is
     * returned represented as the distance, measured in milliseconds,
     * of that time from the epoch (00:00:00 GMT on January 1, 1970).
     *
     * @param   year    the year minus 1900.
     * @param   month   the month between 0-11.
     * @param   date    the day of the month between 1-31.
     * @param   hrs     the hours between 0-23.
     * @param   min     the minutes between 0-59.
     * @param   sec     the seconds between 0-59.
     * @return  the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT for
     *          the date and time specified by the arguments.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.set(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min, sec)}
     * or {@code GregorianCalendar(year + 1900, month, date, hrs, min, sec)}, using a UTC
     * {@code TimeZone}, followed by {@code Calendar.getTime().getTime()}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static long UTC(int year, int month, int date,
                           int hrs, int min, int sec) {
        int y = year + 1900;
        // month is 0-based. So we have to normalize month to support Long.MAX_VALUE.
        if (month >= 12) {
            y += month / 12;
            month %= 12;
        } else if (month < 0) {
            y += CalendarUtils.floorDivide(month, 12);
            month = CalendarUtils.mod(month, 12);
        }
        int m = month + 1;
        BaseCalendar cal = getCalendarSystem(y);
        BaseCalendar.Date udate = (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.newCalendarDate(null);
        udate.setNormalizedDate(y, m, date).setTimeOfDay(hrs, min, sec, 0);

        // Use a Date instance to perform normalization. Its fastTime
        // is the UTC value after the normalization.
        Date d = new Date(0);
        d.normalize(udate);
        return d.fastTime;
    }

    
Attempts to interpret the string s as a representation of a date and time. If the attempt is successful, the time indicated is returned represented as the distance, measured in milliseconds, of that time from the epoch (00:00:00 GMT on January 1, 1970). If the attempt fails, an IllegalArgumentException is thrown. 

It accepts many syntaxes; in particular, it recognizes the IETF
standard date syntax: "Sat, 12 Aug 1995 13:30:00 GMT". It also
understands the continental U.S. time-zone abbreviations, but for
general use, a time-zone offset should be used: "Sat, 12 Aug 1995
13:30:00 GMT+0430" (4 hours, 30 minutes west of the Greenwich
meridian). If no time zone is specified, the local time zone is
assumed. GMT and UTC are considered equivalent.
 The string s is processed from left to right, looking for data of interest. Any material in s that is within the ASCII parenthesis characters ( and ) is ignored. Parentheses may be nested. Otherwise, the only characters permitted within s are these ASCII characters: 
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
0123456789,+-:/
and whitespace characters.

A consecutive sequence of decimal digits is treated as a decimal
number:

If a number is preceded by + or - and a year has already been recognized, then the number is a time-zone offset. If the number is less than 24, it is an offset measured in hours. Otherwise, it is regarded as an offset in minutes, expressed in 24-hour time format without punctuation. A preceding - means a westward offset. Time zone offsets are always relative to UTC (Greenwich). Thus, for example, -5 occurring in the string would mean "five hours west of Greenwich" and +0430 would mean "four hours and thirty minutes east of Greenwich." It is permitted for the string to specify GMT, UT, or UTC redundantly-for example, GMT-5 or utc+0430. 
The number is regarded as a year number if one of the
    following conditions is true:

    
The number is equal to or greater than 70 and followed by a
        space, comma, slash, or end of string
    
The number is less than 70, and both a month and a day of
        the month have already been recognized
 If the recognized year number is less than 100, it is interpreted as an abbreviated year relative to a century of which dates are within 80 years before and 19 years after the time when the Date class is initialized. After adjusting the year number, 1900 is subtracted from it. For example, if the current year is 1999 then years in the range 19 to 99 are assumed to mean 1919 to 1999, while years from 0 to 18 are assumed to mean 2000 to 2018. Note that this is slightly different from the interpretation of years less than 100 that is used in SimpleDateFormat. 
If the number is followed by a colon, it is regarded as an hour,
    unless an hour has already been recognized, in which case it is
    regarded as a minute.
If the number is followed by a slash, it is regarded as a month (it is decreased by 1 to produce a number in the range 0 to 11), unless a month has already been recognized, in which case it is regarded as a day of the month. 
If the number is followed by whitespace, a comma, a hyphen, or
    end of string, then if an hour has been recognized but not a
    minute, it is regarded as a minute; otherwise, if a minute has
    been recognized but not a second, it is regarded as a second;
    otherwise, it is regarded as a day of the month. 

A consecutive sequence of letters is regarded as a word and treated
as follows:

A word that matches AM, ignoring case, is ignored (but the parse fails if an hour has not been recognized or is less than 1 or greater than 12). 
A word that matches PM, ignoring case, adds 12 to the hour (but the parse fails if an hour has not been recognized or is less than 1 or greater than 12). 
Any word that matches any prefix of SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY,
    WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, or SATURDAY, ignoring case, is ignored. For example, sat, Friday, TUE, and Thurs are ignored. 
Otherwise, any word that matches any prefix of JANUARY,
    FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL, MAY, JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER,
    OCTOBER, NOVEMBER, or DECEMBER, ignoring case, and considering them in the order given here, is recognized as specifying a month and is converted to a number (0 to 11). For example, aug, Sept, april, and NOV are recognized as months. So is Ma, which is recognized as MARCH, not MAY. 
Any word that matches GMT, UT, or UTC, ignoring case, is treated as referring to UTC. 
Any word that matches EST, CST, MST, or PST, ignoring case, is recognized as referring to the time zone in North America that is five, six, seven, or eight hours west of Greenwich, respectively. Any word that matches EDT, CDT,
    MDT, or PDT, ignoring case, is recognized as referring to the same time zone, respectively, during daylight saving time.

