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package java.lang.reflect;

import jdk.internal.misc.SharedSecrets;
import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import jdk.internal.reflect.ConstructorAccessor;
import jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection;
import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.ForceInline;
import sun.reflect.annotation.TypeAnnotation;
import sun.reflect.annotation.TypeAnnotationParser;
import sun.reflect.generics.repository.ConstructorRepository;
import sun.reflect.generics.factory.CoreReflectionFactory;
import sun.reflect.generics.factory.GenericsFactory;
import sun.reflect.generics.scope.ConstructorScope;
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.lang.annotation.AnnotationFormatError;
import java.util.StringJoiner;

Constructor provides information about, and access to, a single constructor for a class.

Constructor permits widening conversions to occur when matching the actual parameters to newInstance() with the underlying constructor's formal parameters, but throws an IllegalArgumentException if a narrowing conversion would occur.

Author: Kenneth Russell, Nakul Saraiya
Type parameters:
  • <T> – the class in which the constructor is declared
See Also:
Since:1.1
/** * {@code Constructor} provides information about, and access to, a single * constructor for a class. * * <p>{@code Constructor} permits widening conversions to occur when matching the * actual parameters to newInstance() with the underlying * constructor's formal parameters, but throws an * {@code IllegalArgumentException} if a narrowing conversion would occur. * * @param <T> the class in which the constructor is declared * * @see Member * @see java.lang.Class * @see java.lang.Class#getConstructors() * @see java.lang.Class#getConstructor(Class[]) * @see java.lang.Class#getDeclaredConstructors() * * @author Kenneth Russell * @author Nakul Saraiya * @since 1.1 */
public final class Constructor<T> extends Executable { private Class<T> clazz; private int slot; private Class<?>[] parameterTypes; private Class<?>[] exceptionTypes; private int modifiers; // Generics and annotations support private transient String signature; // generic info repository; lazily initialized private transient ConstructorRepository genericInfo; private byte[] annotations; private byte[] parameterAnnotations; // Generics infrastructure // Accessor for factory private GenericsFactory getFactory() { // create scope and factory return CoreReflectionFactory.make(this, ConstructorScope.make(this)); } // Accessor for generic info repository @Override ConstructorRepository getGenericInfo() { // lazily initialize repository if necessary if (genericInfo == null) { // create and cache generic info repository genericInfo = ConstructorRepository.make(getSignature(), getFactory()); } return genericInfo; //return cached repository } private volatile ConstructorAccessor constructorAccessor; // For sharing of ConstructorAccessors. This branching structure // is currently only two levels deep (i.e., one root Constructor // and potentially many Constructor objects pointing to it.) // // If this branching structure would ever contain cycles, deadlocks can // occur in annotation code. private Constructor<T> root; @Override Constructor<T> getRoot() { return root; }
Package-private constructor used by ReflectAccess to enable instantiation of these objects in Java code from the java.lang package via sun.reflect.LangReflectAccess.
/** * Package-private constructor used by ReflectAccess to enable * instantiation of these objects in Java code from the java.lang * package via sun.reflect.LangReflectAccess. */
Constructor(Class<T> declaringClass, Class<?>[] parameterTypes, Class<?>[] checkedExceptions, int modifiers, int slot, String signature, byte[] annotations, byte[] parameterAnnotations) { this.clazz = declaringClass; this.parameterTypes = parameterTypes; this.exceptionTypes = checkedExceptions; this.modifiers = modifiers; this.slot = slot; this.signature = signature; this.annotations = annotations; this.parameterAnnotations = parameterAnnotations; }
Package-private routine (exposed to java.lang.Class via ReflectAccess) which returns a copy of this Constructor. The copy's "root" field points to this Constructor.
/** * Package-private routine (exposed to java.lang.Class via * ReflectAccess) which returns a copy of this Constructor. The copy's * "root" field points to this Constructor. */
Constructor<T> copy() { // This routine enables sharing of ConstructorAccessor objects // among Constructor objects which refer to the same underlying // method in the VM. (All of this contortion is only necessary // because of the "accessibility" bit in AccessibleObject, // which implicitly requires that new java.lang.reflect // objects be fabricated for each reflective call on Class // objects.) if (this.root != null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can not copy a non-root Constructor"); Constructor<T> res = new Constructor<>(clazz, parameterTypes, exceptionTypes, modifiers, slot, signature, annotations, parameterAnnotations); res.root = this; // Might as well eagerly propagate this if already present res.constructorAccessor = constructorAccessor; return res; }
{@inheritDoc}

A SecurityException is also thrown if this object is a Constructor object for the class Class and flag is true.