Once the entire string s has been scanned, it is converted to a time
result in one of two ways. If a time zone or time-zone offset has been
recognized, then the year, month, day of month, hour, minute, and
second are interpreted in UTC and then the time-zone offset is
applied. Otherwise, the year, month, day of month, hour, minute, and
second are interpreted in the local time zone.
Params:
s –   a string to be parsed as a date.
See Also:
DateFormat
Returns:
 the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT
         represented by the string argument.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by DateFormat.parse(String s)./**
     * Attempts to interpret the string {@code s} as a representation
     * of a date and time. If the attempt is successful, the time
     * indicated is returned represented as the distance, measured in
     * milliseconds, of that time from the epoch (00:00:00 GMT on
     * January 1, 1970). If the attempt fails, an
     * {@code IllegalArgumentException} is thrown.
     * <p>
     * It accepts many syntaxes; in particular, it recognizes the IETF
     * standard date syntax: "Sat, 12 Aug 1995 13:30:00 GMT". It also
     * understands the continental U.S. time-zone abbreviations, but for
     * general use, a time-zone offset should be used: "Sat, 12 Aug 1995
     * 13:30:00 GMT+0430" (4 hours, 30 minutes west of the Greenwich
     * meridian). If no time zone is specified, the local time zone is
     * assumed. GMT and UTC are considered equivalent.
     * <p>
     * The string {@code s} is processed from left to right, looking for
     * data of interest. Any material in {@code s} that is within the
     * ASCII parenthesis characters {@code (} and {@code )} is ignored.
     * Parentheses may be nested. Otherwise, the only characters permitted
     * within {@code s} are these ASCII characters:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
     * ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
     * 0123456789,+-:/</pre></blockquote>
     * and whitespace characters.<p>
     * A consecutive sequence of decimal digits is treated as a decimal
     * number:<ul>
     * <li>If a number is preceded by {@code +} or {@code -} and a year
     *     has already been recognized, then the number is a time-zone
     *     offset. If the number is less than 24, it is an offset measured
     *     in hours. Otherwise, it is regarded as an offset in minutes,
     *     expressed in 24-hour time format without punctuation. A
     *     preceding {@code -} means a westward offset. Time zone offsets
     *     are always relative to UTC (Greenwich). Thus, for example,
     *     {@code -5} occurring in the string would mean "five hours west
     *     of Greenwich" and {@code +0430} would mean "four hours and
     *     thirty minutes east of Greenwich." It is permitted for the
     *     string to specify {@code GMT}, {@code UT}, or {@code UTC}
     *     redundantly-for example, {@code GMT-5} or {@code utc+0430}.
     * <li>The number is regarded as a year number if one of the
     *     following conditions is true:
     * <ul>
     *     <li>The number is equal to or greater than 70 and followed by a
     *         space, comma, slash, or end of string
     *     <li>The number is less than 70, and both a month and a day of
     *         the month have already been recognized</li>
     * </ul>
     *     If the recognized year number is less than 100, it is
     *     interpreted as an abbreviated year relative to a century of
     *     which dates are within 80 years before and 19 years after
     *     the time when the Date class is initialized.
     *     After adjusting the year number, 1900 is subtracted from
     *     it. For example, if the current year is 1999 then years in
     *     the range 19 to 99 are assumed to mean 1919 to 1999, while
     *     years from 0 to 18 are assumed to mean 2000 to 2018.  Note
     *     that this is slightly different from the interpretation of
     *     years less than 100 that is used in {@link java.text.SimpleDateFormat}.
     * <li>If the number is followed by a colon, it is regarded as an hour,
     *     unless an hour has already been recognized, in which case it is
     *     regarded as a minute.
     * <li>If the number is followed by a slash, it is regarded as a month
     *     (it is decreased by 1 to produce a number in the range {@code 0}
     *     to {@code 11}), unless a month has already been recognized, in
     *     which case it is regarded as a day of the month.
     * <li>If the number is followed by whitespace, a comma, a hyphen, or
     *     end of string, then if an hour has been recognized but not a
     *     minute, it is regarded as a minute; otherwise, if a minute has
     *     been recognized but not a second, it is regarded as a second;
     *     otherwise, it is regarded as a day of the month. </ul><p>
     * A consecutive sequence of letters is regarded as a word and treated
     * as follows:<ul>
     * <li>A word that matches {@code AM}, ignoring case, is ignored (but
     *     the parse fails if an hour has not been recognized or is less
     *     than {@code 1} or greater than {@code 12}).
     * <li>A word that matches {@code PM}, ignoring case, adds {@code 12}
     *     to the hour (but the parse fails if an hour has not been
     *     recognized or is less than {@code 1} or greater than {@code 12}).
     * <li>Any word that matches any prefix of {@code SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY,
     *     WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY}, or {@code SATURDAY}, ignoring
     *     case, is ignored. For example, {@code sat, Friday, TUE}, and
     *     {@code Thurs} are ignored.
     * <li>Otherwise, any word that matches any prefix of {@code JANUARY,
     *     FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL, MAY, JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER,
     *     OCTOBER, NOVEMBER}, or {@code DECEMBER}, ignoring case, and
     *     considering them in the order given here, is recognized as
     *     specifying a month and is converted to a number ({@code 0} to
     *     {@code 11}). For example, {@code aug, Sept, april}, and
     *     {@code NOV} are recognized as months. So is {@code Ma}, which
     *     is recognized as {@code MARCH}, not {@code MAY}.
     * <li>Any word that matches {@code GMT, UT}, or {@code UTC}, ignoring
     *     case, is treated as referring to UTC.
     * <li>Any word that matches {@code EST, CST, MST}, or {@code PST},
     *     ignoring case, is recognized as referring to the time zone in
     *     North America that is five, six, seven, or eight hours west of
     *     Greenwich, respectively. Any word that matches {@code EDT, CDT,
     *     MDT}, or {@code PDT}, ignoring case, is recognized as
     *     referring to the same time zone, respectively, during daylight
     *     saving time.</ul><p>
     * Once the entire string s has been scanned, it is converted to a time
     * result in one of two ways. If a time zone or time-zone offset has been
     * recognized, then the year, month, day of month, hour, minute, and
     * second are interpreted in UTC and then the time-zone offset is
     * applied. Otherwise, the year, month, day of month, hour, minute, and
     * second are interpreted in the local time zone.
     *
     * @param   s   a string to be parsed as a date.
     * @return  the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT
     *          represented by the string argument.
     * @see     java.text.DateFormat
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code DateFormat.parse(String s)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static long parse(String s) {
        int year = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        int mon = -1;
        int mday = -1;
        int hour = -1;
        int min = -1;
        int sec = -1;
        int millis = -1;
        int c = -1;
        int i = 0;
        int n = -1;
        int wst = -1;
        int tzoffset = -1;
        int prevc = 0;
    syntax:
        {
            if (s == null)
                break syntax;
            int limit = s.length();
            while (i < limit) {
                c = s.charAt(i);
                i++;
                if (c <= ' ' || c == ',')
                    continue;
                if (c == '(') { // skip comments
                    int depth = 1;
                    while (i < limit) {
                        c = s.charAt(i);
                        i++;
                        if (c == '(') depth++;
                        else if (c == ')')
                            if (--depth <= 0)
                                break;
                    }
                    continue;
                }
                if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                    n = c - '0';
                    while (i < limit && '0' <= (c = s.charAt(i)) && c <= '9') {
                        n = n * 10 + c - '0';
                        i++;
                    }
                    if (prevc == '+' || prevc == '-' && year != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
                        // timezone offset
                        if (n < 24)
                            n = n * 60; // EG. "GMT-3"
                        else
                            n = n % 100 + n / 100 * 60; // eg "GMT-0430"
                        if (prevc == '+')   // plus means east of GMT
                            n = -n;
                        if (tzoffset != 0 && tzoffset != -1)
                            break syntax;
                        tzoffset = n;
                    } else if (n >= 70)
                        if (year != Integer.MIN_VALUE)
                            break syntax;
                        else if (c <= ' ' || c == ',' || c == '/' || i >= limit)
                            // year = n < 1900 ? n : n - 1900;
                            year = n;
                        else
                            break syntax;
                    else if (c == ':')
                        if (hour < 0)
                            hour = (byte) n;
                        else if (min < 0)
                            min = (byte) n;
                        else
                            break syntax;
                    else if (c == '/')
                        if (mon < 0)
                            mon = (byte) (n - 1);
                        else if (mday < 0)
                            mday = (byte) n;
                        else
                            break syntax;
                    else if (i < limit && c != ',' && c > ' ' && c != '-')
                        break syntax;
                    else if (hour >= 0 && min < 0)
                        min = (byte) n;
                    else if (min >= 0 && sec < 0)
                        sec = (byte) n;
                    else if (mday < 0)
                        mday = (byte) n;
                    // Handle two-digit years < 70 (70-99 handled above).
                    else if (year == Integer.MIN_VALUE && mon >= 0 && mday >= 0)
                        year = n;
                    else
                        break syntax;
                    prevc = 0;
                } else if (c == '/' || c == ':' || c == '+' || c == '-')
                    prevc = c;
                else {
                    int st = i - 1;
                    while (i < limit) {
                        c = s.charAt(i);
                        if (!('A' <= c && c <= 'Z' || 'a' <= c && c <= 'z'))
                            break;
                        i++;
                    }
                    if (i <= st + 1)
                        break syntax;
                    int k;
                    for (k = wtb.length; --k >= 0;)
                        if (wtb[k].regionMatches(true, 0, s, st, i - st)) {
                            int action = ttb[k];
                            if (action != 0) {
                                if (action == 1) {  // pm
                                    if (hour > 12 || hour < 1)
                                        break syntax;
                                    else if (hour < 12)
                                        hour += 12;
                                } else if (action == 14) {  // am
                                    if (hour > 12 || hour < 1)
                                        break syntax;
                                    else if (hour == 12)
                                        hour = 0;
                                } else if (action <= 13) {  // month!
                                    if (mon < 0)
                                        mon = (byte) (action - 2);
                                    else
                                        break syntax;
                                } else {
                                    tzoffset = action - 10000;
                                }
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                    if (k < 0)
                        break syntax;
                    prevc = 0;
                }
            }
            if (year == Integer.MIN_VALUE || mon < 0 || mday < 0)
                break syntax;
            // Parse 2-digit years within the correct default century.
            if (year < 100) {
                synchronized (Date.class) {
                    if (defaultCenturyStart == 0) {
                        defaultCenturyStart = gcal.getCalendarDate().getYear() - 80;
                    }
                }
                year += (defaultCenturyStart / 100) * 100;
                if (year < defaultCenturyStart) year += 100;
            }
            if (sec < 0)
                sec = 0;
            if (min < 0)
                min = 0;
            if (hour < 0)
                hour = 0;
            BaseCalendar cal = getCalendarSystem(year);
            if (tzoffset == -1)  { // no time zone specified, have to use local
                BaseCalendar.Date ldate = (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.getDefaultRef());
                ldate.setDate(year, mon + 1, mday);
                ldate.setTimeOfDay(hour, min, sec, 0);
                return cal.getTime(ldate);
            }
            BaseCalendar.Date udate = (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.newCalendarDate(null); // no time zone
            udate.setDate(year, mon + 1, mday);
            udate.setTimeOfDay(hour, min, sec, 0);
            return cal.getTime(udate) + tzoffset * (60 * 1000);
        }
        // syntax error
        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
    private static final String wtb[] = {
        "am", "pm",
        "monday", "tuesday", "wednesday", "thursday", "friday",
        "saturday", "sunday",
        "january", "february", "march", "april", "may", "june",
        "july", "august", "september", "october", "november", "december",
        "gmt", "ut", "utc", "est", "edt", "cst", "cdt",
        "mst", "mdt", "pst", "pdt"
    };
    private static final int ttb[] = {
        14, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
        2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
        10000 + 0, 10000 + 0, 10000 + 0,    // GMT/UT/UTC
        10000 + 5 * 60, 10000 + 4 * 60,     // EST/EDT
        10000 + 6 * 60, 10000 + 5 * 60,     // CST/CDT
        10000 + 7 * 60, 10000 + 6 * 60,     // MST/MDT
        10000 + 8 * 60, 10000 + 7 * 60      // PST/PDT
    };