Params:
  • flag – {@inheritDoc}
Throws:
@specJPMS
/** * {@inheritDoc} * * <p> A {@code SecurityException} is also thrown if this object is a * {@code Constructor} object for the class {@code Class} and {@code flag} * is true. </p> * * @param flag {@inheritDoc} * * @throws InaccessibleObjectException {@inheritDoc} * @throws SecurityException if the request is denied by the security manager * or this is a constructor for {@code java.lang.Class} * * @spec JPMS */
@Override @CallerSensitive public void setAccessible(boolean flag) { AccessibleObject.checkPermission(); if (flag) { checkCanSetAccessible(Reflection.getCallerClass()); } setAccessible0(flag); } @Override void checkCanSetAccessible(Class<?> caller) { checkCanSetAccessible(caller, clazz); if (clazz == Class.class) { // can we change this to InaccessibleObjectException? throw new SecurityException("Cannot make a java.lang.Class" + " constructor accessible"); } } @Override boolean hasGenericInformation() { return (getSignature() != null); } @Override byte[] getAnnotationBytes() { return annotations; }
Returns the Class object representing the class that declares the constructor represented by this object.
/** * Returns the {@code Class} object representing the class that * declares the constructor represented by this object. */
@Override public Class<T> getDeclaringClass() { return clazz; }
Returns the name of this constructor, as a string. This is the binary name of the constructor's declaring class.
/** * Returns the name of this constructor, as a string. This is * the binary name of the constructor's declaring class. */
@Override public String getName() { return getDeclaringClass().getName(); }
{@inheritDoc}
/** * {@inheritDoc} */
@Override public int getModifiers() { return modifiers; }
{@inheritDoc}
Throws:
Since:1.5
/** * {@inheritDoc} * @throws GenericSignatureFormatError {@inheritDoc} * @since 1.5 */
@Override @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"}) public TypeVariable<Constructor<T>>[] getTypeParameters() { if (getSignature() != null) { return (TypeVariable<Constructor<T>>[])getGenericInfo().getTypeParameters(); } else return (TypeVariable<Constructor<T>>[])new TypeVariable[0]; } @Override Class<?>[] getSharedParameterTypes() { return parameterTypes; } @Override Class<?>[] getSharedExceptionTypes() { return exceptionTypes; }
{@inheritDoc}
/** * {@inheritDoc} */
@Override public Class<?>[] getParameterTypes() { return parameterTypes.clone(); }
{@inheritDoc}
Since:1.8
/** * {@inheritDoc} * @since 1.8 */
public int getParameterCount() { return parameterTypes.length; }
{@inheritDoc}
Throws:
Since:1.5
/** * {@inheritDoc} * @throws GenericSignatureFormatError {@inheritDoc} * @throws TypeNotPresentException {@inheritDoc} * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException {@inheritDoc} * @since 1.5 */
@Override public Type[] getGenericParameterTypes() { return super.getGenericParameterTypes(); }
{@inheritDoc}
/** * {@inheritDoc} */
@Override public Class<?>[] getExceptionTypes() { return exceptionTypes.clone(); }
{@inheritDoc}
Throws:
Since:1.5
/** * {@inheritDoc} * @throws GenericSignatureFormatError {@inheritDoc} * @throws TypeNotPresentException {@inheritDoc} * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException {@inheritDoc} * @since 1.5 */
@Override public Type[] getGenericExceptionTypes() { return super.getGenericExceptionTypes(); }
Compares this Constructor against the specified object. Returns true if the objects are the same. Two Constructor objects are the same if they were declared by the same class and have the same formal parameter types.
/** * Compares this {@code Constructor} against the specified object. * Returns true if the objects are the same. Two {@code Constructor} objects are * the same if they were declared by the same class and have the * same formal parameter types. */
public boolean equals(Object obj) { if (obj != null && obj instanceof Constructor) { Constructor<?> other = (Constructor<?>)obj; if (getDeclaringClass() == other.getDeclaringClass()) { return equalParamTypes(parameterTypes, other.parameterTypes); } } return false; }
Returns a hashcode for this Constructor. The hashcode is the same as the hashcode for the underlying constructor's declaring class name.
/** * Returns a hashcode for this {@code Constructor}. The hashcode is * the same as the hashcode for the underlying constructor's * declaring class name. */
public int hashCode() { return getDeclaringClass().getName().hashCode(); }
Returns a string describing this Constructor. The string is formatted as the constructor access modifiers, if any, followed by the fully-qualified name of the declaring class, followed by a parenthesized, comma-separated list of the constructor's formal parameter types. For example:

   public java.util.Hashtable(int,float)

If the constructor is declared to throw exceptions, the parameter list is followed by a space, followed by the word "throws" followed by a comma-separated list of the thrown exception types.

The only possible modifiers for constructors are the access modifiers public, protected or private. Only one of these may appear, or none if the constructor has default (package) access.

Returns:a string describing this Constructor
@jls8.8.3 Constructor Modifiers
@jls8.9.2 Enum Body Declarations
/** * Returns a string describing this {@code Constructor}. The string is * formatted as the constructor access modifiers, if any, * followed by the fully-qualified name of the declaring class, * followed by a parenthesized, comma-separated list of the * constructor's formal parameter types. For example: * <pre>{@code * public java.util.Hashtable(int,float) * }</pre> * * <p>If the constructor is declared to throw exceptions, the * parameter list is followed by a space, followed by the word * "{@code throws}" followed by a comma-separated list of the * thrown exception types. * * <p>The only possible modifiers for constructors are the access * modifiers {@code public}, {@code protected} or * {@code private}. Only one of these may appear, or none if the * constructor has default (package) access. * * @return a string describing this {@code Constructor} * @jls 8.8.3 Constructor Modifiers * @jls 8.9.2 Enum Body Declarations */
public String toString() { return sharedToString(Modifier.constructorModifiers(), false, parameterTypes, exceptionTypes); } @Override void specificToStringHeader(StringBuilder sb) { sb.append(getDeclaringClass().getTypeName()); } @Override String toShortString() { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("constructor "); sb.append(getDeclaringClass().getTypeName()); sb.append('('); StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(","); for (Class<?> parameterType : getParameterTypes()) { sj.add(parameterType.getTypeName()); } sb.append(sj); sb.append(')'); return sb.toString(); }
Returns a string describing this Constructor, including type parameters. The string is formatted as the constructor access modifiers, if any, followed by an angle-bracketed comma separated list of the constructor's type parameters, if any, followed by the fully-qualified name of the declaring class, followed by a parenthesized, comma-separated list of the constructor's generic formal parameter types. If this constructor was declared to take a variable number of arguments, instead of denoting the last parameter as "Type[]", it is denoted as "Type...". A space is used to separate access modifiers from one another and from the type parameters or class name. If there are no type parameters, the type parameter list is elided; if the type parameter list is present, a space separates the list from the class name. If the constructor is declared to throw exceptions, the parameter list is followed by a space, followed by the word "throws" followed by a comma-separated list of the generic thrown exception types.

The only possible modifiers for constructors are the access modifiers public, protected or private. Only one of these may appear, or none if the constructor has default (package) access.