    
Returns a value that is the result of subtracting 1900 from the year that contains or begins with the instant in time represented by this Date object, as interpreted in the local time zone. 
See Also:
Calendar
Returns:
 the year represented by this date, minus 1900.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR) - 1900./**
     * Returns a value that is the result of subtracting 1900 from the
     * year that contains or begins with the instant in time represented
     * by this {@code Date} object, as interpreted in the local
     * time zone.
     *
     * @return  the year represented by this date, minus 1900.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR) - 1900}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public int getYear() {
        return normalize().getYear() - 1900;
    }

    
Sets the year of this Date object to be the specified value plus 1900. This Date object is modified so that it represents a point in time within the specified year, with the month, date, hour, minute, and second the same as before, as interpreted in the local time zone. (Of course, if the date was February 29, for example, and the year is set to a non-leap year, then the new date will be treated as if it were on March 1.) 
Params:
year –    the year value.
See Also:
Calendar
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.set(Calendar.YEAR, year + 1900)./**
     * Sets the year of this {@code Date} object to be the specified
     * value plus 1900. This {@code Date} object is modified so
     * that it represents a point in time within the specified year,
     * with the month, date, hour, minute, and second the same as
     * before, as interpreted in the local time zone. (Of course, if
     * the date was February 29, for example, and the year is set to a
     * non-leap year, then the new date will be treated as if it were
     * on March 1.)
     *
     * @param   year    the year value.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.set(Calendar.YEAR, year + 1900)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void setYear(int year) {
        getCalendarDate().setNormalizedYear(year + 1900);
    }

    
Returns a number representing the month that contains or begins with the instant in time represented by this Date object. The value returned is between 0 and 11, with the value 0 representing January. 
See Also:
Calendar
Returns:
 the month represented by this date.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH)./**
     * Returns a number representing the month that contains or begins
     * with the instant in time represented by this {@code Date} object.
     * The value returned is between {@code 0} and {@code 11},
     * with the value {@code 0} representing January.
     *
     * @return  the month represented by this date.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public int getMonth() {
        return normalize().getMonth() - 1; // adjust 1-based to 0-based
    }

    
Sets the month of this date to the specified value. This Date object is modified so that it represents a point in time within the specified month, with the year, date, hour, minute, and second the same as before, as interpreted in the local time zone. If the date was October 31, for example, and the month is set to June, then the new date will be treated as if it were on July 1, because June has only 30 days. 
Params:
month –   the month value between 0-11.
See Also:
Calendar
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.set(Calendar.MONTH, int month)./**
     * Sets the month of this date to the specified value. This
     * {@code Date} object is modified so that it represents a point
     * in time within the specified month, with the year, date, hour,
     * minute, and second the same as before, as interpreted in the
     * local time zone. If the date was October 31, for example, and
     * the month is set to June, then the new date will be treated as
     * if it were on July 1, because June has only 30 days.
     *
     * @param   month   the month value between 0-11.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.set(Calendar.MONTH, int month)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void setMonth(int month) {
        int y = 0;
        if (month >= 12) {
            y = month / 12;
            month %= 12;
        } else if (month < 0) {
            y = CalendarUtils.floorDivide(month, 12);
            month = CalendarUtils.mod(month, 12);
        }
        BaseCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate();
        if (y != 0) {
            d.setNormalizedYear(d.getNormalizedYear() + y);
        }
        d.setMonth(month + 1); // adjust 0-based to 1-based month numbering
    }

    
Returns the day of the month represented by this Date object. The value returned is between 1 and 31 representing the day of the month that contains or begins with the instant in time represented by this Date object, as interpreted in the local time zone. 
See Also:
Calendar
Returns:
 the day of the month represented by this date.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH)./**
     * Returns the day of the month represented by this {@code Date} object.
     * The value returned is between {@code 1} and {@code 31}
     * representing the day of the month that contains or begins with the
     * instant in time represented by this {@code Date} object, as
     * interpreted in the local time zone.
     *
     * @return  the day of the month represented by this date.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public int getDate() {
        return normalize().getDayOfMonth();
    }

    
Sets the day of the month of this Date object to the specified value. This Date object is modified so that it represents a point in time within the specified day of the month, with the year, month, hour, minute, and second the same as before, as interpreted in the local time zone. If the date was April 30, for example, and the date is set to 31, then it will be treated as if it were on May 1, because April has only 30 days. 
Params:
date –   the day of the month value between 1-31.
See Also:
Calendar
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, int date)./**
     * Sets the day of the month of this {@code Date} object to the
     * specified value. This {@code Date} object is modified so that
     * it represents a point in time within the specified day of the
     * month, with the year, month, hour, minute, and second the same
     * as before, as interpreted in the local time zone. If the date
     * was April 30, for example, and the date is set to 31, then it
     * will be treated as if it were on May 1, because April has only
     * 30 days.
     *
     * @param   date   the day of the month value between 1-31.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, int date)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void setDate(int date) {
        getCalendarDate().setDayOfMonth(date);
    }

    
Returns the day of the week represented by this date. The returned value (0 = Sunday, 1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, 3 = Wednesday, 4 = Thursday, 5 = Friday, 6 = Saturday) represents the day of the week that contains or begins with the instant in time represented by this Date object, as interpreted in the local time zone. 
See Also:
Calendar
Returns:
 the day of the week represented by this date.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK)./**
     * Returns the day of the week represented by this date. The
     * returned value ({@code 0} = Sunday, {@code 1} = Monday,
     * {@code 2} = Tuesday, {@code 3} = Wednesday, {@code 4} =
     * Thursday, {@code 5} = Friday, {@code 6} = Saturday)
     * represents the day of the week that contains or begins with
     * the instant in time represented by this {@code Date} object,
     * as interpreted in the local time zone.
     *
     * @return  the day of the week represented by this date.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public int getDay() {
        return normalize().getDayOfWeek() - BaseCalendar.SUNDAY;
    }

    
Returns the hour represented by this Date object. The returned value is a number (0 through 23) representing the hour within the day that contains or begins with the instant in time represented by this Date object, as interpreted in the local time zone. 
See Also:
Calendar
Returns:
 the hour represented by this date.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY)./**
     * Returns the hour represented by this {@code Date} object. The
     * returned value is a number ({@code 0} through {@code 23})
     * representing the hour within the day that contains or begins
     * with the instant in time represented by this {@code Date}
     * object, as interpreted in the local time zone.
     *
     * @return  the hour represented by this date.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public int getHours() {
        return normalize().getHours();
    }

    
Sets the hour of this Date object to the specified value. This Date object is modified so that it represents a point in time within the specified hour of the day, with the year, month, date, minute, and second the same as before, as interpreted in the local time zone. 
Params:
hours –   the hour value.
See Also:
Calendar
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, int hours)./**
     * Sets the hour of this {@code Date} object to the specified value.
     * This {@code Date} object is modified so that it represents a point
     * in time within the specified hour of the day, with the year, month,
     * date, minute, and second the same as before, as interpreted in the
     * local time zone.
     *
     * @param   hours   the hour value.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, int hours)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void setHours(int hours) {
        getCalendarDate().setHours(hours);
    }

    
Returns the number of minutes past the hour represented by this date, as interpreted in the local time zone. The value returned is between 0 and 59. 
See Also:
Calendar
Returns:
 the number of minutes past the hour represented by this date.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE)./**
     * Returns the number of minutes past the hour represented by this date,
     * as interpreted in the local time zone.
     * The value returned is between {@code 0} and {@code 59}.
     *
     * @return  the number of minutes past the hour represented by this date.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public int getMinutes() {
        return normalize().getMinutes();
    }

    
Sets the minutes of this Date object to the specified value. This Date object is modified so that it represents a point in time within the specified minute of the hour, with the year, month, date, hour, and second the same as before, as interpreted in the local time zone. 
Params:
minutes –   the value of the minutes.
See Also:
Calendar
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.set(Calendar.MINUTE, int minutes)./**
     * Sets the minutes of this {@code Date} object to the specified value.
     * This {@code Date} object is modified so that it represents a point
     * in time within the specified minute of the hour, with the year, month,
     * date, hour, and second the same as before, as interpreted in the
     * local time zone.
     *
     * @param   minutes   the value of the minutes.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.set(Calendar.MINUTE, int minutes)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void setMinutes(int minutes) {
        getCalendarDate().setMinutes(minutes);
    }

    
Returns the number of seconds past the minute represented by this date. The value returned is between 0 and 61. The values 60 and 61 can only occur on those Java Virtual Machines that take leap seconds into account. 
See Also:
Calendar
Returns:
 the number of seconds past the minute represented by this date.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND)./**
     * Returns the number of seconds past the minute represented by this date.
     * The value returned is between {@code 0} and {@code 61}. The
     * values {@code 60} and {@code 61} can only occur on those
     * Java Virtual Machines that take leap seconds into account.
     *
     * @return  the number of seconds past the minute represented by this date.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public int getSeconds() {
        return normalize().getSeconds();
    }

    
Sets the seconds of this Date to the specified value. This Date object is modified so that it represents a point in time within the specified second of the minute, with the year, month, date, hour, and minute the same as before, as interpreted in the local time zone. 
Params:
seconds –   the seconds value.
See Also:
Calendar
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by Calendar.set(Calendar.SECOND, int seconds)./**
     * Sets the seconds of this {@code Date} to the specified value.
     * This {@code Date} object is modified so that it represents a
     * point in time within the specified second of the minute, with
     * the year, month, date, hour, and minute the same as before, as
     * interpreted in the local time zone.
     *
     * @param   seconds   the seconds value.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code Calendar.set(Calendar.SECOND, int seconds)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void setSeconds(int seconds) {
        getCalendarDate().setSeconds(seconds);
    }

    
Returns the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT represented by this Date object. 
Returns:
 the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT
         represented by this date./**
     * Returns the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT
     * represented by this {@code Date} object.
     *
     * @return  the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT
     *          represented by this date.
     */
    public long getTime() {
        return getTimeImpl();
    }

    private final long getTimeImpl() {
        if (cdate != null && !cdate.isNormalized()) {
            normalize();
        }
        return fastTime;
    }

    
Sets this Date object to represent a point in time that is time milliseconds after January 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT. 
Params:
time –   the number of milliseconds./**
     * Sets this {@code Date} object to represent a point in time that is
     * {@code time} milliseconds after January 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT.
     *
     * @param   time   the number of milliseconds.
     */
    public void setTime(long time) {
        fastTime = time;
        cdate = null;
    }

    
Tests if this date is before the specified date.
Params:
when –   a date.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if when is null.
Returns:
 true if and only if the instant of time represented by this Date object is strictly earlier than the instant represented by when; false otherwise./**
     * Tests if this date is before the specified date.
     *
     * @param   when   a date.
     * @return  {@code true} if and only if the instant of time
     *            represented by this {@code Date} object is strictly
     *            earlier than the instant represented by {@code when};
     *          {@code false} otherwise.
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code when} is null.
     */
    public boolean before(Date when) {
        return getMillisOf(this) < getMillisOf(when);
    }

    
Tests if this date is after the specified date.
Params:
when –   a date.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if when is null.
Returns:
 true if and only if the instant represented by this Date object is strictly later than the instant represented by when; false otherwise./**
     * Tests if this date is after the specified date.
     *
     * @param   when   a date.
     * @return  {@code true} if and only if the instant represented
     *          by this {@code Date} object is strictly later than the
     *          instant represented by {@code when};
     *          {@code false} otherwise.
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code when} is null.
     */
    public boolean after(Date when) {
        return getMillisOf(this) > getMillisOf(when);
    }

    
Compares two dates for equality. The result is true if and only if the argument is not null and is a Date object that represents the same point in time, to the millisecond, as this object. 
 Thus, two Date objects are equal if and only if the getTime method returns the same long value for both. 
Params:
obj –   the object to compare with.
See Also:
getTime()
Returns:
 true if the objects are the same; false otherwise./**
     * Compares two dates for equality.
     * The result is {@code true} if and only if the argument is
     * not {@code null} and is a {@code Date} object that
     * represents the same point in time, to the millisecond, as this object.
     * <p>
     * Thus, two {@code Date} objects are equal if and only if the
     * {@code getTime} method returns the same {@code long}
     * value for both.
     *
     * @param   obj   the object to compare with.
     * @return  {@code true} if the objects are the same;
     *          {@code false} otherwise.
     * @see     java.util.Date#getTime()
     */
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        return obj instanceof Date && getTime() == ((Date) obj).getTime();
    }

    
Returns the millisecond value of this Date object without affecting its internal state. /**
     * Returns the millisecond value of this {@code Date} object
     * without affecting its internal state.
     */
    static final long getMillisOf(Date date) {
        if (date.getClass() != Date.class) {
            return date.getTime();
        }
        if (date.cdate == null || date.cdate.isNormalized()) {
            return date.fastTime;
        }
        BaseCalendar.Date d = (BaseCalendar.Date) date.cdate.clone();
        return gcal.getTime(d);
    }

    
Compares two Dates for ordering.
Params:
anotherDate –  the Date to be compared.
Throws:
NullPointerException – if anotherDate is null.
Returns:
 the value 0 if the argument Date is equal to this Date; a value less than 0 if this Date is before the Date argument; and a value greater than 0 if this Date is after the Date argument.
Since:
  1.2/**
     * Compares two Dates for ordering.
     *
     * @param   anotherDate   the {@code Date} to be compared.
     * @return  the value {@code 0} if the argument Date is equal to
     *          this Date; a value less than {@code 0} if this Date
     *          is before the Date argument; and a value greater than
     *      {@code 0} if this Date is after the Date argument.
     * @since   1.2
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code anotherDate} is null.
     */
    public int compareTo(Date anotherDate) {
        long thisTime = getMillisOf(this);
        long anotherTime = getMillisOf(anotherDate);
        return (thisTime<anotherTime ? -1 : (thisTime==anotherTime ? 0 : 1));
    }