Returns:a string describing this Constructor, include type parameters
Since:1.5
@jls8.8.3 Constructor Modifiers
@jls8.9.2 Enum Body Declarations
/** * Returns a string describing this {@code Constructor}, * including type parameters. The string is formatted as the * constructor access modifiers, if any, followed by an * angle-bracketed comma separated list of the constructor's type * parameters, if any, followed by the fully-qualified name of the * declaring class, followed by a parenthesized, comma-separated * list of the constructor's generic formal parameter types. * * If this constructor was declared to take a variable number of * arguments, instead of denoting the last parameter as * "<code><i>Type</i>[]</code>", it is denoted as * "<code><i>Type</i>...</code>". * * A space is used to separate access modifiers from one another * and from the type parameters or class name. If there are no * type parameters, the type parameter list is elided; if the type * parameter list is present, a space separates the list from the * class name. If the constructor is declared to throw * exceptions, the parameter list is followed by a space, followed * by the word "{@code throws}" followed by a * comma-separated list of the generic thrown exception types. * * <p>The only possible modifiers for constructors are the access * modifiers {@code public}, {@code protected} or * {@code private}. Only one of these may appear, or none if the * constructor has default (package) access. * * @return a string describing this {@code Constructor}, * include type parameters * * @since 1.5 * @jls 8.8.3 Constructor Modifiers * @jls 8.9.2 Enum Body Declarations */
@Override public String toGenericString() { return sharedToGenericString(Modifier.constructorModifiers(), false); } @Override void specificToGenericStringHeader(StringBuilder sb) { specificToStringHeader(sb); }
Uses the constructor represented by this Constructor object to create and initialize a new instance of the constructor's declaring class, with the specified initialization parameters. Individual parameters are automatically unwrapped to match primitive formal parameters, and both primitive and reference parameters are subject to method invocation conversions as necessary.

If the number of formal parameters required by the underlying constructor is 0, the supplied initargs array may be of length 0 or null.

If the constructor's declaring class is an inner class in a non-static context, the first argument to the constructor needs to be the enclosing instance; see section 15.9.3 of The Java™ Language Specification.

If the required access and argument checks succeed and the instantiation will proceed, the constructor's declaring class is initialized if it has not already been initialized.

If the constructor completes normally, returns the newly created and initialized instance.