    
Returns a hash code value for this object. The result is the exclusive OR of the two halves of the primitive long value returned by the getTime method. That is, the hash code is the value of the expression: 

(int)(this.getTime()^(this.getTime() >>> 32))

Returns:
 a hash code value for this object./**
     * Returns a hash code value for this object. The result is the
     * exclusive OR of the two halves of the primitive {@code long}
     * value returned by the {@link Date#getTime}
     * method. That is, the hash code is the value of the expression:
     * <blockquote><pre>{@code
     * (int)(this.getTime()^(this.getTime() >>> 32))
     * }</pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @return  a hash code value for this object.
     */
    public int hashCode() {
        long ht = this.getTime();
        return (int) ht ^ (int) (ht >> 32);
    }

    
Converts this Date object to a String of the form: 
dow mon dd hh:mm:ss zzz yyyy
where:

dow is the day of the week (Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed,
    Thu, Fri, Sat). 
mon is the month (Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun,
    Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec). 
dd is the day of the month (01 through 31), as two decimal digits. 
hh is the hour of the day (00 through 23), as two decimal digits. 
mm is the minute within the hour (00 through 59), as two decimal digits. 
ss is the second within the minute (00 through 61, as two decimal digits. 
zzz is the time zone (and may reflect daylight saving time). Standard time zone abbreviations include those recognized by the method parse. If time zone information is not available, then zzz is empty - that is, it consists of no characters at all. 
yyyy is the year, as four decimal digits. 
See Also:
toLocaleString()
toGMTString()
Returns:
 a string representation of this date./**
     * Converts this {@code Date} object to a {@code String}
     * of the form:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * dow mon dd hh:mm:ss zzz yyyy</pre></blockquote>
     * where:<ul>
     * <li>{@code dow} is the day of the week ({@code Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed,
     *     Thu, Fri, Sat}).
     * <li>{@code mon} is the month ({@code Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun,
     *     Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec}).
     * <li>{@code dd} is the day of the month ({@code 01} through
     *     {@code 31}), as two decimal digits.
     * <li>{@code hh} is the hour of the day ({@code 00} through
     *     {@code 23}), as two decimal digits.
     * <li>{@code mm} is the minute within the hour ({@code 00} through
     *     {@code 59}), as two decimal digits.
     * <li>{@code ss} is the second within the minute ({@code 00} through
     *     {@code 61}, as two decimal digits.
     * <li>{@code zzz} is the time zone (and may reflect daylight saving
     *     time). Standard time zone abbreviations include those
     *     recognized by the method {@code parse}. If time zone
     *     information is not available, then {@code zzz} is empty -
     *     that is, it consists of no characters at all.
     * <li>{@code yyyy} is the year, as four decimal digits.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @return  a string representation of this date.
     * @see     java.util.Date#toLocaleString()
     * @see     java.util.Date#toGMTString()
     */
    public String toString() {
        // "EEE MMM dd HH:mm:ss zzz yyyy";
        BaseCalendar.Date date = normalize();
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(28);
        int index = date.getDayOfWeek();
        if (index == BaseCalendar.SUNDAY) {
            index = 8;
        }
        convertToAbbr(sb, wtb[index]).append(' ');                        // EEE
        convertToAbbr(sb, wtb[date.getMonth() - 1 + 2 + 7]).append(' ');  // MMM
        CalendarUtils.sprintf0d(sb, date.getDayOfMonth(), 2).append(' '); // dd

        CalendarUtils.sprintf0d(sb, date.getHours(), 2).append(':');   // HH
        CalendarUtils.sprintf0d(sb, date.getMinutes(), 2).append(':'); // mm
        CalendarUtils.sprintf0d(sb, date.getSeconds(), 2).append(' '); // ss
        TimeZone zi = date.getZone();
        if (zi != null) {
            sb.append(zi.getDisplayName(date.isDaylightTime(), TimeZone.SHORT, Locale.US)); // zzz
        } else {
            sb.append("GMT");
        }
        sb.append(' ').append(date.getYear());  // yyyy
        return sb.toString();
    }

    
Converts the given name to its 3-letter abbreviation (e.g., "monday" -> "Mon") and stored the abbreviation in the given StringBuilder. /**
     * Converts the given name to its 3-letter abbreviation (e.g.,
     * "monday" -> "Mon") and stored the abbreviation in the given
     * {@code StringBuilder}.
     */
    private static final StringBuilder convertToAbbr(StringBuilder sb, String name) {
        sb.append(Character.toUpperCase(name.charAt(0)));
        sb.append(name.charAt(1)).append(name.charAt(2));
        return sb;
    }

    
Creates a string representation of this Date object in an implementation-dependent form. The intent is that the form should be familiar to the user of the Java application, wherever it may happen to be running. The intent is comparable to that of the "%c" format supported by the strftime() function of ISO C. 
See Also:
DateFormat
toString()
toGMTString()
Returns:
 a string representation of this date, using the locale
         conventions.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by DateFormat.format(Date date)./**
     * Creates a string representation of this {@code Date} object in an
     * implementation-dependent form. The intent is that the form should
     * be familiar to the user of the Java application, wherever it may
     * happen to be running. The intent is comparable to that of the
     * "{@code %c}" format supported by the {@code strftime()}
     * function of ISO&nbsp;C.
     *
     * @return  a string representation of this date, using the locale
     *          conventions.
     * @see     java.text.DateFormat
     * @see     java.util.Date#toString()
     * @see     java.util.Date#toGMTString()
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code DateFormat.format(Date date)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public String toLocaleString() {
        DateFormat formatter = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance();
        return formatter.format(this);
    }

    
Creates a string representation of this Date object of the form: 
d mon yyyy hh:mm:ss GMT
where:

d is the day of the month (1 through 31), as one or two decimal digits. 
mon is the month (Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul,
    Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec). 
yyyy is the year, as four decimal digits.
hh is the hour of the day (00 through 23), as two decimal digits. 
mm is the minute within the hour (00 through 59), as two decimal digits. 
ss is the second within the minute (00 through 61), as two decimal digits. 
GMT is exactly the ASCII letters "GMT" to indicate Greenwich Mean Time. 