Params:
  • initargs – array of objects to be passed as arguments to the constructor call; values of primitive types are wrapped in a wrapper object of the appropriate type (e.g. a float in a Float)
Throws:
  • IllegalAccessException – if this Constructor object is enforcing Java language access control and the underlying constructor is inaccessible.
  • IllegalArgumentException – if the number of actual and formal parameters differ; if an unwrapping conversion for primitive arguments fails; or if, after possible unwrapping, a parameter value cannot be converted to the corresponding formal parameter type by a method invocation conversion; if this constructor pertains to an enum type.
  • InstantiationException – if the class that declares the underlying constructor represents an abstract class.
  • InvocationTargetException – if the underlying constructor throws an exception.
  • ExceptionInInitializerError – if the initialization provoked by this method fails.
Returns:a new object created by calling the constructor this object represents
/** * Uses the constructor represented by this {@code Constructor} object to * create and initialize a new instance of the constructor's * declaring class, with the specified initialization parameters. * Individual parameters are automatically unwrapped to match * primitive formal parameters, and both primitive and reference * parameters are subject to method invocation conversions as necessary. * * <p>If the number of formal parameters required by the underlying constructor * is 0, the supplied {@code initargs} array may be of length 0 or null. * * <p>If the constructor's declaring class is an inner class in a * non-static context, the first argument to the constructor needs * to be the enclosing instance; see section 15.9.3 of * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>. * * <p>If the required access and argument checks succeed and the * instantiation will proceed, the constructor's declaring class * is initialized if it has not already been initialized. * * <p>If the constructor completes normally, returns the newly * created and initialized instance. * * @param initargs array of objects to be passed as arguments to * the constructor call; values of primitive types are wrapped in * a wrapper object of the appropriate type (e.g. a {@code float} * in a {@link java.lang.Float Float}) * * @return a new object created by calling the constructor * this object represents * * @exception IllegalAccessException if this {@code Constructor} object * is enforcing Java language access control and the underlying * constructor is inaccessible. * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the number of actual * and formal parameters differ; if an unwrapping * conversion for primitive arguments fails; or if, * after possible unwrapping, a parameter value * cannot be converted to the corresponding formal * parameter type by a method invocation conversion; if * this constructor pertains to an enum type. * @exception InstantiationException if the class that declares the * underlying constructor represents an abstract class. * @exception InvocationTargetException if the underlying constructor * throws an exception. * @exception ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization provoked * by this method fails. */
@CallerSensitive @ForceInline // to ensure Reflection.getCallerClass optimization public T newInstance(Object ... initargs) throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException { if (!override) { Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass(); checkAccess(caller, clazz, clazz, modifiers); } if ((clazz.getModifiers() & Modifier.ENUM) != 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot reflectively create enum objects"); ConstructorAccessor ca = constructorAccessor; // read volatile if (ca == null) { ca = acquireConstructorAccessor(); } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T inst = (T) ca.newInstance(initargs); return inst; }
{@inheritDoc}
Since:1.5
/** * {@inheritDoc} * @since 1.5 */
@Override public boolean isVarArgs() { return super.isVarArgs(); }
{@inheritDoc}
@jls13.1 The Form of a Binary
Since:1.5
/** * {@inheritDoc} * @jls 13.1 The Form of a Binary * @since 1.5 */
@Override public boolean isSynthetic() { return super.isSynthetic(); } // NOTE that there is no synchronization used here. It is correct // (though not efficient) to generate more than one // ConstructorAccessor for a given Constructor. However, avoiding // synchronization will probably make the implementation more // scalable. private ConstructorAccessor acquireConstructorAccessor() { // First check to see if one has been created yet, and take it // if so. ConstructorAccessor tmp = null; if (root != null) tmp = root.getConstructorAccessor(); if (tmp != null) { constructorAccessor = tmp; } else { // Otherwise fabricate one and propagate it up to the root tmp = reflectionFactory.newConstructorAccessor(this); setConstructorAccessor(tmp); } return tmp; } // Returns ConstructorAccessor for this Constructor object, not // looking up the chain to the root ConstructorAccessor getConstructorAccessor() { return constructorAccessor; } // Sets the ConstructorAccessor for this Constructor object and // (recursively) its root void setConstructorAccessor(ConstructorAccessor accessor) { constructorAccessor = accessor; // Propagate up if (root != null) { root.setConstructorAccessor(accessor); } } int getSlot() { return slot; } String getSignature() { return signature; } byte[] getRawAnnotations() { return annotations; } byte[] getRawParameterAnnotations() { return parameterAnnotations; }
{@inheritDoc}
Throws:
Since:1.5
/** * {@inheritDoc} * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc} * @since 1.5 */
public <T extends Annotation> T getAnnotation(Class<T> annotationClass) { return super.getAnnotation(annotationClass); }
{@inheritDoc}
Since:1.5
/** * {@inheritDoc} * @since 1.5 */
public Annotation[] getDeclaredAnnotations() { return super.getDeclaredAnnotations(); }
{@inheritDoc}
Since:1.5
/** * {@inheritDoc} * @since 1.5 */
@Override public Annotation[][] getParameterAnnotations() { return sharedGetParameterAnnotations(parameterTypes, parameterAnnotations); } @Override boolean handleParameterNumberMismatch(int resultLength, int numParameters) { Class<?> declaringClass = getDeclaringClass(); if (declaringClass.isEnum() || declaringClass.isAnonymousClass() || declaringClass.isLocalClass() ) return false; // Can't do reliable parameter counting else { if (declaringClass.isMemberClass() && ((declaringClass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) && resultLength + 1 == numParameters) { return true; } else { throw new AnnotationFormatError( "Parameter annotations don't match number of parameters"); } } }
{@inheritDoc}
Since:1.8
/** * {@inheritDoc} * @since 1.8 */
@Override public AnnotatedType getAnnotatedReturnType() { return getAnnotatedReturnType0(getDeclaringClass()); }
{@inheritDoc}
Since:1.8
/** * {@inheritDoc} * @since 1.8 */
@Override public AnnotatedType getAnnotatedReceiverType() { Class<?> thisDeclClass = getDeclaringClass(); Class<?> enclosingClass = thisDeclClass.getEnclosingClass(); if (enclosingClass == null) { // A Constructor for a top-level class return null; } Class<?> outerDeclaringClass = thisDeclClass.getDeclaringClass(); if (outerDeclaringClass == null) { // A constructor for a local or anonymous class return null; } // Either static nested or inner class if (Modifier.isStatic(thisDeclClass.getModifiers())) { // static nested return null; } // A Constructor for an inner class return TypeAnnotationParser.buildAnnotatedType(getTypeAnnotationBytes0(), SharedSecrets.getJavaLangAccess(). getConstantPool(thisDeclClass), this, thisDeclClass, enclosingClass, TypeAnnotation.TypeAnnotationTarget.METHOD_RECEIVER); } }