The result does not depend on the local time zone.
See Also:
DateFormat
toString()
toLocaleString()
Returns:
 a string representation of this date, using the Internet GMT
         conventions.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by DateFormat.format(Date date), using a GMT TimeZone./**
     * Creates a string representation of this {@code Date} object of
     * the form:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * d mon yyyy hh:mm:ss GMT</pre></blockquote>
     * where:<ul>
     * <li><i>d</i> is the day of the month ({@code 1} through {@code 31}),
     *     as one or two decimal digits.
     * <li><i>mon</i> is the month ({@code Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul,
     *     Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec}).
     * <li><i>yyyy</i> is the year, as four decimal digits.
     * <li><i>hh</i> is the hour of the day ({@code 00} through {@code 23}),
     *     as two decimal digits.
     * <li><i>mm</i> is the minute within the hour ({@code 00} through
     *     {@code 59}), as two decimal digits.
     * <li><i>ss</i> is the second within the minute ({@code 00} through
     *     {@code 61}), as two decimal digits.
     * <li><i>GMT</i> is exactly the ASCII letters "{@code GMT}" to indicate
     *     Greenwich Mean Time.
     * </ul><p>
     * The result does not depend on the local time zone.
     *
     * @return  a string representation of this date, using the Internet GMT
     *          conventions.
     * @see     java.text.DateFormat
     * @see     java.util.Date#toString()
     * @see     java.util.Date#toLocaleString()
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code DateFormat.format(Date date)}, using a
     * GMT {@code TimeZone}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public String toGMTString() {
        // d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss 'GMT'
        long t = getTime();
        BaseCalendar cal = getCalendarSystem(t);
        BaseCalendar.Date date =
            (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.getCalendarDate(getTime(), (TimeZone)null);
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(32);
        CalendarUtils.sprintf0d(sb, date.getDayOfMonth(), 1).append(' '); // d
        convertToAbbr(sb, wtb[date.getMonth() - 1 + 2 + 7]).append(' ');  // MMM
        sb.append(date.getYear()).append(' ');                            // yyyy
        CalendarUtils.sprintf0d(sb, date.getHours(), 2).append(':');      // HH
        CalendarUtils.sprintf0d(sb, date.getMinutes(), 2).append(':');    // mm
        CalendarUtils.sprintf0d(sb, date.getSeconds(), 2);                // ss
        sb.append(" GMT");                                                // ' GMT'
        return sb.toString();
    }

    
Returns the offset, measured in minutes, for the local time zone relative to UTC that is appropriate for the time represented by this Date object. 

For example, in Massachusetts, five time zones west of Greenwich:
new Date(96, 1, 14).getTimezoneOffset() returns 300
because on February 14, 1996, standard time (Eastern Standard Time)
is in use, which is offset five hours from UTC; but:
new Date(96, 5, 1).getTimezoneOffset() returns 240
because on June 1, 1996, daylight saving time (Eastern Daylight Time)
is in use, which is offset only four hours from UTC.

This method produces the same result as if it computed:
(this.getTime() - UTC(this.getYear(),
                      this.getMonth(),
                      this.getDate(),
                      this.getHours(),
                      this.getMinutes(),
                      this.getSeconds())) / (60 * 1000)

See Also:
Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET
Calendar.DST_OFFSET
TimeZone.getDefault
Returns:
 the time-zone offset, in minutes, for the current time zone.
Deprecated:
As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by -(Calendar.get(Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET) +
Calendar.get(Calendar.DST_OFFSET)) / (60 * 1000)./**
     * Returns the offset, measured in minutes, for the local time zone
     * relative to UTC that is appropriate for the time represented by
     * this {@code Date} object.
     * <p>
     * For example, in Massachusetts, five time zones west of Greenwich:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * new Date(96, 1, 14).getTimezoneOffset() returns 300</pre></blockquote>
     * because on February 14, 1996, standard time (Eastern Standard Time)
     * is in use, which is offset five hours from UTC; but:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * new Date(96, 5, 1).getTimezoneOffset() returns 240</pre></blockquote>
     * because on June 1, 1996, daylight saving time (Eastern Daylight Time)
     * is in use, which is offset only four hours from UTC.<p>
     * This method produces the same result as if it computed:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * (this.getTime() - UTC(this.getYear(),
     *                       this.getMonth(),
     *                       this.getDate(),
     *                       this.getHours(),
     *                       this.getMinutes(),
     *                       this.getSeconds())) / (60 * 1000)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @return  the time-zone offset, in minutes, for the current time zone.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar#ZONE_OFFSET
     * @see     java.util.Calendar#DST_OFFSET
     * @see     java.util.TimeZone#getDefault
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by {@code -(Calendar.get(Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET) +
     * Calendar.get(Calendar.DST_OFFSET)) / (60 * 1000)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public int getTimezoneOffset() {
        int zoneOffset;
        if (cdate == null) {
            TimeZone tz = TimeZone.getDefaultRef();
            if (tz instanceof ZoneInfo) {
                zoneOffset = ((ZoneInfo)tz).getOffsets(fastTime, null);
            } else {
                zoneOffset = tz.getOffset(fastTime);
            }
        } else {
            normalize();
            zoneOffset = cdate.getZoneOffset();
        }
        return -zoneOffset/60000;  // convert to minutes
    }

    private final BaseCalendar.Date getCalendarDate() {
        if (cdate == null) {
            BaseCalendar cal = getCalendarSystem(fastTime);
            cdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.getCalendarDate(fastTime,
                                                            TimeZone.getDefaultRef());
        }
        return cdate;
    }

    private final BaseCalendar.Date normalize() {
        if (cdate == null) {
            BaseCalendar cal = getCalendarSystem(fastTime);
            cdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.getCalendarDate(fastTime,
                                                            TimeZone.getDefaultRef());
            return cdate;
        }

        // Normalize cdate with the TimeZone in cdate first. This is
        // required for the compatible behavior.
        if (!cdate.isNormalized()) {
            cdate = normalize(cdate);
        }

        // If the default TimeZone has changed, then recalculate the
        // fields with the new TimeZone.
        TimeZone tz = TimeZone.getDefaultRef();
        if (tz != cdate.getZone()) {
            cdate.setZone(tz);
            CalendarSystem cal = getCalendarSystem(cdate);
            cal.getCalendarDate(fastTime, cdate);
        }
        return cdate;
    }

    // fastTime and the returned data are in sync upon return.
    private final BaseCalendar.Date normalize(BaseCalendar.Date date) {
        int y = date.getNormalizedYear();
        int m = date.getMonth();
        int d = date.getDayOfMonth();
        int hh = date.getHours();
        int mm = date.getMinutes();
        int ss = date.getSeconds();
        int ms = date.getMillis();
        TimeZone tz = date.getZone();

        // If the specified year can't be handled using a long value
        // in milliseconds, GregorianCalendar is used for full
        // compatibility with underflow and overflow. This is required
        // by some JCK tests. The limits are based max year values -
        // years that can be represented by max values of d, hh, mm,
        // ss and ms. Also, let GregorianCalendar handle the default
        // cutover year so that we don't need to worry about the
        // transition here.
        if (y == 1582 || y > 280000000 || y < -280000000) {
            if (tz == null) {
                tz = TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT");
            }
            GregorianCalendar gc = new GregorianCalendar(tz);
            gc.clear();
            gc.set(GregorianCalendar.MILLISECOND, ms);
            gc.set(y, m-1, d, hh, mm, ss);
            fastTime = gc.getTimeInMillis();
            BaseCalendar cal = getCalendarSystem(fastTime);
            date = (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.getCalendarDate(fastTime, tz);
            return date;
        }

        BaseCalendar cal = getCalendarSystem(y);
        if (cal != getCalendarSystem(date)) {
            date = (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.newCalendarDate(tz);
            date.setNormalizedDate(y, m, d).setTimeOfDay(hh, mm, ss, ms);
        }
        // Perform the GregorianCalendar-style normalization.
        fastTime = cal.getTime(date);

        // In case the normalized date requires the other calendar
        // system, we need to recalculate it using the other one.
        BaseCalendar ncal = getCalendarSystem(fastTime);
        if (ncal != cal) {
            date = (BaseCalendar.Date) ncal.newCalendarDate(tz);
            date.setNormalizedDate(y, m, d).setTimeOfDay(hh, mm, ss, ms);
            fastTime = ncal.getTime(date);
        }
        return date;
    }

    
Returns the Gregorian or Julian calendar system to use with the
given date. Use Gregorian from October 15, 1582.
Params:
year – normalized calendar year (not -1900)
Returns:
the CalendarSystem to use for the specified date/**
     * Returns the Gregorian or Julian calendar system to use with the
     * given date. Use Gregorian from October 15, 1582.
     *
     * @param year normalized calendar year (not -1900)
     * @return the CalendarSystem to use for the specified date
     */
    private static final BaseCalendar getCalendarSystem(int year) {
        if (year >= 1582) {
            return gcal;
        }
        return getJulianCalendar();
    }

    private static final BaseCalendar getCalendarSystem(long utc) {
        // Quickly check if the time stamp given by `utc' is the Epoch
        // or later. If it's before 1970, we convert the cutover to
        // local time to compare.
        if (utc >= 0
            || utc >= GregorianCalendar.DEFAULT_GREGORIAN_CUTOVER
                        - TimeZone.getDefaultRef().getOffset(utc)) {
            return gcal;
        }
        return getJulianCalendar();
    }

    private static final BaseCalendar getCalendarSystem(BaseCalendar.Date cdate) {
        if (jcal == null) {
            return gcal;
        }
        if (cdate.getEra() != null) {
            return jcal;
        }
        return gcal;
    }

    private static final synchronized BaseCalendar getJulianCalendar() {
        if (jcal == null) {
            jcal = (BaseCalendar) CalendarSystem.forName("julian");
        }
        return jcal;
    }

    
Save the state of this object to a stream (i.e., serialize it).
@serialData
The value returned by getTime() is emitted (long). This represents the offset from January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT in milliseconds./**
     * Save the state of this object to a stream (i.e., serialize it).
     *
     * @serialData The value returned by {@code getTime()}
     *             is emitted (long).  This represents the offset from
     *             January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT in milliseconds.
     */
    private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s)
         throws IOException
    {
        s.defaultWriteObject();
        s.writeLong(getTimeImpl());
    }

    
Reconstitute this object from a stream (i.e., deserialize it).
/**
     * Reconstitute this object from a stream (i.e., deserialize it).
     */
    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s)
         throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
    {
        s.defaultReadObject();
        fastTime = s.readLong();
    }

    
Obtains an instance of Date from an Instant object. 
 Instant uses a precision of nanoseconds, whereas Date uses a precision of milliseconds. The conversion will truncate any excess precision information as though the amount in nanoseconds was subject to integer division by one million. 
 Instant can store points on the time-line further in the future and further in the past than Date. In this scenario, this method will throw an exception. 
Params:
instant –  the instant to convert
Throws:
NullPointerException – if instant is null.
IllegalArgumentException – if the instant is too large to represent as a Date
Returns:
a Date representing the same point on the time-line as the provided instant
Since:
1.8/**
     * Obtains an instance of {@code Date} from an {@code Instant} object.
     * <p>
     * {@code Instant} uses a precision of nanoseconds, whereas {@code Date}
     * uses a precision of milliseconds.  The conversion will truncate any
     * excess precision information as though the amount in nanoseconds was
     * subject to integer division by one million.
     * <p>
     * {@code Instant} can store points on the time-line further in the future
     * and further in the past than {@code Date}. In this scenario, this method
     * will throw an exception.
     *
     * @param instant  the instant to convert
     * @return a {@code Date} representing the same point on the time-line as
     *  the provided instant
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code instant} is null.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the instant is too large to
     *  represent as a {@code Date}
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static Date from(Instant instant) {
        try {
            return new Date(instant.toEpochMilli());
        } catch (ArithmeticException ex) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(ex);
        }
    }

    
Converts this Date object to an Instant. 
 The conversion creates an Instant that represents the same point on the time-line as this Date. 
Returns:
an instant representing the same point on the time-line as this Date object
Since:
1.8/**
     * Converts this {@code Date} object to an {@code Instant}.
     * <p>
     * The conversion creates an {@code Instant} that represents the same
     * point on the time-line as this {@code Date}.
     *
     * @return an instant representing the same point on the time-line as
     *  this {@code Date} object
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public Instant toInstant() {
        return Instant.ofEpochMilli(getTime());
    }
}